The authors concluded that two possible mechanisms for the observed antimicrobial activity of COS. Secondly, COS may exert an indirect influence via increasing the populations of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli and the exclusion of S.

aureus Yang et al. Similarly, Kong et al. in the ileum and colon. In addition, the number of Fusobacterium prausnitzii , Methanobrevibacter smithii , and Roseburia were increased in the colonic content of the dietary COS supplemented piglets.

Furthermore, dietary COS supplementation decreased the microbial population of Firmicutes and Streptococcus in the ileum and colon, and Bacteroides fragilis , Clostridium coccoides , C.

leptum subgroup. Of note, chemically modified COS has also been improved anti-microbial properties. For example, NO-releasing secondary amine-modified COS has been reported to readily penetrate the biofilm and associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and resulting in the effective killing of the P.

In addition to antimicrobial activity, chitosan and COS have been shown to possess anti-fungal and anti-viral activities.

However, with numerous studies attesting to the antifungal or anti-viral action of COS against a range of fungi and virus, the outcomes of studies on the anti-fungal or anti-viral properties of COS have been found somewhat inconsistent.

Although less potent than chitosan, COS has been shown to exhibit anti-fungal effects against several types of fungus including Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Aspergillus niger , Trichophyton rubrum , and Candida spp.

with the MIC of 1. Thus the potential clinical application of COS is desirable for its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and safety. The gut microbiota is a very crucial factor that interacts with the host physiology and health Niewold et al. Alteration of gut microbiota plays an important role in host health, including vitamin synthesis, improve digestion, and promotion of angiogenesis and nerve function Soler et al.

Chitosan and its derivatives have shown advantageous biological function in gut microbiota alteration. coli and Lactobacillus , nutrient digestibility and small intestinal morphology. COS supplementation revealed an increase in the amount of fecal Lactobacillus along with a decrease in the amount of E.

coli Liu et al. Chitosan or COS have been shown a potential activity on anti-obesity by altering the gut microbiota populations. In an obese animal model, Egan et al.

The study was carried out with days of age pigs 70 ± 0. Results revealed that dietary chitosan supplementation reduced the populations of phylum Firmicutes in the colon and of Lactobacillus spp. in both the colon and the caecum, whereas the amounts of the Bifidobacteria genera in the caecum increased.

Furthermore, sows fed with dietary chitosan exhibited lower feed intake and final body weight Egan et al. Yan and Kim reported an enhanced blood lymphocyte count along with a decreased fecal population of E.

coli and total bacteria populations of the colon and caecum Wan et al. In earlier, corresponding results were obtained by Wang et al. coli in growing pigs, whereas the count of fecal Lactobacillus was unaffected.

In addition, COS has also been shown an indirect impact on the cell membrane by promoting Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli populations which tend to exclude S.

Compared to the control group, the relative abundance of Prevotella increased, whereas the abundance of Lactobacillus decreased in both the COS supplemented group and antibiotic groups. In addition, the relative abundance of both Succinivibrio and Anaerovibrio were increased in the COS supplemented group and decreased in the antibiotics group Yu et al.

According to this study, microbial function prediction suggests that more pathways in cofactor and vitamin metabolism would be more enriched by the presence of COS compared than by the presence of antibiotics or the basal diet.

The immune system is composed of innate immunity and adaptive immunity which plays an important role to prevent the foreign pathogenic substance from the body. In immune function enrichment, immunostimulating medicine, and nutraceuticals are of particular interest Soler et al.

Dietary COS has been demonstrated effective and promising immunostimulator activities in both in vivo and in vitro models.

According to Zhang et al. A significant dose- and MW dependent immunoregulatory responses have been observed in the presence of COS with MWs of 3 and 50 kDa. The presence of COS can boost the expression of the gene molecules essential to the NF-κB and AP-1 pathways and trigger protein phosphorylation in the RAW In this study, COS with a MW of 3 kDa demonstrated more promise as a new treatment for immune suppressive conditions with potential application in vaccines Zhang et al.

