Video
The Anticancer Nutrient Researched Over 2000 TimesFlavonoids in vegetables -
This article reviews everything you need to know about…. Flavonoids, once known as vitamin P, are a large class of plant compounds found in deeply colored fruits, vegetables, cocoa, tea, and wine. While they're not typically able to prescribe, nutritionists can still benefits your overall health.
Let's look at benefits, limitations, and more. A new study found that healthy lifestyle choices — including being physically active, eating well, avoiding smoking and limiting alcohol consumption —….
Carb counting is complicated. Take the quiz and test your knowledge! Together with her husband, Kansas City Chiefs MVP quarterback Patrick Mahomes, Brittany Mohomes shares how she parents two children with severe food…. While there are many FDA-approved emulsifiers, European associations have marked them as being of possible concern.
Let's look deeper:. Researchers have found that a daily multivitamin supplement was linked with slowed cognitive aging and improved memory. Dietitians can help you create a more balanced diet or a specialized one for a variety of conditions.
We look at their benefits and limitations. Liquid collagen supplements might be able to reduce some effects of aging, but research is ongoing and and there may be side effects. A Quiz for Teens Are You a Workaholic? How Well Do You Sleep? Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. What Are Flavonoids?
Everything You Need to Know. Medically reviewed by Miho Hatanaka, RDN, L. Sources Function Health benefits Takeaway Flavonoids are compounds found in many plant products, including teas, citrus fruits, and vegetables.
Which foods have flavonoids? What do flavonoids do? What are the health benefits of flavonoids? How we reviewed this article: Sources. Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. We avoid using tertiary references.
You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy. Jul 12, Written By Kathryn Watson. Oct 23, Medically Reviewed By Miho Hatanaka, RDN, L.
Share this article. Read this next. What Are Polyphenols? Types, Benefits, and Food Sources. By Alina Petre, MS, RD NL. What Is Vitamin P? Flavonoids Explained. By Lizzie Streit, MS, RDN, LD.
How Nutritionists Can Help You Manage Your Health. Medically reviewed by Kathy W. Warwick, R. Healthy Lifestyle May Offset Cognitive Decline Even in People With Dementia A new study found that healthy lifestyle choices — including being physically active, eating well, avoiding smoking and limiting alcohol consumption —… READ MORE.
Quiz: How Much Do You Know About Carb Counting? READ MORE. How Brittany Mahomes Is Empowering Her Kids to Take Control of Their Food Allergies Together with her husband, Kansas City Chiefs MVP quarterback Patrick Mahomes, Brittany Mohomes shares how she parents two children with severe food… READ MORE.
What to Know About Emulsifiers in Food and Personal Care Products While there are many FDA-approved emulsifiers, European associations have marked them as being of possible concern. Let's look deeper: READ MORE.
Although various flavonoids have been found to inhibit the development of chemically-induced cancers in animal models of lung , oral , esophageal , gastric , colon , skin , prostate , , and mammary cancer , observational studies do not provide convincing evidence that high intakes of dietary flavonoids are associated with substantial reductions in human cancer risk reviewed in A meta-analysis of 13 case-control and 10 prospective cohort studies found little-to-no evidence to support a preventive role of dietary flavonoid intake in gastric and colorectal cancer A meta-analysis of 19 case-control studies and 15 cohort studies found that total flavonoid intake and intakes of specific flavonoid subclasses i.
The risk of lung cancer was not significantly associated with high flavonoid intakes , although an earlier meta-analysis of eight prospective studies with substantial heterogeneity across them suggested a protective role of flavonoids against lung cancer in smokers only Further, a prospective analysis of over 45, postmenopausal women from the Multiethnic Cohort Study found a reduced risk of endometrial cancer with the highest intakes of total isoflavones, daidzein, and genistein Additionally, limited evidence from observational studies suggests no relationship between total flavonoid intake and ovarian cancer To date, there is little evidence that flavonoid-rich diets might protect against various cancers, but larger prospective cohort studies are needed to address the association.
