Being overweight can lead to health issues such as diabetes that can further slow your metabolism, leading to you guessed it: even more weight gain. The good news: You can flip that cycle on its head. Start with exercise. This helps you sleep and increases certain appetite-suppressing hormones; eating lean protein and less sugar and junky carbs also helps.

The hormone surge makes your metabolism crank , helping you lose pounds and get healthier. A happier you is apt to be more active, which leads to an even faster metabolism.

Nice work. Elaine Chin, M. William Howatt, Ph. is a behavioral scientist and expert in mental health and coping skills. Jaclyn London, M. This article original appeared in the May issue of Good Housekeeping. The Best Calorie-Counting Apps. What Is the Optavia Diet? What Dietitians Really Think About the Noom Diet.

How Many Calories Should I Eat a Day? How to Eat Dessert Every Day and Still Be Healthy. What You Need to Know About the Carnivore Diet. What Is the Okinawa Diet? How to Lose 20 Pounds Faster But Safely. Skip to Content Product Reviews Life Health Food Beauty. However, some….

This Honest Nutrition feature explores what the research has to say about the facts and misconceptions around carbohydrates and carb-rich and low carb…. Is having three larger meals per day healthier than having several, smaller, more frequent meals?

We weigh the evidence pro and against. My podcast changed me Can 'biological race' explain disparities in health? Why Parkinson's research is zooming in on the gut Tools General Health Drugs A-Z Health Hubs Health Tools Find a Doctor BMI Calculators and Charts Blood Pressure Chart: Ranges and Guide Breast Cancer: Self-Examination Guide Sleep Calculator Quizzes RA Myths vs Facts Type 2 Diabetes: Managing Blood Sugar Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction Connect About Medical News Today Who We Are Our Editorial Process Content Integrity Conscious Language Newsletters Sign Up Follow Us.

Medical News Today. Health Conditions Health Products Discover Tools Connect. Cold exposure for fat loss: Does time of day matter? By Robby Berman on May 22, — Fact checked by Jennifer Chesak, MSJ.

Share on Pinterest Women and men may have different optimal times for burning fat. How we vet brands and products Medical News Today only shows you brands and products that we stand behind.

Our team thoroughly researches and evaluates the recommendations we make on our site. To establish that the product manufacturers addressed safety and efficacy standards, we: Evaluate ingredients and composition: Do they have the potential to cause harm?

Fact-check all health claims: Do they align with the current body of scientific evidence? Assess the brand: Does it operate with integrity and adhere to industry best practices? We do the research so you can find trusted products for your health and wellness.

Read more about our vetting process. Was this helpful? How brown fat affects metabolism. Shivering and cold tolerance differ in women vs.

Men, women have different circadian rhythms. There are certain foods that are better than others for fat burning: Avocados, is rich in oleic acid and beta-sitosterol monounsaturated fats , it helps in fat burning and lowers LDL cholesterol and triglycerides Schneider et al.

Nuts cashews, pecans, almonds, walnuts, peanuts Harris ; Parra et al. Omega-3 fats help burn fat by enhancing the body response to leptin that signals the brain to suppress appetite and eat less for maintaining weight loss.

Leptin stimulation reduces the activity of neuropeptide Y, a neurotransmitter that can trigger the hunger reflex Holm and this in turn increase the metabolism by enhancing the thyroid output King Palm oil, coconut oil, and cow butter contain medium chain triglycerides MCTs , saturated fats, with an unusual chemical structure that can be digested easily.

They contain fewer calories than other fats and they are absorbed and used directly for energy. Foods rich in MCTs suppress the appetite and help lose body fat Naber et al.

All literatures, articles, and newsletters refer that the five mechanisms of how proteins burn fats were achieved by consuming protein-rich meals, which stimulate glucagon and growth hormone release and rich also in nitrogen, boost metabolism, suppress appetite, and get us to feel full Karst et al.