This also suggests the potential use of COS as a component of functional food designed to combat diet-related and age-related conditions. The clinical testing of immunostimulation by orally administered COS has already conducted.

Immunomodulatory feed additives such as chitosan or its derivatives may act as alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters in pig production. Therefore, Yin et al. They fed 0. Hence, the authors concluded that dietary COS promotes the cell-mediated immune reaction in early weaned piglets by regulating the generation of antibodies and cytokines Yin et al.

Similarly, Wan et al. Additionally, a A recent study by Li et al. Linear or quadratic enhancements in the activity of serum cytosolic-phospholipase A2 were also observed, as well as a quadratic enhancement in the activity of COX-2 and a linear enhancement in the activity of 5-lipoxygenase.

These observations suggest that arachidonic acid metabolism is modulated by chitosan in a dose-dependent manner, which may partly explain why chitosan influences the immune function of weaned piglets through the AA pathway Li et al.

Sun et al. Feed gain ratio and IgA, IgG, and IgM levels were increased in an E. coli challenged model by dietary COS supplementation. Similarly, Xiao et al. In addition, the secretory IgA was observed higher in the dietary COS group compared with the other groups. Therefore, the authors concluded that chitosan showed similar effects with antibiotics in promoting the growth and reducing the intestinal inflammation in weaning piglets.

Later, the same authors used a similar model to evaluate the effects of dietary COS on intestinal inflammation. Thus it proves that as a feed additive, dietary chitosan may influence different mechanism to alleviate inflammation in weaning piglets. Several studies have examined the impacts of dietary chitosan supplements on antioxidative enzymes and stress hormones, and on humoral and cellular immune function in weaned piglets.

Li et al. However, the levels of serum IgA and IgM were unaffected Fan et al. The same authors reported a linear dose-dependent reduction in the levels of serum adrenocorticotropic hormone along with a dose-dependent linear or quadratic reduction in the levels of serum cortisol.

Enhancements in the levels of CAT, SOD, and serum glutathione peroxidase with increasing chitosan were also noted, demonstrating that dietary chitosan enhances the activity of antioxidative enzymes and reduces weaning stress in piglets Li et al. According to Huang et al. Furthermore, dietary COS reduced serum concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, decreased intestinal levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA and increased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine mRNA relative to the control group.

Therefore, dietary chitosan or its derivatives may play a crucial role in oxidative stress, intestinal inflammatory response, as well as by the inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathways under an inflammatory stimulus.

The anti-inflammatory properties of COS have been widely reported in the view of the potentially damaging effects of a disproportionate and protracted inflammatory response in a range of illnesses Ngo et al.

Efforts to explain the anti-inflammatory properties of chitosan and COS have focused on numerous potential mechanisms, for example, the acid hydrolysis of chitosan to glucosamine hydrochloride, sulfate, phosphate or other salts by salt conversion.

Alternatively, the suppression of LPS-induced inflammatory gene expression by COS has been linked to the decreased nucleus translocation of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells NF-κB Li et al. Hence, COS effectively reduces both inflammations due to infection by enterotoxigenic E.

coli and LPS-induced vascular endothelial inflammation Liu et al. The results of a study by Xiao et al. coli revealed that the dietary COS 0. Similar to an antibiotic, dietary COS supplementation increased, the concentration of intra-epithelial lymphocytes, goblet cells, villus length, villus length to crypt depth ratio, occluding protein and secretory IgA protein expression, decreased TLR4 mRNA expression.

Finally, the authors concluded that COS has the potential against inflammation Xiao et al. Furthermore, dietary supplementation of COS can activate the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 COX-2 induced by TNF-α in synoviocytes was inhibited via COS-reduced AMPK activation, resulting in the attenuation of synovial inflammation Kunanusornchai et al.

et al. The occurrence of IBD has steadily increased in certain parts of the world in the last 40 years, perhaps as a result of changing dietary practices, including the preference for low-fiber diets Rose et al.

