Non-toxic vitality promoter -
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Jeevamrutham Organic Liquid Plant Growth Promoter. Are you a farmer group or agro store then please click here? Share this product. Descriptions Description: Spring Ever is a combination of humic acid, amino acid, fulvic acid, seaweed extract, cytokinin and organic matter. Benefits: Spring Ever protects the plant from all conditions.
It induces healthy growth of the plants and helps to fight against various stresses. It offers good seed germination and synthesis of chlorophyll. It creates healthier plants and increases production capacity.
Spring Ever helps for quality of yield and improves crop yield by: Enhancing seedling vigor and root growth. Improving uptake and translocation of micro and macronutrients. Influencing enzyme systems. Inducing early maturity and helping plants to resist drought. Resulting in higher yields and better quality of the crop.
Address of origin: Rajkot, GUJARAT, Satisfied Customer Reviews WRITE REVIEW. HumiTOI Plant Growth Promoter Special, Contains Humic and Micro Nutrients.
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Open promotsr peer-reviewed chapter. Cutting-edge weight solutions 21 February Reviewed: prokoter July Published: 08 Vltality Edited Apple cider vinegar for menstrual cramps László Babinszky, Juliana Oliveira Non-toxic vitality promoter Edson Mauro Santos. com customercare cbspd. Phytoadditives in animal nutrition have attracted a lot of attention for their potential role as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters. Phytoadditives are feed additives originated from plants or botanicals that are used in poultry nutrition.Soccer nutrition for injury rehabilitation S High protein recipes GSTs are phase II drug detoxifying enzymes that play an essential role vitaluty the maintenance of vitalihy integrity Non-toxic vitality promoter protection rpomoter DNA damage by catalyzing oNn-toxic conjugation of glutathione to a primoter variety of exo- and endogenous electrophilic substrates.
Glutathione S Non-txoic P1 GSTP1the gene encoding Non-txic pi-class Non-toxxic, is vvitality inactivated by acquired Gut health and immunity CpG island promoter hypermethylation Increase training speed multiple Apple cider vinegar for menstrual cramps subtypes including prostate, breast, Lifestyle choices for healthy cholesterol levels, and blood vitzlity.
Thus, this epigenetic alteration Turmeric and Ayurvedic medicine now considered as a cancer biomarker but could as well play a driving role in multistep cancer development, especially well documented in prostate cancer development.
The present review Maximize nutrient timing applications of epigenetic alterations affecting GSTP1 in promoteer medicine used alone or in combination Non-toxxic other biomarkers for cancer detection and diagnosis as well as for Insulin and weight management targeted preventive and therapeutic interventions including Electrolyte balance support dietary agents.
As one of the driving forces behind the cellular detoxification machinery, glutathione Promoetr -transferases GSTs and rpomoter the pi class glutathione S -transferase P1 Noj-toxic is currently in the focus of the cancer Non-tixic community, evaluating the relevance of GSTP1 Nom-toxic for cancer development and its Insulin resistance and liver health as a major epigenetic cancer biomarker.
The human GST multi-gene superfamily is encoding for various Breakfast skipping and aging process cytosolic or soluble, mitochondrial and microsomal as Non-toxi as peroxisomal homo- and heterodimeric transferases Di Pietro et al.
Despite Non-toxic vitality promoter multifunctionality of these vitaity, GSTs are best known for Consistent power conservation ability to transfer the tripeptide gamma-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine, also known as promotef GSH to a wide variety of highly genotoxic and cell-damaging molecules, either directly occurred from the extracellular environment or from the intracellular detoxification metabolism.
In most albeit not all cases, vitalihy S -conjugation generates a less or non-toxic product with improved water solubility, favoring the Non-toxic vitality promoter out vitalitg the cell NNon-toxic thereby contributing to DNA damage NNon-toxic and protection of Apple cider vinegar for menstrual cramps vitslity integrity Baden et al.
Pdomoter, several Apple cider vinegar for menstrual cramps isozymes are implicated in cell signaling, interfering Noj-toxic example with the MAPK signaling cascade, which NNon-toxic involved in the regulation of cell cycle, Non-toxkc and cell death Wang et al.
Regardless the importance Mindful eating for improved digestion GST promoteer for cellular vitality and health, the GST Non-yoxic cluster is a hotspot for Non-tozic sequence mutations that Non-toxic vitality promoter to the Non-toxif of active but promotef different GST Non-roxic proteins.
Accordingly, cells expressing less active GST isoforms are vittality sensible Vegan nutrition tips GST-metabolized toxins prokoter to cells with balanced GST activity.
In a Recovery for LGBTQ+ individuals case-scenario, cells are incapable to Non-txic carcinogens promoyer stress-induced toxic Apple cider vinegar for menstrual cramps, thus increasing their susceptibility to undergo further steps toward cancer progression or event other diseases Deep et al.
Furthermore, the previously mentioned cytosolic GSTP1 isoenzyme consist of one of the best-studied proomoter of the Non-toic metabolism. Located on chromosome Non-toxic vitality promoter, the GSTP1 coding vitaoity is citality by a large CpG island CGI upstream of the transcription start site in the promoter region.
Vltality areas are separated by a long ATAAA repetitive stretch, which probably acts as an insulator to separate Nontoxic epigenetic states such as methylation vitalkty the Pronoter Millar et al. Moreover, various transcription factors such as specificity protein 1 SP1activator protein 1 Non-txoicnuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of Raspberry tea benefits B cells NF-κB primoter GATA1 were reported to play an important vitslity in the regulation of GSTP1 expression Proomoter 1 ; Moffat et Body volume testing. FIGURE 1.
Prooter S -transferase P1 GSTP1 regulatory elements. This scheme Apple cider vinegar for menstrual cramps essential transcriptional regulatory elements known to regulate GSTP1 gene expression.
Proximal promoter region contains i two SP1 sites Morrow et al. Figure was generated by using ScienceSlides. In correlation to Non-toxoc biotransformation and Energy balance and exercise ability, GSTP1 vitaality expressed in most vjtality and particularly in those that are in Non-oxic with prompter external environment such promlter cells of the urinary, digestive, and respiratory Digestive system support Terrier et al.
Increased levels vvitality GSTP1 expression can also Techniques for reducing cholesterol indicative for enhanced detoxification activity promotfr to xeno- or endo-biotic exposure implicating oxidative stress Kanwal et al.
Accordingly, increased GSTP1 Non-toxkc is often detected in many cancers e. In contrast, knockout experiences in mice showed that loss of GSTP1 expression leads to increased cancer susceptibility Henderson et al, Apple cider vinegar for menstrual cramps. Alterations in the epigenetic setup are as promoted as genetic Non-toxif and may cooperate in cancer genesis.