Because isoflavones are phytoestrogens , it is thought that they may interfere with the synthesis and activity of endogenous hormones , eventually influencing hormone-dependent signaling pathways and protecting against breast and prostate cancers In addition to the ethnicity and menopausal status, polymorphisms for hormone receptors and phase I biotransformation enzymes have been found to modify the association between isoflavone intake and breast cancer.
Another recent meta-analysis of 12 observational studies six prospective cohort studies , one nested case-control study , and five case-control studies investigated the chemopreventive effects of flavonoids except isoflavones The results suggested that intakes of flavonols and flavones may also be inversely associated with the risk of breast cancer.
Further, a pooled analysis of four case-control studies that stratified by menopausal status showed inverse associations between breast cancer and intakes of flavonols, flavones, or flavanols in postmenopausal women only.
A meta-analysis of 13 observational studies also suggested an inverse relationship between prostate cancer risk and consumption of soy products, especially tofu Yet, further analyses supported a protective role of soy food based only on case-control studies, which have inherent flaws such that associations may often be overestimated or underestimated.
In this study, no changes were reported in sex hormone concentrations in blood, suggesting that isoflavones may reduce prostate cancer incidence without interfering with hormone-dependent pathways.
Additional investigations will be necessary to determine whether supplementation with specific flavonoids could benefit cancer prevention or treatment.
For more information on flavonoid-rich foods and cancer, see articles on Fruit and Vegetables , Legumes , and Tea. Therefore, the various properties of flavonoids, including their role in protecting vascular health, could have beneficial effects on the brain, possibly in the protection against cerebrovascular disorders , cognitive impairments, and subsequent stroke and dementias.
The cross-sectional data analysis of 2, participants ages, years from the Hordaland Health Study in Norway indicated that, when compared to non-consumers, consumers of flavonoid-rich chocolate, tea, and wine had better global cognitive function, assessed by a battery of six cognitive tests In addition, those with higher dietary flavonoid intakes at baseline experienced significantly less age-related cognitive decline over a year period than those with the lowest flavonoid intakes The daily consumption of the cocoa drink high in flavanols improved some, but not all, measures of cognitive process speed and flexibility and verbal fluency compared to baseline test scores and scores following low flavanol drink consumption.
A composite test score reflecting overall cognitive performance was found to be significantly greater in those given cocoa drinks high rather than low in flavanols. The study also reported reductions in cardiovascular risk markers i.
The data could be replicated in cognitively healthy older people ages, years , suggesting that cocoa flavanols might enhance some aspects of cognitive function during healthy aging Because cerebral blood flow is correlated with cognitive function in humans, these preliminary data suggest that cocoa flavanol consumption could exert a protective effect against dementia Yet, in other randomized controlled trials , the lack of an effect of cocoa flavanols on blood pressure, cerebral blood flow, mental fatigue, and cognitive performance in healthy young and old adults suggested that benefits may only be seen in very demanding cognitive exercises Some randomized controlled studies also reported improvements in measures of cognitive function in healthy and cognitively impaired subjects with other flavonoid subclasses, including anthocyanins , flavanones , , and isoflavones , Although some flavonoids and flavonoid-rich foods may enhance cognitive function in the aging brain, it is not yet clear whether their consumption could lower the risk of cognitive impairments and dementia in humans.
For more detailed information on flavanol-rich tea and cognitive function, see the article on Tea. The main dietary sources of flavonoids include tea , citrus fruit, citrus fruit juices, berries, red wine, apples, and legumes. Individual flavonoid intakes may vary considerably depending on whether tea, red wine, soy products, or fruit and vegetables are commonly consumed reviewed in 2.
Information on the flavonoid content of some flavonoid-rich foods is presented in Tables 2 These values should be considered approximate since a number of factors may affect the flavonoid content of foods, including agricultural practices, environmental conditions, ripening, storage, and food processing.