The known anti-inflammatory properties of COS have therefore prompted scientists to examine its potential as an adjuvant treatment for inflammatory illnesses. For example, tissue damage and reduction in colon length have been ameliorated and the inflammation of the colonic mucosa has been prevented in mice given COS orally, suggesting the potential application of COS as a functional food for individuals with IBD Azuma et al.

A recent study was carried out to investigate the effect of dietary COS supplementation on pig growth. The results revealed that the pigs consumed COS for 21 days increased average daily body weight gain compared to those in the control group.

Besides the improvement of the activities of superoxide dismutase SOD , catalase CAT , and total antioxidant activity dietary COS also increased the IL-6, TNF-α, and IgG concentrations in the serum.

In addition, dietary COS were found to increase the total bacterial populations of Bifidobacterium in the ileum and colon. Finally, the outcomes suggested that the growth of pigs during weaning can be accelerated by dietary COS supplementation because dietary COS can enhance the antioxidant and immune properties, as well as intestinal development Wan et al.

Therefore, the potential application of dietary COS should be further investigated as an anti-inflammatory compound in animal diets, food, and pharmaceutical industries. The effectiveness and nutritional significance of COS as an animal-feed additive are summarized in Table 1.

Importantly, a number of beneficial impacts have been noted during the weaning stage—a vital time for growing pigs, during which they are subject to environmental, immunological and nutritional pressures that frequently exert detrimental effects on a range of metabolic functions, resulting in digestive illnesses, diarrhea, limited growth and increased mortality Swiatkiewicz et al.

For instance, Liu et al. coli and Lactobacillus , nutrient digestibility, and small intestinal morphology in weaned pigs. Additionally, dietary COS supplementation decreased diarrhea scores and increased Lactobacillus counts than those from control pigs Liu et al.

Yang et al. The aim of an experiment by Zhou et al. According to their purposes of the study, a total of weaned pigs 21 ± 1 days of age with average body weight 7. Table 1.

Effects of dietary chito-oligosaccharides COS supplementation on the performance of pigs. Chitosan have the ability to enhance their bioavailability in the extraintestinal tissues by reducing oxygen consumption, as well as the dietary amino acid AA absorption into the portal vein in young pigs Yin et al.

Research has consistently demonstrated the enhanced digestibility of the ileal contents, enhanced adsorption capacity, and increased cell division, thus clearly indicating the potential applicability of COS as a dietary additive in raising the efficiency of the digestive process and stimulating nutrient adsorption Suthongsa et al.

A study conducted by Xu et al. Moreover, the dietary administration of COS led to quadratic increases in the serum GH concentration, the ileum and jejunum villus heights, and the villus height to crypt depth ratios of the ileum, jejunum, and duodenum Xu et al. This study concluded that the enhanced growth performance of the following dietary administration of COS could be the direct result of enhanced serum GH levels and the improved morphology of the small intestine Xu et al.

The study suggested that the enhanced growth of the weaned pigs given dietary COS could also link to the enhanced digestibility of calcium, phosphorus, crude protein, and dry matter and enhanced levels of amylase in the jejuna Xu et al. Nevertheless, the above outcomes have been disputed by other studies.

Similarly, the administration of 0. Research evidence has found that dietary low-dosage of COS with high purity not only experienced on growth-enhancing effects but also displayed a tendency toward decreased villus height in the jejunum or duodenum Xiong et al.

For these purposes of the experiment, a total of 24 piglets 25 days of age assigned into two groups control group and treatment group for 14 days. The results demonstrated that the dietary COS supplementation increased serum IgG, calcium, and serum urea nitrogen contents. Moreover, dietary COS increased the contents of some AA in the mucosa of jejunum and ileum, ileal mucosal ALP activity, and luminal short-chain fatty acids SCFA in the cecum and of the weaned piglets Yang et al.