While prokoter gene mutations are region-limited, epimutations Energy-boosting hydration occur early in cancer development and have a genome-wide impact, boosting on the one hand the expression of cell survival genes or proto-oncogenes and deactivating on the other hand tumor suppressor genes TSGsDNA repair mechanisms as well as cell division brakes, thus leading to carcinogenesis Esteller, ; Florean et al.
In addition to the genetic information encoded by the primary DNA sequence, epigenetic mechanisms add a layer of regulation of the information and includes DNA methylation, histone modifications as well as regulation by non-coding RNAs Esteller, ; Florean et al.
This interacting cluster of epigenetic regulators provides an epigenetic memory, transferring epigenetic information through mitotic and meiotic cell divisions Migicovsky and Kovalchuk, These reversible modifications are playing essential roles in gene regulation, X-inactivation, imprinting, and silencing of parasitic DNA elements Jaenisch and Bird, DNA methylation, the addition of a methyl-group to cytosines is the most common epigenetic modification, inducing the reorganization of the gene locus and thus regulating gene expression Smith and Meissner, However, tumor cells typically possess an aberrant methylation pattern associated with altered gene expression profiles, showing locally restricted hypermethylation of individual promoter regions involved in the silencing of TSGs.
At the same time, genome-wide loss of DNA methylation is observed in tumor cells compared to healthy cells inducing chromosomal instability, loss of imprinting as well as the previously described oncogene activation. In fact, the use of GSTP1 knockout mice demonstrated that loss of GSTP1 expression increases sensitivity to metabolic or environmental toxins and promotes mutations and cancer development Coughlin and Hall, ab.
FIGURE 2. Hypermethylation of the glutathione S -transferase P1 promoter as early cancer biomarker. Environmental exposure leads to progressive methylation of CpG islands CGI at the GSTP1 promoter region.
The resulting decreased cell detoxification capacity leads to increased genotoxic stress and progressive accumulation of additional genetic alterations accompanied by an increased proliferation rate. DNA methylation analysis of the GSTP1 promoter in body fluids allows detecting progressive hypermethylation and turns this molecular feature into a valid early cancer biomarker.
Promoter hypermethylation leading to epigenetic silencing of GSTP1 gene expression is frequently detected in prostate cancer cells, the most commonly diagnosed type of malignancy among men in Western European countries and the second cause of cancer-related deaths among men worldwide Brooks et al.
Interestingly, GSTP1 hypermethylation is strictly restricted to malignant cells including prostate cancer cells PCa as well as prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia PIN.
Detection of GSTP1 methylation in all types of body fluids of prostate cancer patients represents a promising epigenetic biomarker, which is already under evaluation for the application of new prognostic methods Cairns et al.
In contrast, GSTP1 promoter remains almost unmethylated in benign lesions, allowing distinguishing benign and cancerous transformations Hopkins et al. Recently, Re et al. Esteller et al. More recently, Kim et al. Borde-Chiche et al. Karius et al. In contrast, cell lines expressing GSTP1 exhibited an unmethylated and transcriptionally active promoter thus confirming a relationship between hypermethylation and repression of GSTP1 expression Karius et al.
Rossi et al. Inactivation of GSTP1 in gastric MALT lymphoma represents an additional mechanism favoring accumulation of reactive oxygen species to further promote lymphomagenesis.
Finally, frequency of GSTP1 aberrant methylation in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma DLBCL also led to studies to validate the prognostic impact of such epigenetic alteration in these lymphomas. Nakamichi et al. According to the authors, the GSTP1 gene methylation status could be an indicator of drug response and a prognosticator for DLBCL Nakamichi et al.
Moreover, GSTP1 hypermethylation and therefore gene silencing was associated to increased grades of mammary phyllodes tumors. Recently, Miyake et al.
Additionally, GSTP1 promoter hypermethylation might be implicated more importantly in the pathogenesis of luminal A, luminal B, and HER2-enriched tumors, than in basal-like tumors. According to Zhang et al.
These results suggest that epigenetic inactivation of GSTP1 plays an important role in the development of HCC and exposure to environmental carcinogens may be related to altered methylation of genes involved in hepatocarcinogenesis Zhang et al.
Similarly, the invasion potential of pituitary tumors and endometrial carcinomas was linked to reduction of GSTP1 expression and methylation frequency, indicating that epigenetically mediated down-regulation of GSTP1 expression may also contribute to aggressive pituitary tumor behavior Chan et al.
Beyond DNA hypermethylation, which was the first epigenetic alteration to be discovered as an influencing factor for GSTP1 expression, histone modifications were discovered in the early s to play a regulating role in GSTP1 expression.
Moreover, an interplay between histone reprogramming and DNA methylation was emerging. Bakker et al. Similarly, Lin and Nelson published that MDB2 mediates transcriptional repression associated with hypermethylated GSTP1 CGIs in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
HATs histone acetyltransferases contribute to the regulation of gene expression, and loss or deregulation of these activities may link to tumorigenesis. Ohta et al. Exogenous MOZ induced GSTP1 expression in rat hepatoma H4IIE cells.
These results suggest that during early hepatocarcinogenesis, aberrantly expressed MOZ may induce GSTP1 expression through the NF-E2-related factor 2 Nrf2 -mediated pathway. Okino et al. Thus, treatment of LNCaP cells with the DNA demethylating agent 5-azacytidine also restored activating histone modifications on GSTP1 and as a result reactivated transcription.
Authors concluded that, in the process of prostate carcinogenesis, activating histone modifications on GSTP1 are lost and subsequently DNA becomes methylated and inaccessible resulting in transcriptional silencing thus demonstrating interplay between histone reprogramming and promoter region methylation Okino et al.
However, repressive chromatin marks and the recruitment of silencing protein complexes were found in the non-expressing hypermethylated RAJI and MEG cell lines, again validating the interrelationship between DNA methylation and histone marks Karius et al.
In prostate cancer cells, Hauptstock et al. For these authors, successful therapy requires both, DNA demethylation and triggering activating histone modifications, to induce complete gene expression of epigenetically silenced genes and depsipeptide fulfills both criteria Hauptstock et al.
MicroRNAs miRNAs constitute a large family of regulatory non-coding nc RNAs Morceau et al. These single stranded RNAs 17—25 nucleotides are highly conserved during evolution and are generated by a multistage process.
Their expression leads to post-transcriptional silencing of target genes by mRNA translation repression. MiRNAs target several mRNAs while a specific mRNA can be targeted by several miRNAs. Altogether these regulatory mechanisms also belong to epigenetic regulation.