We wrote in the next section some examples of these proteins. The following mechanisms are through which protein may assist the body in burning fat more effectively. By keeping insulin production low, the body can access and utilize fat as a fuel source more effectively.

Glucagon stimulates the liver breakdown of glycogen to glucose and stimulates the gluconeogenesis in the liver by increasing the uptake of amino acids.

Protein stimulates growth hormone GH release from the anterior pituitary. GH may indirectly promote fat loss. It acts directly on the fat cells and stimulates the release of fatty acids and glycerol into the blood stream.

A particular amino acid, glutamine, has been shown to dramatically boost growth hormone release in the body, which then may promote greater fat burning Guo et al. Protein provides the building blocks of body tissues and regular consumption of it, i.

Not only does protein promote greater energy expenditure by maintaining an elevated metabolic rate but it also boosts the metabolism because it requires more energy to be digested compared to the other macronutrients, carbohydrate, and fat.

As a result, the thermic effect of food TEF , which means the amount of energy expended through the process of digestion increases, which increases the overall amount of calories the body burns during the day Banni Protein has powerful appetite suppressing effects, especially compared to the other macronutrients.

Its appetite-suppressing qualities come from the fact that protein stimulates the release of cholecystokinin CCK from the stomach cells. This hormone then travels through the bloodstream to the hypothalamus in the brain where it tells the brain that the stomach is full Whingham et al.

From the aforementioned 5 mechanisms, it is easy to conclude why protein can help promote fat burning in the body. It can help in fat burning by simply making an effort to add a small portion of protein, from a variety of protein sources to each meal. Protein, foliate, and vitamin D are found in red meat beef, veal, pork , skinless turkey, and chicken.

Proteins are not only more complex to digest and assimilate but they also require more energy to be stored as fats, so, they help to feel full and help the body in fat loss Coyle and Patrick Dairy products provide whey protein and casein that build muscle, control appetite, and aid in weight loss Boirie et al.

They contain CLA that works to lower the triglycerides and cholesterol leading to upregulate the body metabolism Leonard ; Kim et al. The process of converting dairy down into lactic acid causes the body to utilize the energy stored in fat.

Low-fat dairy products such as cheese, milk, and yogurt contain calcium and complex carbohydrates which work to kick metabolism into action and burn fat Villarroel et al. Peanut butter provides protein, vitamins B 3 and E, magnesium, cortisol, foliate, dietary fiber, and arginine all of which increase protein synthesis, boost metabolism, and help in fat burning Christensen et al.

Eggs are rich in satiating protein. Eggs for breakfast can boost weight loss plan more than a carbohydrate-rich breakfast Soerensen et al. Several studies have correlated higher calcium intakes with lower body weight or less weight gain over time Parikh et al. Two explanations have been proposed.

First, high-calcium intakes might reduce calcium concentrations in fat cells by decreasing the production of parathyroid hormone and the active form of vitamin D. Decreased intracellular calcium concentrations, in turn, might increase fat breakdown and discourage fat accumulation in these cells Earthman et al.

Second, calcium from food or supplements might bind to small amounts of dietary fat in the digestive tract and prevent absorption of this fat Mallard et al. Observational studies indicate that greater body weights are associated with lower vitamin D status, and obese individuals frequently have marginal or deficient circulating levels of vitamin D Lim et al.

Nevertheless, the association between vitamin D and obesity raises the question of whether increasing vitamin D concentrations might reduce body weight Gittleman ; Young et al.

Fruits, although all fruits are strong healthy food, the fact is that only some have fat-burning properties. The best choices include citrus fruits; the low-glycemic fruits lemons, limes, oranges, tangerines, and grapefruits , grapes, cherries, and kiwi fruits. These fruits contain vitamin C, which not only works to dilute fat and cholesterol by its acidity but also helps release the fat cells.

Apples and berries, especially raspberries, are the most pectin-rich fruit which limits the ability to absorb fat. Another choice is peaches, pears, plums, strawberries, and pomegranates. They are rich in vitamins and minerals, high in water content, and have low glycemic index.