For additional information about the flavonoid content of food, the USDA provides databases for the content of selected foods in flavonoids 60 and proanthocyanidins For more information on the isoflavone content of soy foods, see the article on Soy Isoflavones or the USDA database for the isoflavone content of selected foods Bilberry, elderberry, black currant, blueberry, red grape, and mixed berry extracts that are rich in anthocyanins are available as dietary supplements without a prescription in the US.
The anthocyanin content of these products may vary considerably. Standardized extracts that list the amount of anthocyanins per dose are available. Numerous tea extracts are available in the US as dietary supplements and may be labeled as tea catechins or tea polyphenols.
Green tea extracts are the most commonly marketed, but black and oolong tea extracts are also available. Green tea extracts generally have higher levels of catechins flavanol monomers , while black tea extracts are richer in theaflavins and thearubigins tea flavanol dimers and polymers , respectively.
Oolong tea extracts fall somewhere in between green and black tea extracts with respect to their flavanol content. Some tea extracts contain caffeine, while others are decaffeinated.
Flavanol and caffeine content vary considerably among different products, so it is important to check the label or consult the manufacturer to determine the amounts of flavanols and caffeine that would be consumed daily with each supplement for more information on tea flavanols, see the article on Tea.
Citrus bioflavonoid supplements may contain glycosides of hesperetin hesperidin , naringenin naringin , and eriodictyol eriocitrin. Hesperidin is also available in hesperidin-complex supplements, with daily doses from mg to 2 g The peels and tissues of citrus fruit e.
Although dietary intakes of these naturally occurring flavones are generally low, they are often present in citrus bioflavonoid complex supplements.
Some tea preparations may also include baicaleinglucuronide The flavonol aglycone, quercetin, and its glycoside rutin are available as dietary supplements without a prescription in the US. Other names for rutin include rutoside, quercetinrutinoside, and sophorin Citrus bioflavonoid supplements may also contain quercetin or rutin.
A mg soy isoflavone supplement usually includes glycosides of the isoflavones: genistein genistin; 25 mg , daidzein daidzin; 19 mg , and glycitein glycitin; about 6 mg.
Smaller amounts of daidzein, genistein, and formononetin are also found in biochanin A-containing supplements derived from red clover No adverse effects have been associated with high dietary intakes of flavonoids from plant-based food.
This lack of adverse effects may be explained by the relatively low bioavailability and rapid metabolism and elimination of most flavonoids. Higher doses up to In a recent randomized , double-blind , controlled study in healthy adults, the daily intake of 2 g of cocoa flavanols for 12 weeks was found to be well tolerated with no adverse side effects Central nervous system symptoms, including agitation, restlessness, insomnia, tremors, dizziness, and confusion, have also been reported.
In one case, confusion was severe enough to require hospitalization The total number of adverse events and the number of serious adverse events were not different between the treatment and placebo groups However, the use of green tea extracts was directly associated with abnormally high liver enzyme levels in 7 out of the 12 women who experienced serious adverse events.
Also, the incidence of nausea was twice as high in the green tea arm as in the placebo group The safety of flavonoid supplements in pregnancy and lactation has not been established ATP-binding cassette ABC drug transporters, including P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance protein MRP , and breast cancer-resistant protein BCRP , function as ATP -dependent efflux pumps that actively regulate the excretion of a number of drugs limiting their systemic bioavailability 8.
ABC transporters are found throughout the body, yet they are especially important in organs with a barrier function like the intestines, the blood-brain barrier, blood-testis barrier, and the placenta , as well as in liver and kidneys There is some evidence that the consumption of grapefruit juice inhibits the activity of P-glycoprotein Genistein, biochanin A, quercetin, naringenin, hesperetin, green tea flavanol - -CG, - -ECG, and - -EGCG, and others have been found to inhibit the efflux activity of P-glycoprotein in cultured cells and in animal models Thus, very high or supplemental intakes of these flavonoids could potentially increase the toxicity of drugs that are substrates of P-glycoprotein, e.