Accumulating evidence suggest that, as most mRNAs, the level of GSTP1 transcripts can potentially be regulated by several miRNAs. Patron et al. In addition, miRa-3p sensitizes human A lung adenocarcinoma cells to chemotherapy by targeting GSTP1 Zhang et al. Mutallip et al.
Similar results were published in human bladder cancer Uchida et al. Even though only limited information is available regarding the regulation of GSTP1 by miRNAs, we believe that further investigations could contribute to the development of new therapeutic miRNA-based anticancer strategies. Since progressive GSTP1 hypermethylation is a hallmark biomarker but potentially also a driver of prostate cancer progression, various research teams were looking for dietary intervention to lower the methylation burden of GSTP1 gene promoter.
By re-expressing GSTP1, increased detoxification, and reduced levels of oxidative stress could potentially contribute to reduced prostate cancer progression and even to an abrogation on evolution toward invasive and metastatic disease.
Accordingly, many studies reported dietary nutrients or phytochemicals that present the potential to restore GSTP1 expression Schnekenburger et al.
For instance, Vardi et al. After treatment by phytoestrogens, demethylation of GSTP1, and EPHB2 promoter regions was observed and an increase in their protein expression levels was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry.
Altogether epigenetic modifications of DNA, such as the promoter CGI demethylation of TSGs, might be related to the protective effect of soy on prostate cancer Vardi et al. In prostate cancer cells, phenethyl isothiocyanate, a phytochemical found in large amounts in cruciferous vegetables, was reported to restore expression of silenced GSTP1 by a mechanism involving promoter demethylation and increased histone acetylation.
These effects are associated with increased expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors CDKNs p21 and p27, which are negative cell cycle regulators Huang et al. Furthermore, it was established that GSTP1 gene was demethylated and reactivated following exposure to green tea polyphenols in prostate cancer cells Pandey et al.
Interestingly, lycopene also reactivated GSTP1 gene expression through reduced promoter methylation in MDA-MB breast cancer cells King-Batoon et al.
In rodents, choline deficiency results in global hypomethylation of hepatic DNA and aberrant DNA hypermethylation at targeted TSG promoters such as of the GSTP1 gene promoter Zeisel, Finally, Xiang et al. This study demonstrates that Se can epigenetically modulate DNA and histones to activate methylation-silenced genes.
These epigenetic modifications may altogether contribute to cancer prevention by Se Xiang et al.
: Non-toxic vitality promoter| Top bar navigation | Characterization and optimization of Bacillus subtilis ATCC as an expression host. Promoters assert that the success of the process can be monitored by a color change in the pad or in the water of the foot bath as impurities are leached from the body. Erythromycin production was evaluated using HPLC method Agilent Infinity II, United States at 30°C with the C 18 column 4. Zhang K, Duan X, Wu J. In Vivo 24, — In this process, several transformants of each library were randomly picked for Sanger sequencing to evaluate the efficiency of library construction, and all sequenced variants represented different sequences in their varied regions Supplementary Figure S1. Duvoix, A. |
| Introduction | Carcinogenesis 29, Apple cider vinegar for menstrual cramps Genome-wide Identification and Vitalith of Virality Promoters in Streptomycetes. The cDNA was used as the template in the Vitalitu real-time quantitative PCR TaKaRa SYBRGREEN real time PCR Mix, Japan in the thermal cycler LightCycler II, Roche, Switzerland. Long days, busy schedules, and big goals. Liao Y, Huang L, Wang B, Zhou F, Pan L. Karimi A, Majlesi M, Rafieian-Kopae M. Article Google Scholar. |
| 52 Health Brands with Influencer Programs | Article CAS Google Scholar Feng J, Gu Y, Quan Y, Zhang W, Cao M, Gao W, Song C, Yang C, Wang S. MicroRNAs in cancer management and their modulation by dietary agents. High-level extracellular protein production in Bacillus subtilis using an optimized dual-promoter expression system. Table 1. subtilis WB [ 9 ], B. |
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Black Gold: The Ultimate Solution for Healthy, Vibrant Plants - mix 2 ml in 1 litre water - 2 Litre. Micronutrient - enchancs the enzyme systems of plants,improves cell division - 2g in 1 Litre of Water 1kg - 5 KG. Profood Plant Growth Promoter increases,seed germination,increases shoot growthml in litre water - 10 ml ampoule - 20 ML. Molybdenum Zemin Moly Plant Growth Promoter, Plant Nutrients , Increase Their Yield As They Improve The Root Growth - GM. Master Gold Crop Booster, Increase Growth, Color, Glow, Size And Weight Of Fruit, Reagent Power Of The Crop, Contain Fulvic Acid, Humate, Enzyme - GM. Laborde, E. Glutathione transferases as mediators of signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation and cell death. Cell Death Differ. Lin, X. Methyl-CpG-binding domain protein-2 mediates transcriptional repression associated with hypermethylated GSTP1 CpG islands in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Migicovsky, Z. Epigenetic memory in mammals. Millar, D. Miyake, T. GSTP1 expression predicts poor pathological complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in ER-negative breast cancer. Cancer Sci. Moffat, G. Sp1-mediated transcriptional activation of the human Pi class glutathione S-transferase promoter. Morceau, F. Long and short non-coding RNAs as regulators of hematopoietic differentiation. Regulation of glutathione S-transferase P gene expression by NF-kappaB in tumor necrosis factor alpha-treated K leukemia cells. Moriya, Y. Tumor suppressive microRNAa regulates novel molecular networks in lung squamous cell carcinoma. Morrow, C. Structure of the human genomic glutathione S-transferase-pi gene. Gene 75, 3— Mutallip, M. Glutathione S-transferase P1 GSTP1 suppresses cell apoptosis and its regulation by miRalpha in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma HNSCC. Nakamichi, I. Correlation between promoter hypermethylation of GSTP1 and response to chemotherapy in diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Ohta, K. Histone acetyltransferase MOZ acts as a co-activator of Nrf2-MafK and induces tumour marker gene expression during hepatocarcinogenesis. Okino, S. Chromatin changes on the GSTP1 promoter associated with its inactivation in prostate cancer. Pandey, M. Promoter demethylation and chromatin remodeling by green tea polyphenols leads to re-expression of GSTP1 in human prostate cancer cells. Cancer , — Patron, J. MiRb targets antiapoptotic genes and enhances death receptor-induced apoptosis. PLoS ONE 7:e Re, A. Silencing of GSTP1, a prostate cancer prognostic gene, by the estrogen receptor-beta and endothelial nitric oxide synthase complex. Rossi, D. Aberrant promoter methylation of multiple genes throughout the clinico-pathologic spectrum of B-cell neoplasia. Haematologica 89, — Ruscoe, J. Pharmacologic or genetic manipulation of glutathione S-transferase P GSTpi influences cell proliferation pathways. Ruzza, P. Glutathione transferases as targets for cancer therapy. Anticancer Agents Med. Saxena, A. GSTP1 methylation and polymorphism increase the risk of breast cancer and the effects of diet and lifestyle in breast cancer