They found to improve body metabolism and reduce bad cholesterol Denker et al. Bananas and mangoes make for excellent snack foods as well as breakfast foods. Berries are extremely high in B vitamins that stimulate the thyroid hormone and boost metabolism.

It is advised to eat the fruits whole for added fiber and increased the feeling of fullness Gittleman Grapefruit has been an integral part of many diets. Its fat-burning mechanism is due to the high-fiber content that is known to burn more calories during the digestive process than calories in the grapefruit itself.

Grapefruit pills were found to improve insulin resistance compared to its juice Terry Vegetables have a low-calorie profile while containing essential minerals and vitamin that improve the metabolism of the body, except for certain calorie-rich vegetables like potatoes and sweet potatoes.

Potatoes were preferred to be cooked with the outer skin because it is a good source of insoluble fibers Li Veggies like broccoli, spinach, artichoke, peas, cauliflower, cabbage, and carrots are excellent sources of minerals and have low calories that offer fat burning. They are rich in fiber, which delays hunger Biesiekierski Cucumbers are high in sulfur and silicone, both of which help the body rid itself of fat content.

Beets are rich in iron, potassium, magnesium, and fiber. They enrich the blood and aid in liver function, thus helping to rid the body of fat through elimination Whitehead et al. Onions and garlic also make great fat burners. The best way to cook veggies would be to boil them or stir fry them with healthy oils like olive oil, sunflower oil, Soybean oil or sesame oil Julkunen et al.

Grains and Seeds are rich in fibers which can control the blood sugar. Oats are rich in fiber, especially, insoluble β-glucan which is found in researches to stabilize the blood sugar of type II diabetics better than other types of fiber and improves metabolism Ramdath et al.

Oats also are digested slowly, keeping insulin production down. It is advised to eat one bowl of oatmeal at breakfast Mudryj et al. They can balance copper and zinc which support thyroid function and boost metabolism Whiting et al.

They are excellent sources of dietary fiber and are known to lower the bad cholesterol and thus contribute to heart health. The best way to eat legumes would be to eat the whole grains Earthman et al.

Not only is flax oil rich in omega-3 but it also is found to lower cholesterol van Avesaat et al. Thermogenic foods, are foods that help burn fat by heating up the body Pathak et al.

Capsaicin, a well-known thermogenic compound found in chili peppers, jalapenos, and ginger, works to heat up the body, speed up metabolism, and burn fats Rhoades and Tanner It would not count as food because it has no calories.

Water helps improve the overall metabolism of the body and thus helps burn fat. And of course, water helps flush out toxins and thus improves the capacity of the body to stay healthy Gittleman Many studies have shown that extra water intake, especially up to ml at mealtime, was conducive to weight loss Stookey et al.

Certain foods are rich in their water content and thus help in the process of fat reduction and feeling full quickly, for example are watermelons, cantaloupes, cucumbers, snake gourd, papaya, and chard Rosenberg et al.

The ingested and the environmental toxins that were taken every day can be stored in fat cells. Toxins released during weight loss had the capacity to damage the fat-burning mitochondria and interfere with the thyroid hormones and their receptor sites, interfere with enzymes, and interfere with leptin signals to hunger reflex.

A number of studies have been found that a decreased metabolic rate is in response to the presence of toxins affecting the thyroid hormones and the rate at which the liver excretes them Hsueh et al.

Fat flush is a low-carbohydrate eating plan devised with a focus on weight loss while detoxing the liver and lymphatic systems to enhance overall health. In addition to limiting carbohydrates, it recommends eating fat-burning fats, high-fiber vegetables and fruit, clean protein, and thermogenic foods and supplements Gittleman Caloric intake on the fat flush plan ranges from to calories per day, which is in line with the nutrition recommendations for weight loss Klein and Kiat During this phase, margarine, sugar, oils except flaxseed oil , grains, bread, cereal, starchy vegetables, dairy products, and some spices are restricted.