Many anthocyanins and anthocyanidins, as well as some flavones apigenin, chrysin , isoflavones biochanin A, genistein , flavonols kaempferol , and flavanones naringenin , have been identified as inhibitors of BRCP-mediated transport, theoretically affecting drugs like anticancer agents mitoxantrone, topotecan, thyrosine kinase inhibitors , antibiotics fluoroquinolones , β-blockers prazosin , and antiarthritics sulfasalazine.
Finally, flavonols quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin , flavanones naringenin , flavones apigenin, robinetin , and isoflavones genistein have been reported to inhibit MRP, potentially affecting MRP-mediated transport of many anticancer drugs, e.
Theoretically, high intakes of flavonoids e. Cytochrome P CYP enzymes are phase I biotransformation enzymes involved in the metabolism of a broad range of compounds, from endogenous molecules to therapeutic agents.
The most abundant CYP isoform in the liver and intestines is cytochrome P 3A4 CYP3A4 ; the CYP3A family catalyzes the metabolism of about one-half of all marketed drugs in the US and Canada One grapefruit or as little as mL 7 fluid ounces of grapefruit juice have been found to irreversibly inhibit intestinal CYP3A4 The most potent inhibitors of CYP3A4 in grapefruit are thought to be furanocoumarins, particularly dihydroxybergamottin, rather than flavonoids.
All forms of the fruit — freshly squeezed juice, frozen concentrate, or whole fruit — can potentially affect the activity of CYP3A4. Some varieties of other citrus fruit Seville oranges, limes, and pomelos that contain furanocoumarins can also interfere with CYP3A4 activity.
Specifically, the inhibition of intestinal CYP3A4 by grapefruit consumption is known or predicted to increase the bioavailability and the risk of toxicity of more than 85 drugs. Because drugs with very low bioavailability are more likely to be toxic when CYP3A4 activity is inhibited, they are associated with a higher risk of overdose with grapefruit compared to drugs with high bioavailability.
Some of the drugs with low bioavailability include, but are not limited to, anticancer drugs everolimus ; anti-infective agents halofantrine, maraviroc ; statins atorvastatin, lovastatin, and simvastatin ; cardioactive drugs amiodarone, clopidogrel, dronedarone, eplenorone, ticagrelor ; HIV protease inhibitors saquinavir , immunosuppressants cyclosporine, sirolimus, tacrolimus, everolimus ; antihistamines terfenadine ; gastrointestinal agents domperidone ; central nervous system agents buspirone, dextromethorphan, oral ketamine, lurasidone, quetiapine, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [sertraline] ; and urinary tract agents darifenacin reviewed in Because of the potential for adverse drug interactions, some clinicians recommend that people taking medications with low bioavailability i.
Flavonoids can bind nonheme iron , inhibiting its intestinal absorption , Nonheme iron is the principal form of iron in plant foods, dairy products, and iron supplements. Flavonoids can also inhibit intestinal heme iron absorption Interestingly, ascorbic acid greatly enhances the absorption of iron see the article on Iron and is able to counteract the inhibitory effect of flavonoids on nonheme and heme iron absorption , , To maximize iron absorption from a meal or iron supplements, flavonoid-rich food and beverages and flavonoid supplements should not be consumed at the same time.
Originally written in by: Jane Higdon, Ph. Linus Pauling Institute Oregon State University. Updated in June by: Victoria J. Drake, Ph. Updated in November by: Barbara Delage, Ph.
Reviewed in February by: Alan Crozier, Ph. Professor, Department of Nutrition University of California, Davis. Kumar S, Pandey AK.
Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids: an overview. Manach C, Scalbert A, Morand C, Remesy C, Jimenez L. Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability. Am J Clin Nutr. Xiao J, Kai G, Yamamoto K, Chen X.
Advance in dietary polyphenols as α-glucosidases inhibitors: a review on structure-activity relationship aspect. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. Rothwell JA, Urpi-Sarda M, Boto-Ordonez M, et al. Systematic analysis of the polyphenol metabolome using the Phenol-Explorer database.