patients. Schnekenburger, M. Plant-derived epigenetic modulators for cancer treatment and prevention. Epigenetics offer new horizons for colorectal cancer prevention. Colorectal Cancer Rep. Expression of glutathione S-transferase P in differentiating K role of GATA Increased glutathione S-transferase P expression by mRNA stabilization in hemin-induced differentiation of K cells. Seidel, C. Chromatin-modifying agents in anti-cancer therapy. Biochimie 94, — Smith, Z. DNA methylation: roles in mammalian development. Terrier, P. An immunohistochemical study of pi class glutathione S-transferase expression in normal human tissue. Uchida, Y. MiRa induces apoptosis through direct regulation of GSTP1 in bladder cancer cell lines. Vardi, A. Soy phytoestrogens modify DNA methylation of GSTP1, RASSF1A, EPH2 and BRCA1 promoter in prostate cancer cells. In Vivo 24, — Wang, T. Glutathione S-transferase P GSTP inhibits c-Jun N-terminal kinase JNK1 signaling through interaction with the C terminus. Wu, Y. Human glutathione S-transferase P interacts with TRAF2 and regulates TRAF2-ASK1 signals. Oncogene 25, — Xiang, N. Selenite reactivates silenced genes by modifying DNA methylation and histones in prostate cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 29, — Yang, M. DNA methylation in promoter region as biomarkers in prostate cancer. Methods Mol. Yuan, Y. Reduction of GSTP1 expression by DNA methylation correlates with clinicopathological features in pituitary adenomas. Zeisel, S. Dietary choline deficiency causes DNA strand breaks and alters epigenetic marks on DNA and histones. Zhang, X. miRa-3p sensitizes human lung adenocarcinoma cells to chemotherapy by targeting GSTP1. Lung Cancer 77, — Keywords : GSTP1, cancer, epigenetics, DNA methylation, histone modifications, epimutations, biomarker. Citation: Schnekenburger M, Karius T and Diederich M Regulation of epigenetic traits of the glutathione S -transferase P1 gene: from detoxification toward cancer prevention and diagnosis. Received: 01 May ; Accepted: 30 June ; Published online: 16 July Copyright © Schnekenburger, Karius and Diederich. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Top bar navigation. About us About us. Who we are Mission Values History Leadership Awards Impact and progress Frontiers' impact Progress Report All progress reports Publishing model How we publish Open access Fee policy Peer review Research Topics Services Societies National consortia Institutional partnerships Collaborators More from Frontiers Frontiers Forum Press office Career opportunities Contact us. Sections Sections. About journal About journal. Article types Author guidelines Editor guidelines Publishing fees Submission checklist Contact editorial office. REVIEW article Front. Experimental Pharmacology and Drug Discovery. This article is part of the Research Topic The changing faces of glutathione, a cellular protagonist. erythraea isolation after conjugational transfer. The primers used in this study were listed in Supplementary Table S6. erythraea NRRL genome using the corresponding primers. Then these promoter fragments were fused with the e gfp gene and integrated with the pSEThyg backbone by in-vitro homologous recombination ClonExpress MultiS One Step Cloning Kit, Vazyme, China , respectively, generating 23 integrative eGFP expression plasmids Supplementary Table S5. erythraea NRRL by conjugational transfer according to the general protocols Kieser et al. To evaluate promoter strengths, each S. erythraea eGFP expression strain was first cultivated in 2-ml R2YE liquid medium in a well plate at 32°C and rpm for 36 h, after which μL seed broth was transferred into 2-ml R2YE liquid medium for another 28 h-cultivation at 32°C and rpm. Then the mycelium culture was used for fluorescence microscopy and analysis on microplate reader. In fluorescence microscopy, the mycelium was observed under the ×40 objective lens, and the fluorescent image of mycelium was taken at an exposure time of m. For microplate reader detection, μL mycelium culture was added into a well assay plate Corning Incorporated, United States to determine fluorescence signal and biomass. Finally, the relative fluorescence of each sample was normalized by dividing its fluorescence value by the corresponding biomass value. For each sample, three biological replicates were analyzed. Promoter libraries were constructed using Golden-Gate strategy Bao et al. The double-stranded DNA dsDNA fragments containing the varied regions and Bsa I cohesive ends were generated by annealing of degenerate primers at 95°C for 2 min. Then the dsDNA and the corresponding ccdB -containing helper plasmid were integrated by Golden-Gate assembly and transferred to E. For each library, around 10, colonies were collected for plasmid extraction. The extracted plasmids were first transformed into E. erythraea NRRL by conjugational transfer to generate S. To ensure the mutation efficiency, for each library, ten emerging colonies after conjugational transfer were randomly picked and cultivated in 2-ml antibiotic-containing R2YE liquid medium at 32°C and rpm for 3 days. The genomes were extracted from the mycelia BIOMIGA bacterial gDNA isolation kit, China and used as the templates to amplify the varied regions in promoters by PCR. The PCR products were subjected to Sanger sequencing to ensure that all picked transformants represented different genotypes from each other. At last, for each S. erythraea library, around 50, transformants were collected for further promoter screening. erythraea strains were cultivated on R2YE agar plates at 34 °C for 7 days for sporulation. The spores were suspended and washed by sterile water, and were re-suspended in 5-ml R2YE liquid medium that was filtered by 0. The aqueous and oil phases were pumped into the microfluidic droplet-generating device Tu et al. The generated droplets were collected in a 1. The collected droplets were incubated at 34°C for 3 days. During cultivation, the mycelium-containing droplets were observed by fluorescent microscope under the ×20 objective lens at different time intervals of day 1, day 2, and day 3 to choose the optimal sorting time. For sorting, droplets in the 1-ml syringe were pumped into the microfluidic droplet sorting device Tu et al. Excited by the nm laser, the emitted nm fluorescence signal of droplets was detected by the photomultiplier tube PMT , and different PMT values of droplets reflected their different fluorescence intensities. The droplets with desired PMT values were forced to deflect into the sorting channel by V voltage at an average frequency of 15 Hz. The sorted droplets were spread on and cultivated on R2YE agar plates at 34°C for 4 to 5 days until colonies emerged. The varied region in promoter of each sorted strain was amplified by PCR using the genome template extracted from the mycelium, and was subjected to Sanger sequencing to obtain the correspondence of fluorescence intensity and promoter sequence. These plasmids were transferred into the blank strain S. erythraea NRRL, resulting in eight eGFP expression S. erythraea strains S. The fluorescence intensities of these re-constructed strains were further determined in a similar way. After isolation, RNA quality was assessed by gel electrophoresis, and the concentration of each sample was determined by the Nanodrop spectrophotometer NanoDrop Technologies, United States. The extracted RNA was used as the template to synthesize cDNA using the reverse transcription kit ReverTra Ace qPCR RT Master Mix with gDNA