Earlier, the same authors used similar dietary COS to evaluate the intestinal morphology, immune response, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal barrier function of weaned piglets.

Results showed that dietary COS increased stomach pH, IL-6 duodenum, jejunum, and ileum , and secretory IgA duodenum and ileum , and reduced villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio in the ileum.

Thus the outcomes suggest that supplemental COS at low dosage may lead to immunological and oxidative stress in the small intestine and damage the integrity of the intestinal barrier in weaned piglets Xiong et al. In a study in which dietary chitosan was administered to sows with approximate body masses of 70 kg, Egan et al.

Furthermore, Xie et al. In one of their studies, the daily gain and weaning weight of the piglets were enhanced, and AA concentration was increased in sow milk Xie et al. Higher plasma glucose levels and lower hepatic glycogen levels also noted in the piglets of the COS-fed sows relative to those of the control group.

In another study, the piglets of sows given dietary COS displayed increased villus length, an increased villus length to crypt depth ratio in the jejunum, and ileum and increased activity of plasma glutathione peroxidase Xie et al.

The mRNA levels of the transcription-translation negative feedback element period 1 were enhanced and the mRNA levels of the positive feedback elements, the gene encoding the basic helix-loop-helix-PAS transcription factor CLOCK and brain and muscle Arnt-like protein-1 were reduced Xie et al.

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Expert Opin. Rao, F. Aligned Chitosan Nanofiber Hydrogel Grafted with Peptides Mimicking Bioactive Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Repair Long-Distance Sciatic Nerve Defects in Rats. Theranostics 10 4 , — Rao, K. Hemostatic, Biocompatible, and Antibacterial Non-Animal Fungal Mushroom-Based Carboxymethyl Chitosan-ZnO Nanocomposite for Wound-Healing Applications.

Rashki, S. Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles against Bacterial Infections. Regiel-Futyra, A. Development of Noncytotoxic Chitosan-Gold Nanocomposites as Efficient Antibacterial Materials.

ACS Appl. Interfaces 7 2 , — Rizeq, B. Synthesis, Bioapplications, and Toxicity Evaluation of Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles. Rodríguez-Vázquez, M. Chitosan and its Potential Use as a Scaffold for Tissue Engineering in Regenerative Medicine. Russo, V. Scaffold-Mediated Immunoengineering as Innovative Strategy for Tendon Regeneration.

Cells 11 2 , Sahariah, P. The Effect of Molecular Weight on the Antibacterial Activity of N,N,N-Trimethyl Chitosan TMC. Salari, M. Sanad, R. Chitosan-Hyaluronic Acid Composite Sponge Scaffold Enriched with Andrographolide-Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles for Enhanced Wound Healing.

Santos, V. Seafood Waste as Attractive Source of Chitin and Chitosan Production and Their Applications. Senthilkumar, P. Preparation and Characterization of Hybrid Chitosan-Silver Nanoparticles Chi-Ag NPs ; A Potential Antibacterial Agent. Shahid Ul, I. Recent Advances in Chitosan Polysaccharide and its Derivatives in Antimicrobial Modification of Textile Materials.

Facile Synthesis of Chitosan-Silver Nanoparticles onto Linen for Antibacterial Activity and Free-Radical Scavenging Textiles. Shariatinia, Z. Carboxymethyl Chitosan: Properties and Biomedical Applications. Shen, T. Sulfated Chitosan Rescues Dysfunctional Macrophages and Accelerates Wound Healing in Diabetic Mice.

Shou, Y. Shu, Y. The Immunomodulatory Role of Sulfated Chitosan in BMPMediated Bone Regeneration. Simões, D. Recent Advances on Antimicrobial Wound Dressing: A Review. Song, F. Chitosan-Based Multifunctional Flexible Hemostatic Bio-Hydrogel.