During the second phase, calories are increased from to calories daily. It includes the same food that is in the first but with the addition of butternut, sweet potato, fresh or frozen peas, brown rice, and carrots once weekly.

This phase continues until reaching the needed weight. The last phase is to maintain weight loss and entail or more calories daily. Certain foods that were eliminated in phase 1 are reintroduced back such as some starchy carbohydrates, dairy, and gluten-free grains Gittleman It aims to cleanse the liver, improve wellness, and produce weight loss.

An expert opinion is that the elimination of all margarine, fats, oil, sugar, bread, grains, high-carbohydrate vegetables, and dairy products can be difficult for some people because they found the remaining food list so restrictive. Fat flush plan is incompatible with vegetarian diet because of the importance of eating lean protein from animal sources, which they cannot do; so vegetarians face difficulty in following this diet.

The plant-based protein could be a substitute animal-based protein for vegetarians. Protein found in soybean and legumes is considered as an acceptable protein substitute on the Fat flush plan. The lacto-ovo vegetarians consume eggs, light yogurt, and light cheeses as a source of protein Picco We can turn our body into fat-burning machine by including low-calorie foods instead of high-calorie foods in our diet.

The fat burning supplements are not alone to burn fats alone. Without a proper diet and regular exercise, we cannot reach the needed goal. If we decide to start any fat flush dietary program, we should seek approval from the doctor prior to starting.

To avoid toxins which delay the burning process, we should eat organic foods as much as we can, avoid processed foods, and use natural product to be away from chemicals, additives, or preservatives.

Too much fats increase the risk of diabetes with the alarming complications of cardiovascular disorders. Modification of an unhealthy diet, bad eating habits, and lifestyle factors should remain the cornerstone in managing body fats.

New kinds of natural foods should be added in daily meals to improve fat burning process to avoid health complications. Scientific efforts must certainly be more oriented to discover how we should try to increase our brown fat cells to help in fat burning.

Acheson KJ, Zahorska MB, Pittet PY, Jéquier SD Metabolic effects of caffeine in humans: lipid oxidation or futile cycling? Am J Clin Nutr 33 5 — Article Google Scholar. Al-Goblan AS, Al-Alfi MA, Khan MZ Mechanism linking diabetes mellitus and obesity.

Dia Metab Syndr Obes — Alligier M, Meugnier E, Debard C, Scoazec J Subcutaneous adipose tissue remoduling during the initial phase of weight gain induced by overfeeding in human.

J Clin Endocrinol Metab 10 15 — Google Scholar. Anderson G, James W, Konz E Obesity and disease management: effects of weight loss on comorbid conditions.

J Am Med Assoc. Anton SD, Morrison CD, Cefalu WT Effects of chromium picolinate on food intake and satiety. Diabetes Technol Ther 10 5 — Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar.

Arciero PJ, Gardner AW, Calles-Escandon J, Benowitz NL, Poehlman ET Effects of caffeine ingestion on NE kinetics, fat oxidation, and energy expenditure in younger and older men. Am J Physiol — Baglioni S, Cantini G, Poli G, Francalanci M, Squecco R, Di Franco A et al Functional differences in visceral and subcutaneous fat pads originate from differences in the adipose stem cell.

PLOS One 7 5 :e Article ADS CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Banni S Conjugated linoleic acid metabolism. Curr Opin. Belza A, Toubro S, Astrup A The effect of caffeine, green tea and tyrosine on thermogenesis and energy intake.

Eur J Clin Nutr 63 1 —64 Epub Sep Article CAS Google Scholar. Berdanier CR, Gorny JR, Joussif AE Advanced Nutrition:Macronutrients, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton. Bes-Rastrollo M, Sabate J, Gomez-Gracia E, Alonso A, Martinez JA, Martinez-Gonzalez MA Nut consumption and weight gain in a Mediterranean cohort: The sun study.