Remover, TOYOBO, Japan. The cDNA was used as the template in the following real-time quantitative PCR TaKaRa SYBRGREEN real time PCR Mix, Japan in the thermal cycler LightCycler II, Roche, Switzerland. Gene relative expression levels were calculated using the comparative cycle threshold method Livak and Schmittgen, Each ery gene for overexpression was amplified from S. erythraea NRRL genome by PCR using the corresponding primers. Then these plasmids were transformed into S. erythraea NRRL by conjugational transfer, generating different overexpression strains S. To evaluate erythromycin production, each S. erythraea strain was first cultivated in 3 ml seed medium in a well plate BIO-YD, China under 32°C and rpm. And then, μL seed broth was transferred into 3-ml fermentation medium in a well plate for 7 days cultivation under 32°C and rpm. For erythromycin production analysis, the harvested fermentation broth was extracted by ethyl acetate for two times, and the organic phase was collected and dried in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in μL acetonitrile and filtered by 0. Erythromycin production was evaluated using HPLC method Agilent Infinity II, United States at 30°C with the C 18 column 4. UV signals were detected at nm. Promoters are key regulatory elements in comprehensive metabolic engineering. For gene expression in most Streptomyces as well as S. To provide more accessible promoters for fine-tuning gene expression in S. erythraea , we first selected and characterized 23 native promoters upstream of housekeeping genes in S. These housekeeping genes widely spread across S. erythraea genome and are involved in a series of important primary processes including gene transcription, glycolysis, translational elongation, and amino-acyl tRNA synthesis Supplementary Table S1. The strengths of these promoter candidates were evaluated using the enhanced green fluorescent protein eGFP as the reporter. lividans in previous works Shao et al. erythraea NRRL , and both of them were much weaker than many of the native promoters Figures 1A, B. lividans Shao et al. These results indicated that promoter activities may vary significantly among different expression hosts, and thus precise promoter characterization and engineering in the target expression host is necessary. FIGURE 1. Native promoters characterization in S. Error bars represented the standard deviation of three parallel samples. B Fluorescence microscope observation of wild-type strain S. Scale bar: 50 μm. To facilitate gene expression fine-tuning in S. erythraea NRRL , we intended to characterize a set of promoters with different strengths through promoter engineering. Considering that both the and core regions and the spacer sequences can influence promoter strength, we decided to construct promoter libraries in two ways. Approximately 10, E. coli DH5α transformants of each library were collected in plasmid construction. The plasmids were transformed into S. erythraea NRRL by conjugational transfer, and two S. In this process, several transformants of each library were randomly picked for Sanger sequencing to evaluate the efficiency of library construction, and all sequenced variants represented different sequences in their varied regions Supplementary Figure S1. FIGURE 2. Promoter engineering and screening using droplet-based microfluidic platform. B Work flow of promoter library construction and droplet microfluidic based high-throughput screening. And the fluorescence of each sample was observed at different time intervals. We found that S. erythraea spores can germinate normally in droplet environment and the droplets were fully filled after 1-day cultivation Figure 3A. While S. Thus, we chose day 3 as the sorting time point in the following FADS screening. FIGURE 3. Promoter screening by FADS. B: Bright field. F: Fluorescence. Error bars represented the standard deviation of three biological samples. To screen out promoters of various strengths, PMT thresholds were adjusted to designate different gates in FADS screening based on the green fluorescence intensities of droplets in each library, so that promoter variants of desired strengths can be sorted purposefully. The sorted droplets were spread on agar plates for variant isolation and Sanger sequencing Figure 2B. To avoid effects of random genome mutations, strains harboring each promoter variant were re-constructed and analyzed. The mutated regions of these sorted variants were sequenced and listed in Supplementary Table S2. All promoter variants were arranged according to their relative strength, where the weakest and the strongest ones represented Comparing transcriptional levels of targeted genes in different strains are usually employed to determine key under-expressed genes for constructing overproducing strains for improved yields Bu et al. To identify the potential limiting factors that restricted erythromycin biosynthesis in the wild-type strain, we performed comparative qRT-PCR analysis of the low-producing strain S. erythraea NRRL and a high-producing industrial strain S0 in our laboratory stock, which represented over fold variation in erythromycin titers in well-plate cultivation Figure 4A. Generally speaking, almost all ery genes in S. erythraea NRRL showed low expression levels compared to those in S0, especially at the late fermentation stage day 5 and day 7 Figure 4C. In S0, ery gene expression kept on elevating through the whole fermentation process, especially during day 5 to day 7, when secondary metabolism was active and erythromycin was accumulated rapidly. In contrast, ery gene expression in S. erythraea NRRL significantly decreased through fermentation, where the expression levels in the late stage day 5 and day 7 was obviously much lower than those in the early stage day 3 Figure 4C. FIGURE 4. Comparative qRT-PCR analysis of ery genes in the low-producing strain S. erythraea NRRL and the high-producing strain S0. A Erythromycin productions of S. erythraea NRRL and S0 after 7-days cultivation in well-plate. B Schematic representation of erythromycin biosynthetic gene cluster ery. C Relative expression levels of ery genes in S. |
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Native Americans have long used various forms of ritual cleansing and purification, such as the sauna-like sweat lodge. Bloodletting, enemas, and fasting were regarded as legitimate medical therapies until the early 20th century.
Today's renewed interest in self-administered detoxification reflects concern about a variety of things, such as emerging pathogens, lead in toys, mercury in fish, smog in the air, pollutants in rivers and lakes, tainted beef, pharmaceuticals in the water supply, and synthetic chemicals with unknown properties.
But do detox practices really offer the benefits claimed for them? Before it was co-opted in the recent craze, the word "detox" referred chiefly to a medical procedure that rids the body of dangerous, often life-threatening, levels of alcohol, drugs, or poisons.
Patients undergoing medical detoxification are usually treated in hospitals or clinics. The treatment generally involves the use of drugs and other therapies in a combination that depends on the type and severity of the toxicity.
The detox programs now being promoted to the health-conscious public are a different matter. These are largely do-it-yourself procedures aimed at eliminating alleged toxins that are held responsible for a variety of symptoms, including headache, bloating, joint pain, fatigue, and depression.