Sun, X. A Composite Sponge Based on Alkylated Chitosan and Diatom-Biosilica for Rapid Hemostasis. Synthesis, Characterization, and the Antioxidant Activity of the Acetylated Chitosan Derivatives Containing Sulfonium Salts. Sun, Y.

Sztretye, M. Astaxanthin: A Potential Mitochondrial-Targeted Antioxidant Treatment in Diseases and with Aging. Cell Longev. Tan, M. The Performance of Doxorubicin Encapsulated in Chitosan-Dextran Sulphate Microparticles in an Osteosarcoma Model. Biomaterials 31 3 , — Tan, W. Tang, S.

Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles: Structural Effects. Mater 7 13 , e Tao, S. Chitosan Wound Dressings Incorporating Exosomes Derived from MicroRNAOverexpressing Synovium Mesenchymal Stem Cells Provide Sustained Release of Exosomes and Heal Full-Thickness Skin Defects in a Diabetic Rat Model.

Stem Cells Transl. Teixeira, M. Recent Advances in Fiber-Hydrogel Composites for Wound Healing and Drug Delivery Systems.

Basel 10 3 , Thapa, R. Topical Antimicrobial Peptide Formulations for Wound Healing: Current Developments and Future Prospects. Theuretzbacher, U. The Global Preclinical Antibacterial Pipeline. Umar, A. Film-Forming Spray of Water-Soluble Chitosan Containing Liposome-Coated Human Epidermal Growth Factor for Wound Healing.

Molecules 26 17 , Verlee, A. Recent Developments in Antibacterial and Antifungal Chitosan and its Derivatives. Vijayavenkataraman, S. Nerve Guide Conduits for Peripheral Nerve Injury Repair: A Review on Design, Materials and Fabrication Methods. Vivcharenko, V. Wahid, F. Injectable Self-Healing Carboxymethyl Chitosan-Zinc Supramolecular Hydrogels and Their Antibacterial Activity.

Wang, G. Wang, W. Chitosan Derivatives and Their Application in Biomedicine. Wang, X. Chitosan Decoration Improves the Rapid and Long-Term Antibacterial Activities of Cinnamaldehyde-Loaded Liposomes. Wang, Y. Continuous Production of Antibacterial Carboxymethyl Chitosan-Zinc Supramolecular Hydrogel Fiber Using a Double-Syringe Injection Device.

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Surface-Quaternized Chitosan Particles as an Alternative and Effective Organic Antibacterial Material. Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces 92, — Wilkinson, H. Wound Healing: Cellular Mechanisms and Pathological Outcomes. Open Biol. Wu, G. B Biol. Wu, X. Cationic Chitosan-Modified Silica Nanoparticles for Oral Delivery of Protein Vaccine.

Mater Res. Xiao, J. Mater 10 6 , e Yan, F. Yang, J. Development of Chitosan-Sodium Phytate Nanoparticles as a Potent Antibacterial Agent. Yang, T. Antibacterial Activity of N-Alkylated Disaccharide Chitosan Derivatives.

Food Microbiol. Yin, M. Younes, I. Chitin and Chitosan Preparation from Marine Sources. Structure, Properties and Applications.

Drugs 13 3 , — Yu, D. The Microstructure, Antibacterial and Antitumor Activities of Chitosan Oligosaccharides and Derivatives. Drugs 20 1 , Yu, P. Hemostatic Materials in Wound Care.

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ate Polym. ers , These results support the findings of a similar, older review, which found that chitosan supplements may be more effective than a placebo as part of a short-term treatment plan for overweight and obesity 2 , 8.

Both reviews noted improvements in cholesterol levels and blood pressure 2 , 8. However, the researchers reported that many studies on chitosan supplements were of poor quality and that there was significant variability among results.

A small clinical trial found that supplementing with 3 grams of chitosan per day may be more effective for weight loss when paired with 2 grams of L-ascorbic acid — a type of vitamin C 9.