Mol Nutr Food Res. Lotito SB, Zhang WJ, Yang CS, Crozier A, Frei B. Metabolic conversion of dietary flavonoids alters their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Free Radic Biol Med. Williamson G. Common features in the pathways of absorption and metabolism of flavonoids.
In: Meskin MS, R. BW, Davies AJ, Lewis DS, Randolph RK, eds. Phytochemicals: Mechanisms of Action. Boca Raton: CRC Press; Nemeth K, Plumb GW, Berrin JG, et al. Deglycosylation by small intestinal epithelial cell β-glucosidases is a critical step in the absorption and metabolism of dietary flavonoid glycosides in humans.
Eur J Nutr. Gonzales GB, Smagghe G, Grootaert C, Zotti M, Raes K, Van Camp J. Drug Metab Rev. Monagas M, Urpi-Sarda M, Sanchez-Patan F, et al. Insights into the metabolism and microbial biotransformation of dietary flavanols and the bioactivity of their metabolites.
Food Funct. Bordenave N, Hamaker BR, Ferruzzi MG. Nature and consequences of non-covalent interactions between flavonoids and macronutrients in foods. Zhang H, Yu D, Sun J, et al. Interaction of plant phenols with food macronutrients: characterisation and nutritional-physiological consequences. Nutr Res Rev.
Xiao J, Mao F, Yang F, Zhao Y, Zhang C, Yamamoto K. Interaction of dietary polyphenols with bovine milk proteins: molecular structure-affinity relationship and influencing bioactivity aspects.
Lorenz M, Jochmann N, von Krosigk A, et al. Addition of milk prevents vascular protective effects of tea. Eur Heart J. Roowi S, Stalmach A, Mullen W, Lean ME, Edwards CA, Crozier A. Green tea flavanols: colonic degradation and urinary excretion of catabolites by humans.
J Agric Food Chem. Setchell KD, Brown NM, Lydeking-Olsen E. The clinical importance of the metabolite equol-a clue to the effectiveness of soy and its isoflavones. J Nutr. Yuan JP, Wang JH, Liu X.
Metabolism of dietary soy isoflavones to equol by human intestinal microflora--implications for health. Marin L, Miguelez EM, Villar CJ, Lombo F. Bioavailability of dietary polyphenols and gut microbiota metabolism: antimicrobial properties.
Biomed Res Int. Inoue-Choi M, Yuan JM, Yang CS, et al. Genetic Association Between the COMT Genotype and Urinary Levels of Tea Polyphenols and Their Metabolites among Daily Green Tea Drinkers.
Int J Mol Epidemiol Genet. Wu AH, Tseng CC, Van Den Berg D, Yu MC. Tea intake, COMT genotype, and breast cancer in Asian-American women. Cancer Res. Jiang W, Hu M.
Mutual interactions between flavonoids and enzymatic and transporter elements responsible for flavonoid disposition via phase II metabolic pathways. RSC Adv. Xiao J, Kai G. A review of dietary polyphenol-plasma protein interactions: characterization, influence on the bioactivity, and structure-affinity relationship.
Manach C, Williamson G, Morand C, Scalbert A, Remesy C. Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. Review of 97 bioavailability studies.
Kroon PA, Clifford MN, Crozier A, et al. How should we assess the effects of exposure to dietary polyphenols in vitro? Heijnen CG, Haenen GR, van Acker FA, van der Vijgh WJ, Bast A. Flavonoids as peroxynitrite scavengers: the role of the hydroxyl groups.
Toxicol In Vitro. Chun OK, Kim DO, Lee CY. Superoxide radical scavenging activity of the major polyphenols in fresh plums. Frei B, Higdon JV. Antioxidant activity of tea polyphenols in vivo: evidence from animal studies.
Williams RJ, Spencer JP, Rice-Evans C. Flavonoids: antioxidants or signalling molecules? Lotito SB, Frei B. Consumption of flavonoid-rich foods and increased plasma antioxidant capacity in humans: cause, consequence, or epiphenomenon?