Obesity 15 1 — Biesiekierski JR What is gluten? J Gastroenterol Hepatol 32 1 — Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar. Birbrair A, Zhang T, Wang ZM, Messi ML, Enikolopov GN, Mintz A, Delbono O Role of pericytes in skeletal muscle regeneration and fat accumulation. Stem Cells Dev 22 16 — PMID Bland J, Lyon M, Jones DS Clinical approaches to detoxification and biotransformation.

J Med Assoc — Blumenfeld NR, Kang HJ, Fenzl A, Song Z, Chung JJ, Singh R, Johnson R, Karakecili A, Feranil JB, Rossen NS, Zhang V, Jaggi S, McCarty B, Bessler S, Schwartz GJ, Grant R, Korner J, Kiefer FW, Gillette BM, Samuel SK A direct tissue-grafting approach to increasing endogenous brown fat.

Sci Rep 8 1. Bobyleva V, Bellei M, Kneer N, Lardy H The effects of the ergosteroid 7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone on mitochondrial membrane potential: possible relationship to thermogenesis.

Arch Biochem Biophys 1 — Boirie M, Dangin Y, Guillet C, Beaufrere B Influence of the protein digestion rate on protein turnover in young and elderly subjects.

J Nutr 10 S—S. Bredsdorff L, Wedebye EB, Nikolov NG, Hallas-Moller T, Pilegaard K Raspberry ketone in food supplements—high intake, few toxicity data—a cause for safety concern? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol — Brenot F, Abenhaim L, Moride Y, Rich S, Benichou J, Kurz X et al Appetite-suppressant drugs and the risk of primary pulmonary hypertension.

N Engl J Med Brown JC, Harhay MO, Harhay MN Anthropometrically-predicted visceral adipose tissue and mortality among men and women in the third national health and nutrition examination survey NHANES III. Am J Hum Biol 29 1 — Brownell KD Greenwood MR Stellar and Eileen E : The effects of repeated cycles of weight loss and regain in rats.

Physiol Behav 38 4 Bucci LR Selected herbals and human exercise performance. Am J Clin Nutr 72 2 S—S. Cabrera C, Artacho R, Giménez R Beneficial effects of green tea; a review. J Am Coll Nutr 25 2 — Cannon B, Nedergaard J, Nute GR Developmental biology: neither fat nor flesh.

Nature — Article ADS CAS Google Scholar. Canoy D Distribution of body fat and risk of metabolic disorders in man and woman. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes — Carmen GY, Víctor SM. Signalling mechanisms regulating lipolysis. Cell Signal.

PMID: Chen M, Pan A, Malik VS, Hu FB Effects of dairy intake on body weight and fat: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 96 8 — Christensen R, Lorenzen JK, Svith CR, Bartels EM, Melanson EL, Saris WH et al Effect of calcium from dairy and dietary supplements on faecal fat excretion: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Obes Rev 10 2 — Cimolai N, Cimolai T, Kessel J Yohimbine use for physical enhancement and its potential toxicity. J Diet Suppl — Clapham JC, Arch JR Thermogenic and metabolic antiobesity drugs: rationale and opportunities.

Diabetes Obes Metab — Coelho M, Oliveira T, Fernandes R Biochemistry of adipose tissue: an endocrine organ. Arch Med Sci 9 2 — Cohen PA, Wang YH, Maller G, DeSouza R, Khan IA Pharmaceutical quantities of yohimbine found in dietary supplements.

Drug Test Anal — Food Funct — Coyle LP, Patrick JR Abete GS : Beneficial facts on Food. J Med Food 35 5 — Delbeke FT, Van Eenoo P, Van Thuyne W, Desmet N Prohormones and sport.

J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 83 1—5 — Demling RH Effect of a hypocaloric diet, increased protein intake and resistance training on lean mass gains and fat mass loss in overweight police officers.

Ann Nutr Metab 44 1 — Denker T, Joel R, Bland J The world on a plate, 4th edn. Nebraska: Nebraska Press. Dennis EA, Dengo AL, Comber DL et al Water consumption increases weight loss during a hypo caloric diet intervention in middle-aged and older adults.