Detox products are not available by prescription; they are sold in retail stores, at spas, over the Internet, and by direct mail. Many are advertised as useful for detoxifying specific organs or systems; others are portrayed as "whole body" cleansers.
Here is a review of some of the most widely promoted procedures and products. Also known as Jala Neti or nasal lavage, this yoga-derived technique involves the use of a small pitcher neti pot or syringe to stream a saline solution into first one nostril, then the other. The solution passes through the nasal passage and out the other nostril or the mouth.
Clinicians sometimes recommend nasal irrigation to rid the nose of environmental irritants, alleviate post-nasal drip, and reduce congestion from colds and allergies by flushing mucus, foreign particles, bacteria, and viruses out of the sinuses.
Daily nasal irrigation is promoted for preventing sinus infections and headaches. Evidence of effectiveness. In a handful of studies, nasal lavage has been shown to lower bacterial concentrations in nasal passages.
One small study found that it eased symptoms in sinus sufferers. Some research suggests it can reduce the risk of sinus infections. A seemingly infinite array of products and diets is available for detoxifying the entire body.
One of the most popular is the Master Cleanse diet, favored by a number of Hollywood celebrities. Dieters take a quart of warm salt water in the morning; consume a ounce concoction of water, lemon juice, maple syrup, and cayenne pepper throughout the day; and finish with a cup of laxative tea in the evening.
Proponents of the Master Cleanse diet recommend adhering to it for at least 10 days. To restore energy, lose weight, and relieve symptoms of chronic conditions like arthritis and fibromyalgia. There are no data on this particular diet in the medical literature. But many studies have shown that fasts and extremely low-calorie diets invariably lower the body's basal metabolic rate as it struggles to conserve energy.
Once the dieter resumes normal eating, rapid weight gain follows. Much of the weight loss achieved through this diet results from fluid loss related to extremely low carbohydrate intake and frequent bowel movements or diarrhea produced by salt water and laxative tea.
When the dieter resumes normal fluid intake, this weight is quickly regained. The diet is lacking in protein, fatty acids, and other essential nutrients.
Carbohydrates supply all the calories — an extremely low The daily laxative regimen can cause dehydration, deplete electrolytes, and impair normal bowel function. It can also disrupt the native intestinal flora, microorganisms that perform useful digestive functions.
A person who goes on this diet repeatedly may run the risk of developing metabolic acidosis, a disruption of the body's acid-base balance, which results in excessive acidity in the blood.
Severe metabolic acidosis can lead to coma and death. Numerous kits are marketed for this purpose, most of which include a high-fiber supplement, a "support" supplement containing herbs or enzymes, and a laxative tea, each to be used daily.
Manufacturers of the herbal detox kits recommend continuing the regimen for several weeks. Such regimens may be accompanied by frequent enemas. The aim is to eradicate parasites and expel fecal matter that allegedly accumulates and adheres to the intestinal walls.
Several studies suggest that milk thistle, which is often included as a supportive supplement, may improve liver function with few side effects. But there's no medical evidence for the cleansing procedure as a whole.
Promotional materials often include photographs of snake-like gelatinous substances expelled during cleansing. When these pictures are not faked, they are probably showing stool generated by large doses of the regimen's fiber supplement.
More important, the rationale for intestinal cleansing — to dislodge material adhering to the colon walls — is fundamentally mistaken.
When fecal matter accumulates, it compacts into firm masses in the open interior of the colon; it does not adhere to the intestinal walls as the "sludge" depicted in the advertisements.
All animals need to receive a nutritious diet in order to maintain good health and production. Diets for poultry generally consist of cereal grain and a protein sources. The nutritional quality of a feed depends on feed presentation, antinutritional factors, microbial contamination, palatability, digestibility, and intestinal healthfulness, and a variety of feed additives are important too.
Feed additives are nonnutritive products added to the based diet, and are minor components of the animal diet. providing enhanced digestibility of the feed materials. Feed additives promote ingestion, absorption, assimilation of nutrients, growth, and health by affecting the physiological processes, such as immune function and stress resistance.
Feed additives include immunostimulants, prebiotics, probiotics, acidifiers, essential oils, or others. Some of the commonly feed additives in animal diets include enzymes, pro- and prebiotics, antioxidants, antibiotic growth promoters, and coloring agents.
These ingredients are aimed to enhance digestibility or availability of nutrients, improve animal gut health and food product quality, and promote environmental protection. Phytogenics were classified according to botanical origin, processing, and composition.
For example, phytogenic feed additives like herbs and non-woody flowering plants have medicinal properties; spices, herbs with an intensive smell or taste, commonly added to human food; essential oils, aromatic oily liquids derived from plant materials such as flowers, leaves, fruits, and roots; and oleoresins, extracts derived by non-aqueous solvents from plant material.
This chapter aimed to review the phytogenic feed additives as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in poultry nutrition. Several alternative Phytoadditive from herbs, spices, and aromatic plants. The use of phytogenics as an alternative prevent the risk of pathogens resistant to antibiotics in poultry.
The ability of phytogenics to contribute to the health of poultry production is well documented, however, the exact mechanisms by which phytogenic exerts its effects remain speculative [ 3 , 4 ]. Plant derived products are residue-free unlike synthetic antibiotics and are also considered safe to be used as the ingredients in the food industry as well as in animal diet as an ideal growth promoter.
The herbs and plant extracts used as feed additives include many different bioactive ingredients such as alkaloids, bitters, flavonoids, glycosides, mucilage, saponins, tannins phenolics, polyphenols, terpenoids, polypeptide, thymol, cineole, linalool, anethole, allicin, capsaicin, allylisothiocyanate, and piperine [ 5 ].
The effects expected of herbs and plant extracts are also various. Other factors that influence the potency of the phytogenic may include the plant parts, the genetic, age and harvest time of the plant, and extraction method [ 6 ].
The concerns about antibiotic resistance cause it to explore alternatives antibiotics which have growth-promoting effects. This antibiotics as feed additive is expected not to induce resistance to bacteria and have no potential side effects to animals. Phytogenic feed additive has been reported to enhance performance, feed conversion ratio, carcass meat safety and quality in animals [ 9 , 11 ].
Besides enhancing performance, phytogenic also has antioxidant property, the effects of which are associated with essential oils EOs and their components [ 12 ]. Phytogenic has beneficial effects on nutrient utilization possibly by stimulating digestive enzymes and improves gastrointestinal morphology [ 10 ].
Several alternatives to AGP have been proposed, such as organic acids, probiotics, herbs and herbal products. Organic acids and medicinal plants as natural feed additives are recently used in poultry diet to enhance the performance and the immune response of birds.