There is not consistent scientific evidence supporting chitosan use for weight loss. Chitosan may have a greater impact on cholesterol levels than on weight loss.

A review that pooled data on cholesterol levels from more than 1, people concluded that supplementing with chitosan lowered both total cholesterol and LDL bad cholesterol Although HDL good cholesterol was unaffected, chitosan supplementation may still be an effective part of a cholesterol management plan However, there are other natural cholesterol reducers that have more evidence supporting their effectiveness than chitosan.

Studies show that chitosan may be somewhat effective at lowering cholesterol levels. However, more research is needed, and many other natural cholesterol reducers are backed by more evidence. Side effects of chitosan supplements may include constipation , nausea, and an upset stomach 11 , Chitosan may also interfere with the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamins A, D, E, and K, as well as calcium and magnesium.

Therefore, chitosan supplement labels may encourage you not to take chitosan supplements at the same time as any other supplements. Chitosan may have a negative interaction with medications like warfarin Avoid chitosan supplements if you have an allergy to shellfish, and talk with a healthcare professional about potential medication interactions before supplementing.

There is currently no recommended maximum amount established in the United States 2. While studies have shown chitosan supplementation to be generally safe in adults, the doses studied range widely, from 0. But staying below that 3-gram maximum set by European safety authorities may be a good reference 2.

Check the supplement label to see how much chitosan is in one serving remember that one serving may include multiple capsules and how many servings are recommended per day.

Add everything up to see the total daily dose. When looking for a supplement, always verify that it has been third-party tested. Third-party testing ensures that the supplement meets certain purity and potency standards. Look for a seal on the packaging from an organization such as NSF International , USP , or ConsumerLab.

These seals are typically good indicators of supplement quality. Talk with a healthcare professional before taking a chitosan supplement. If weight loss is your goal, they may be able to provide more personalized recommendations that are better suited for that purpose.

Chitosan is a widely available supplement promoted for weight loss. While some research indicates that it may be somewhat effective in conjunction with a calorie-restricted diet and exercise, more research is needed 2 , 8.

Always proceed with caution when starting a new supplement regimen, and ensure that the benefits outweigh the potential risks. Where chitosan is concerned, its benefits for weight loss are inconclusive.

Try this today: Sustainable weight loss is best achieved through a whole-food diet , physical activity, and — importantly — social support. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available.

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Chitosan has a number of commercial and possible biomedical uses. It can be used in agriculture as a seed treatment and biopesticide , helping plants to fight off fungal infections. In winemaking , it can be used as a fining agent, also helping to prevent spoilage.

In industry, it can be used in a self-healing polyurethane paint coating. In medicine , it is useful in bandages to reduce bleeding and as an antibacterial agent; it can also be used to help deliver drugs through the skin.

Chitosan is produced commercially by deacetylation of chitin , which is the structural element in the exoskeleton of crustaceans such as crabs and shrimp and cell walls of fungi. A common method for obtaining chitosan is the deacetylation of chitin using sodium hydroxide in excess as a reagent and water as a solvent.

The reaction follows first-order kinetics though it occurs in two steps; the activation energy barrier for the first stage is estimated at The amino group in chitosan has a p K b value of ~6.

This makes chitosan water-soluble and a bioadhesive which readily binds to negatively charged surfaces [10] [11] [12] such as mucosal membranes. However, it is not approved by the FDA for drug delivery.

Purified quantities of chitosan are available for biomedical applications. Nanofibrils have been made using chitin and chitosan. The agricultural and horticultural uses for chitosan, primarily for plant defense and yield increase, are based on how this glucosamine polymer influences the biochemistry and molecular biology of the plant cell.

The cellular targets are the plasma membrane and nuclear chromatin. Subsequent changes occur in cell membranes, chromatin, DNA, calcium, MAP kinase , oxidative burst, reactive oxygen species, callose pathogenesis-related PR genes, and phytoalexins.