Obesity 18 2 — Article PubMed Google Scholar. Dhaliwal SS, Welborn TA Central obesity and multivariable cardiovascular risk as assessed by the Framingham prediction scores. Am J Cardiol 10 — Din MU, Saari T, Raiko J, Kudomi N, Maurer SF, Lahesmaa M, Tobias Fromme T, Amri EZ, Klingenspor M, Solin O, Nuutila P, Virtanen KA Postprandial oxidative metabolism of human brown fat indicates thermogenesis.

Cell Metab 28 2 Divoux A, Drolet R, Clement A Architecture and extracellular matrix of adipose tissue. Obes Rev 12 35 — Dubnov-Raz G, Constantini NW, Yariv H, Nice S, Shapira N Influence of water drinking on resting energy expenditure in overweight children.

Int J Obes 35 10 — Dulloo AG, Geissler CA, Horton T, Collins A, Miller DS Normal caffeine consumption: influence on thermogenesis and daily energy expenditure in lean and postobese human volunteers.

Am J Clin Nutr 49 1 — Dulloo AG, Geissler GA, Kangas AJ Normal caffeine consumption: influence on thermogenesis and daily energy expenditure in lean and post obese human volunteers.

Duvernoy CS The health risks of yoyo dieting. J Med Assoc 15 Earthman CP, Beckman LM, Masodkar K, Sibley SD The link between obesity and low circulating hydroxyvitamin D concentrations: considerations and implications.

Int J Obes Lond — Eckel SE, Dolinkov MA, Dost IK, Lacinov ZE, Michalsk YD, Haluz DW, Kasalick YM The endocrine profile of subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue of obese patients. Mol Cell Endocrinol 28 17 — Enerbäck S The origins of brown adipose tissue. N Engl J Med 19 — Eric E, Berg DC The 7 principles of fat burning, 1st edn.

Blackwell Science, Oxford. Farrell DJ, Bower L, Speedy DB Fatal water intoxication. J Clin Path 56 10 — Fenzl A, Kiefer FW Brown adipose tissue and thermogenesis. Hormone Mol Biol Clin Investig 19 1 — Fomous CM, Costello RB, Coates PM Symposium: conference on the science and policy of performance-enhancing products.

Fu C, Jiang Y, Guo J, Su Z Natural products with anti-obesity effects and different mechanisms of action. J Agric Food Chem — Gades MD, Stern JS, Walter AH Chitosan supplementation does not affect fat absorption in healthy males fed a high-fat diet, a pilot study.

Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 26 1 — Galitzky J, Rivière D, Tran MA, Montastruc JL, Berlan M Pharmacodynamic effects of chronic yohimbine treatment in healthy volunteers.

Eur J Clin Pharmacol. Gannon MC, Nuttall FQ. Effect of a high-protein diet on ghrelin, glucagon, and insulin-like growth factor-I in obese subjects. Epub Mar Gittleman AL The fat flush diet plan review, 3rd edn.

Barry Seaars. Mc Groaw-Hill. Gittleman AL Fat flush foods, 4th edn. California: Seasars B. Gittleman AL Fat flush for life: A strategy to achieving weight-loss goals, 5th edn. Gray JA, Berger M, Roth BL The expanded biology of serotonin.

Annu Rev Med — Greer F, Friars D, Graham TE Comparison of caffeine, theophylline ingestion: exercise metabolism and endurance.

J Appl Physiol 89 5 — Guerre M, Millo K Adipose tissue hormones. J Endocrinol Invest 25 10 — Guo L, Gurda GT, Lee SH, Molkentin JD, Williams JA Cholecystokinin activates pancreatic calcineurin-NFAT signaling in vitro and in vivo.

Mol Biol Cell 19 1 — Ha E, Zemel MB Functional properties of whey, whey components, and essential amino acids: mechanisms underlying health benefits for active people review. J Nutr Biochem 14 5 — Haller CA, Anderson IB, Kim SY, Blanc PD An evaluation of selected herbal. Adverse Drug React Toxicol Rev 21 3 — Harms M, Seale P, Pezeshkian S.