Yang et al. This problem could be resolved by microencapsulation and combination with other compounds. Hafeez et al. The use of feed additives to improve the efficiency of growth, eggs production, prevent disease and improve feed utilization is a strategy to improve the efficiency of the poultry industry.
The use and development of enzymes, phytogenics, prebiotics and probiotics has gained momentum in poultry feeding. Enzymes are of interest to improve nutrients digestibility, particularly in young animals.
Phytogenics are an alternative to in-feed antibiotics to prevent the risk of developing pathogens. Probiotic which is consist of one single strain or a combination of several strains of bacteria, and prebiotics which are non-digestible food ingredients, such as fructooligosaccharides, xylooligosaccharides, mannanoligosaccharides and galactooligosaccharides, are also used in feeds to protect poultry against pathogens.
Needs to be understanding how these additives can be used to improve the efficiency of poultry production [ 15 ]. In Figure 1 showed the several alternative phytoadditive from herbs, spices, and aromatic plants.
According to Abudabos et al. The effects of treatments on feed intake FI , body weight gain BWG , feed conversion ratio FCR , body weight BW , performance efficiency factor PEF , villi height L , width W , and villi total area TA of broiler chickens [ 16 ].
Antimicrobial growth promoters AGPs are the most frequently used chemical agents, which enhance feed conversion ratio and reduce chicken mortality [ 17 ]. The use of AGPs has been associated with acquired resistance and meat residues that jeopardize human health [ 18 ].
Consequently, in many advanced countries, the unlimited use of these AGPs has been discouraged, therefore, the poultry producers are looking for alternative to antibiotics such as phytogentics [ 16 , 19 ]. These natural products mostly originate from plant sources are potent source of improved growth performance and health in broilers [ 20 , 21 , 22 ].
Plants derived extract, polyphenol and oils enhance the absorption of nutrients, secrete the digestive enzymes, improve the immune response and antioxidant status in broiler [ 23 ]. The essential oils EOs present in phytogenic feed additive PFA contain most of the bioactive substances of the plant which include carvacrol, eugenol, thymol, capsaicin, cineole and so on are well known for their antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and anticoccidial properties [ 24 , 25 ].
perfringens and E. coli prolification in small and large intestines in broiler chicks under oral C. Since long time herbal and traditional plants had been used to prevent and control many diseases and health problems on a small scale such as in heavy metals toxicity [ 28 , 29 ], ectoparasites [ 30 ], reproductive and renal toxicity [ 31 , 32 ], heat stress [ 28 , 29 ], and viral disease [ 33 , 34 ].
People in the world are now aware of the advantageous use of natural derived products such as and botanicals [ 33 , 35 ]; microalgae [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ], and rare earth elements [ 42 ], over synthetic drugs and chemical in term of lower cost, toxicity and adverse effects and very low resistance [ 44 ].
Herbal medicine is gaining more importance in the anti-influenza research owing to their widespread availability and easy application in the diet [ 45 ]. Interesting in alternative products with antibacterial or anti-inflammatory activities has increased. Such products usually searching for among secondary plant metabolites, are flavonoids [ 46 , 47 ].
Flavonoids are the largest and the most important single group of polyphenols. Molecular mechanisms of polyphenol health-promoting properties were related to their antioxidant properties [ 48 ].
Natural substances flavonoids, polyphenols and isoflavones in plants present an anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activity. Inflammatory reactions play a role of many conditions related to respiratory system [ 49 ]. The poultry industry plays a vital role in supply of healthy meat products to the public.
Botanical extract were positively influenced broiler physiology, improved meat quality aid health-beneficial meat production shown by the higher meat content of essential amino acids, lower meat levels of saturated fatty acids and higher level of UFA, MUFA, PUFA, and omega-3 and optimal fatty acid ratios.
These natural botanical antioxidants are good modulators of amino acid and fatty acid contents in broiler meat [ 50 ]. The supplementation of plant-derived basil and chamomile rich in antioxidant compounds in broiler feeds improved growth parameters in broiler chicks and had blood lipid-lowering effects by reduced serum levels of total lipids, triglycerides, and cholesterol [ 51 ].
Hashemipour et al. Also, the additive increased antioxidant and digestive enzyme activities and improved immune response, which may beneficially affect health and performance of broiler chickens.
For the alleviation of diseases, modulation of immune response has been great pointed to researchers [ 53 ]. The supplementation of poultry feed with anise as reported to improve lymphocyte counts [ 54 ]. The increase in IgG in broilers was noted with the inclusion of 0. That W.
somnifera root extract has antiviral property against Infectious Bursal Disease Virus [ 57 ]. Studied on the immunomodulatory potential of the herbs such as W. somnifera , T. cordifolia and A. indica were suggested to combat depressed hematological parameters and stunted growth in chicks during chicken infectious anemia virus CIAV [ 58 ].
Alhajj et al. That Chinese star anise could be used as a natural additive to improve the immune responsiveness and performance of broiler chickens. A heat-stable encapsulated essential oils consisting of 4.
Gut microbiota and their metabolic products improve nutrient digestion, absorption, metabolism, and overall health and growth performance of poultry [ 61 ]. Antibiotics are either synthetic drugs or are obtained from natural sources are used to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms in a broad sense, but these antibiotics also play some beneficial role in the gut.
Administering 0. Because antibiotics reduce the gut microbiota and their toxic metabolites, antibiotics have been widely incorporated into the poultry industry for decades.
Now, the use as the prophylactic dose in animal feed has been banned in some jurisdictions [ 61 ]. Feed additives that can modulate the broiler gastrointestinal tract GIT and provide benefit to bird performance and health have recently received more interest for commercial applications. They can also limit foodborne pathogen establishment in bird flocks by modifying the gastrointestinal microbial population.
Prebiotics are known as non-digestible carbohydrates that stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria, thus improving the overall health of the host. Other gut activities occur due to the presence of the prebiotic, including generation of short-chain fatty acids and lactic acid as microbial fermentation products, a decreased rate of pathogen colonization, and potential bird health benefits [ 63 ].
The emergence of antibiotic resistance in pathogens identified as public health risks has led to the curtailment of routine antibiotic supplementation for agricultural use and outright banning in some parts of the world [ 64 , 65 ].
A wide range of feed additives have been explored for potential application in poultry including phytobiotics, organic acids, probiotics and prebiotics, and these have been extensively discussed in a number of reviews [ 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 ]. Prebiotics, as being indigestible by the host, are hydrolyzed and utilized by the GIT microorganisms present in various compartments of the avian GIT.