Chitosan was first registered as an active ingredient licensed for sale in In agriculture , chitosan is typically used as a natural seed treatment and plant growth enhancer, and as an ecologically friendly biopesticide substance that boosts the innate ability of plants to defend themselves against fungal infections.

It is one of the most abundant biodegradable materials in the world. Chitosan applications for plants and crops are regulated in the USA by the EPA, and the USDA National Organic Program regulates its use on organic certified farms and crops.

In the European Union and United Kingdom, chitosan is registered as a "basic substance" for use as a biological fungicide and bactericide on a wide range of crops.

The natural biocontrol ability of chitosan should not be confused with the effects of fertilizers or pesticides upon plants or the environment. Chitosan active biopesticides represent a new tier of cost-effective biological control of crops for agriculture and horticulture. When used as a seed treatment or seed coating on cotton, corn, seed potatoes, soybeans, sugar beets, tomatoes, wheat, and many other seeds, it elicits an innate immunity response in developing roots which destroys parasitic cyst nematodes without harming beneficial nematodes and organisms.

Agricultural applications of chitosan can reduce environmental stress due to drought and soil deficiencies, strengthen seed vitality, improve stand quality, increase yields, and reduce fruit decay of vegetables, fruits and citrus crops.

The US Forest Service has conducted research on chitosan to control pathogens in pine trees [27] [28] and increase resin pitch outflow which resists pine beetle infestation. Chitosan has a rich history of being researched for applications in agriculture and horticulture dating back to the s.

Chitosan has been used to protect plants in space, as well, exemplified by NASA 's experiment to protect adzuki beans grown aboard the space shuttle and Mir space station in see photo left. NASA confirmed chitosan elicits the same effect in plants on earth.

In , the EPA approved natural broad-spectrum elicitor status for an ultralow molecular active ingredient of 0. Chitosan can be used in hydrology as a part of a filtration process. It also removes heavy minerals , dyes , and oils from the water.

In combination with bentonite , gelatin , silica gel , isinglass , or other fining agents , it is used to clarify wine , mead , and beer. Added late in the brewing process, chitosan improves flocculation , and removes yeast cells, fruit particles, and other detritus that cause hazy wine.

Chitosan has a long history for use as a fining agent in winemaking. Chitosan based wound dressings have been widely explored for a variety of acute and chronic wounds. Chitosan has the ability to adhere to fibrinogen , which produces increased platelet adhesion, causing clotting of blood and hemostasis.

Chitosan is used within some wound dressings to decrease bleeding. Chitosan-containing wound dressings received approval for medical use in the United States in Chitosan is dissolved in dilute organic acid solutions but is insoluble in high concentrations of hydrogen ions at pH 6. However, it has disadvantages such as low mechanical strength and low-temperature response rate; it must be combined with other gelling agents to improve its properties.

In the year , Chenite was the first to design the temperature-sensitive chitosan hydrogels drug delivery system using chitosan and β-glycerol phosphate.

This new system can remain in the liquid state at room temperature, while becoming gel with increasing temperature above the physiological temperature 37 °C.

When the liquid solution of chitosan-glycerol phosphate, containing the drug, enters the body through a syringe injection, it becomes a water-insoluble gel at 37 °C.

The entrapped drug particles between the hydrogel chains will be gradually released. Chitosan and derivatives have been explored in the development of nanomaterials , bioadhesives , wound dressing materials , [53] [14] [46] [4] improved drug delivery systems, [54] [4] enteric coatings, [55] and in medical devices.

Bioinspired materials , a manufacturing concept inspired by natural nacre , shrimp carapace , or insect cuticles , [60] [61] [62] has led to development of bioprinting methods to manufacture large scale consumer objects using chitosan.