Brown and beige fat: development, function and therapeutic potential. Nat Med. Harris RB Leptin-much more than a satiety signal. Ann Rev Nutr 21 6 — MathSciNet Google Scholar. Hofman Z, Smeets R, Verlaan G, Lugt R, Verstappen PA The effect of bovine colostrum supplementation on exercise performance in elite field hockey players.

Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 12 4 — Holm C Molecular mechanisms regulating hormone-sensitive lipase and lipolysis. Biochem Soc Trans 31 6 — Hooper EF, Maglione M, Mojica WA, Suttorp MJ, Rhodes SL, Jungvig L Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease.

Cochrane Database Syst Rev 10 6 :CD Hsueh WA, Avula B, Pawar RS Major histocompatibility complex plays an essential role in obesity-induced adipose inflammation. Cell Metab 17 3 — Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar.

Hursel R, Viechtbauer W, Westerterp-Plantenga MS The effects of green tea on weight loss and weight maintenance: a meta-analysis. Int J Obes Lond 33 9 — Imbeault P, Pelletier C, Tremblay A Energy balance and pollution by organochlorines and polychlorinated biphenyl.

Inagaki T, Sakai J, Kajimura S. Transcriptional and epigenetic control of brown and beige adipose cell fate and function. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. PMC Ivy JL Effect of Pyruvate and dihydroxyactetone on metabolism and aerobic endurance capacity.

Med Sci Sports Exerc 30 6 — Jeukendrup AE, Randell R Fat burners: dietary supplements for weight loss. Obes Rev 12 10 — Jeukendrup AE, Randell RE, Coates PM Fat burners: nutrition supplements that increase fat metabolism. Johnson R, Bryant S, Huntley AL Green tea and green tea in health.

J Am sci 23 7 — Jones OA, Maguire ML, Griffin JL Environmental pollution and diabetes: a neglected association. Lancet 26 37 — Julkunen R, Janatuinen E, Kosma M, Mäki M a comparison of diets with and without oats in adults with celiac disease.

Gut 50 3 — Kahn SE, Hull RL, Utzschneider KM Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Karastergiou K, Smith SR, Greenberg AR, Fried SK Sex differences in human adipose tissues — the biology of pear shape.

Biol Sex Differ Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Karst H, Steiniger J, Noack R, Steglich H Diet-induced thermogenesis in man: thermic effects of single protein, carbohydrates and fats depending on their energy amount.

Ann Nutr Metab — Kelly TF, Kapoor NK, Lieberman DZ The use of triiodothyronine as an augmentation agent in treatment-resistant bipolar II and bipolar disorder NOS.

J Affect Disord 3 — Kennedy A, Martinez K, Schmidt S, Mandrup S, LaPoint K, McIntosh M Antiobesity mechanisms of action of conjugated linoleic acid. J Nutr Biochem 21 3 — Kershaw EE, Flier JS Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ.

J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 6 — Kersten S Mechanisms of nutritional and hormonal regulation of lipogenesis. EMBO Rep 2 4 — J Agric Food Chem 56 17 — King MW Structure and function of hormones: growth hormone. Clin Endocrinol 65 4 — Kissig M, Shapira SN, Seale P Snap shot: brown and beige adipose thermogenesis.

Cell 1 — Klein AV, Kiat H Detox diets for toxin elimination and weight management: a critical review of the evidence. J Hum Nutr Diet. Klein S, Peters J, Holland B.

Wolfe R. Effect of short- and long-term beta-adrenergic blockade on lipolysis during fasting in humans. Am J Physiol. La Merrill M, Emond C, Kim MJ, Antignac JP, Le Bizec B, Clément K, Birnbaum LS, Barouki R Toxicological function of adipose tissue: focus on persistent organic pollutants.

Environ Health Perspect 2 —