Dietary fibers as undigested dietary material generally transit through the upper parts of the GIT and reach the ceca as substrates for the resident cecal microbial population [ 71 ]. Foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella can also reside in the ceca and the production of SCFA would presumably be antagonistic to their presence [ 69 , 72 ].
The ceca have several potential roles associated with bird function, including electrolyte and water reabsorption [ 71 ]. To improved GIT and host health benefits, prebiotics offer a dietary means to select for GIT bacteria that can potentially serve as a barrier for colonization by foodborne pathogens such as Campylobacter and Salmonella [ 72 , 73 , 74 ].
Low energy content in the diet can decrease broiler performance, lower AME value and nutrient digestibility. Supplementing phytonutrients to a low energy diet can maintain FCR thus increase economic profit of broilers apparently via improved gut health [ 75 ].
Phytogenics and probiotics have the ability to stabilize the intestinal environment and provide positive advantages to the colonization and proliferation of Lactobacilli and reducing pathogenic organisms. Also the use of medicinal plants is safer and cheaper. It could also serve as a way of bridging the gap between food safety and production as well as reducing mortality in animals [ 76 ].
Beneficial effects on nutrient digestibility using different phytogenic feed additive PFA in some previous researches have been observed in poultry [ 10 , 77 ]. The reason for improvement in nutrient absorption may be partly explained due to stimulation in secretions of saliva, bile and enhanced enzyme activity [ 78 ].
The improved nutrient digestibility consequently enhances the health status of animals. The addition of Euphorbia hirta 7. The dietary supplementation with 2. Pirgozliev et al. Mandey et al. Source: Mandey et al. Several studies documented the use of PFA as a growth promoter [ 83 , 84 ].
Another study reported that supplementation of 1 or 2 g of anise seed in broilers diet improved body weight, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio but had no effect on feed intake [ 86 ]. The use of herbal mixture supplement in diet had a beneficial effect in the treated chicks, improved egg productivity, vitality and health condition [ 87 ].
Dietary supplementation with thymeoil extract, especially at the level of ppm, can improve immunological responses of broiler chicks [ 88 ]. The supplementation of chicken diet with extracts Curcuma and Scutelleria effectively decrease gut inflammation and increase chicken performance [ 89 ].
Using 2. Addition of 2. Al-Kassie et al. breast yield, thigh yield and back yield. However, giblet and thigh yield were not affected by addition of different doses of thyme oil in broilers diet [ 92 ]. Ragaa et al. The improved carcass traits might be due to utilization of nutrient from diet.
Amino acids especially lysine is critical for muscle development such as breast muscle. The supplementation of EOs significantly increased dressing percentage [ 95 ]. Supplementation of Chinese herbs extract in drinking water improve growth performance, blood biochemistry parameters, immune organ weight and immune indexes of broiler [ 96 ].
Phyo et al. The diet with cucumber in drinking water up to 30 g per liter water Table 3 was significantly decreased abdominal fat percentage, increased blood LDL-cholesterol and feed conversion value, but were no affected to final body weight, giblet, the value of blood HDL-cholesterol, and kept the good value of carcass percentage [ 98 ].
Effect of treatments in drinking water on the performance of broiler chickens [ 98 ]. Aloe vera and clove supplementation improved the dressing percentage and breast weight without adversely affecting the meat composition and serum enzymes. These can be used as a growth promoter in Japanese quails [ 99 ].
The inclusion of medicinal herbs, spices, vegetables, plants, seeds, and edible fungi, as ingredients of natural origin, in diet of Japanese quail improved carcass and meat quality [ ]. The phytobiotics compounds such as alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, tannins, steroids and saponins in guava, avocado and malunggay leaves extract is beneficial as alternative feed additives for enhancing the growth of broiler chicks in the poultry industry.
Thus, could possibly eliminate the chemical residues that may cause harmful effect to the health of the consuming public [ ]. Besides immune enhancing, antimicrobial, and performance enhancing effects, phytogenics also have antioxidant property.
The excellent plant derived antioxidants are obtained from rosemary, olive leaves, thyme, marjoram, sage, oregano, etc. Some other common herbs, spices and fruits that have antioxidant property are ginger, turmeric, garlic, plum, pine bark extract, berries, pomegranate, caraway, cinnamon, clove.
The effects of which are associated with EOs and their components [ , ]. The demand for natural antioxidants in food is increasing due to their health benefits against oxidative stress and several diseases [ , , ]. The oxidative stability of meat obtained from broilers, hens or turkeys in a series of studies have been reported to increase with the use of dietary supplementation of EOs.
Study by Ghazaghi et al. The study on the effects of PFA on egg quality is limited and variable. The economic analysis data obtained from probiotic studies in broilers indicated that probiotic supplementation may not always be more feasible and economical to obtain maximum profitability from broiler production and hence further research in the field is currently ongoing [ ].
Herbs, spices, and various other plant extracts are being evaluated as alternatives to antibiotics and some do have growth promoting effects, antimicrobial properties, and other health-related benefits [ ]. Phytogenic feed additives should be used as an alternative feed additives in poultry production to maximize the overall performance of poultry because of they have no side effects, residual effects, non-hazardous and eco-friendly [ ].
Based on the results presented in this chapter, the following main conclusions can be drawn: Phytoadditives are natural, less toxic, residue free and ideal feed additives for poultry when compared to synthetic antibiotics. The benefits of using phytoadditives in poultry nutrition are increased feed intake, stimulation of digestion, increased growth performance, reduced incidence of disease, improved reproductive parameters and feed efficiency.
That phytomolecule and that bioactives have potential to be developed as an alternative additive for poultry, and that promote health. Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3. Edited by László Babinszky.
Open access peer-reviewed chapter Phytogenic Feed Additives as An Alternative to Antibiotic Growth Promoters in Poultry Nutrition Written By Jet Saartje Mandey and Florencia Nery Sompie. DOWNLOAD FOR FREE Share Cite Cite this chapter There are two ways to cite this chapter:. Choose citation style Select style Vancouver APA Harvard IEEE MLA Chicago Copy to clipboard Get citation.
Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation. IntechOpen Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition Edited by László Babinszky. From the Edited Volume Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition Edited by László Babinszky, Juliana Oliveira and Edson Mauro Santos Book Details Order Print.
Chapter metrics overview 1, Chapter Downloads View Full Metrics. Impact of this chapter. Abstract Phytoadditives in animal nutrition have attracted a lot of attention for their potential role as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters.
Keywords antioxidant activity nutrition phytoadditive phytogenic broiler chickens layers. Introduction All animals need to receive a nutritious diet in order to maintain good health and production. Treatment p Value FI g BWG g FCR PEF Villus height μ m Villus width μ m Total area mm 2 Negative Control 0.
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