Pigmented chitosan objects can be recycled, [69] with the option of reintroducing or discarding the dye at each recycling step, enabling reuse of the polymer independently of colorants.

cellulose , starch , the main natural sources of chitosan come from marine environments and do not compete for land or other human resources. Chitosan has high biocompatibility , biodegradability , and antimicrobial , hemostatic , wound healing and immunomodulatory activities which make it suitable for making artificial tissues.

Chitosan is marketed in a tablet form as a "fat binder". Food and Drug Administration issued a public advisory about supplement retailers who made exaggerated claims concerning the supposed weight loss benefit of various products.

Microbial contamination of food products accelerates the deterioration process and increases the risk of foodborne illness caused by potentially life-threatening pathogens.

In addition, composite biodegradable films containing chitosan and antimicrobial agents are in development as safe alternatives to preserve food products. Chitosan is being investigated as an electrolyte for rechargeable batteries with good performance and low environmental impact due to rapid biodegradability , leaving recycleable zinc.

The electrolyte has excellent physical stability up to 50 °C, electrochemical stability up to 2 V with zinc electrodes, and accommodates redox reactions involved in the Zn-MnO 2 alkaline system. As of [update] results were promising, but the battery needed testing on a larger scale and under actual use conditions.

Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Wikidata item.

Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons. Chitosan Names Other names Poliglusam; Deacetylchitin; Poly- D glucosamine; BC; Chitopearl; Chitopharm; Flonac; Kytex. CAS Number. Editor-in-Chief: Jia-You Fang Pharmaceutics Laboratory Graduate Institute of Natural Products Chang Gung University Taoyuan Taiwan.

ISSN Print : ISSN Online : X. DOI: Background: Gallic acid is a natural phenolic compound found in several fruits and medicinal plants. It is reported to have several health-promoting effects, including antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antidiabetic, and antineoplastic properties in gastrointestinal, neuropsychological, metabolic, and cardiovascular disorders.

Aims: The aim of the present work was to study the influence of formulation factors on the physicochemical properties of gallic acid-loaded chitosan nanoparticles in order to optimize the formulation. Methods: Active chitosan nanoparticles could be used to support the modification of gallic acid delivery.

The nanoparticles were prepared by the emulsification-solvent evaporation method using sonication. A 3-factor, 2-level BBD Box-Behnken Design was applied for exploring and optimizing the main effects, quadratic effects, as well as interaction effects of the ingredients of the formulation on the performance of the nanoparticles.

The responses like particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency were also determined.

Results: The concentration of gallic acid nanoparticles seems to be the most critical element affecting their properties.

The concentration of chitosan was increased, which resulted in an increase in particle size. The optimised drug-loaded nanoparticles have a zeta potential of Although the measured zeta potential was low, the nanoparticle dispersion remained stable, and no significant change in the shape or particle size of the gallic acidloaded chitosan nanoparticles was seen after two weeks at 4°C.

The gallic acid-loaded nanoparticles have a particle size of nm. Gallic acid reduced the particle size after it was added. One probable explanation for this is that the loaded medicine increased the cohesive force of the hydrophobic contact, resulting in the size reduction.

A formulation was optimised based on the acquired results, and the experimental values were comparable to the expected values. FTIR examination revealed that gallic acid-loaded chitosan nanoparticles displayed both hydrogen bond and ionic interactions, allowing for active agent encapsulation and augmentation.

Conclusion: The overall results indicated that by decreasing the chitosan concentration, drug entrapment efficiency increased and gallic acid concentration was the main factor influencing particle size, while entrapment efficiency was predominantly affected by the chitosan concentration.

Keywords: Nanoparticle , gallic acids , experimental design , Box-Behnken , optimization , off-flavors. Volume: 12 Issue: 2. Affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, , India.

Abstract: Background: Gallic acid is a natural phenolic compound found in several fruits and medicinal plants. Medicinal Plants, Phytomedicines and Traditional Herbal Remedies for Drug Discovery and Development against COVID Brain Tumor Targeting Drug Delivery Systems: Advanced Nanoscience for Theranostics Applications.

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