Mira L, Fernandez MT, Santos M, Rocha R, Florencio MH, Jennings KR. Interactions of flavonoids with iron and copper ions: a mechanism for their antioxidant activity. Free Radic Res. Cheng IF, Breen K. On the ability of four flavonoids, baicilein, luteolin, naringenin, and quercetin, to suppress the Fenton reaction of the iron-ATP complex.
Spencer JP, Rice-Evans C, Williams RJ. J Biol Chem. Spencer JP, Schroeter H, Crossthwaithe AJ, Kuhnle G, Williams RJ, Rice-Evans C.
Contrasting influences of glucuronidation and O-methylation of epicatechin on hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death in neurons and fibroblasts. Hou Z, Lambert JD, Chin KV, Yang CS. Effects of tea polyphenols on signal transduction pathways related to cancer chemoprevention.
Mutat Res. Lambert JD, Yang CS. Mechanisms of cancer prevention by tea constituents. Espley RV, Butts CA, Laing WA, et al. Dietary flavonoids from modified apple reduce inflammation markers and modulate gut microbiota in mice. Kim MC, Kim SJ, Kim DS, et al.
Vanillic acid inhibits inflammatory mediators by suppressing NF-kappaB in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. Lee SG, Kim B, Yang Y, et al.
Berry anthocyanins suppress the expression and secretion of proinflammatory mediators in macrophages by inhibiting nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB independent of NRF2-mediated mechanism.
J Nutr Biochem. Mauray A, Felgines C, Morand C, Mazur A, Scalbert A, Milenkovic D. Bilberry anthocyanin-rich extract alters expression of genes related to atherosclerosis development in aorta of apo E-deficient mice.
Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. Wang D, Wei X, Yan X, Jin T, Ling W. Protocatechuic acid, a metabolite of anthocyanins, inhibits monocyte adhesion and reduces atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.
Edirisinghe I, Banaszewski K, Cappozzo J, McCarthy D, Burton-Freeman BM. Effect of black currant anthocyanins on the activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase eNOS in vitro in human endothelial cells. Hidalgo M, Martin-Santamaria S, Recio I, et al.
Genes Nutr. Chen XQ, Wang XB, Guan RF, et al. Blood anticoagulation and antiplatelet activity of green tea - -epigallocatechin EGC in mice. Ahmad A, Khan RM, Alkharfy KM. Effects of selected bioactive natural products on the vascular endothelium.
J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. Hanhineva K, Torronen R, Bondia-Pons I, et al. Impact of dietary polyphenols on carbohydrate metabolism. Int J Mol Sci. Babu PV, Liu D, Gilbert ER. Recent advances in understanding the anti-diabetic actions of dietary flavonoids.
Delgado ME, Haza AI, Arranz N, Garcia A, Morales P. Erba D, Casiraghi MC, Martinez-Conesa C, Goi G, Massaccesi L. Isoflavone supplementation reduces DNA oxidative damage and increases O-β-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase activity in healthy women.
Nutr Res. Moon YJ, Wang X, Morris ME. Dietary flavonoids: effects on xenobiotic and carcinogen metabolism. Schwarz D, Kisselev P, Roots I. CYP1A1 genotype-selective inhibition of benzo[a]pyrene activation by quercetin. Eur J Cancer. Suh Y, Afaq F, Johnson JJ, Mukhtar H. Ravishankar D, Watson KA, Boateng SY, Green RJ, Greco F, Osborn HM.
Exploring quercetin and luteolin derivatives as antiangiogenic agents. Eur J Med Chem. Santos BL, Oliveira MN, Coelho PC, et al.
Flavonoids suppress human glioblastoma cell growth by inhibiting cell metabolism, migration, and by regulating extracellular matrix proteins and metalloproteinases expression.
Chem Biol Interact. Sokolov AN, Pavlova MA, Klosterhalfen S, Enck P. Chocolate and the brain: neurobiological impact of cocoa flavanols on cognition and behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev.
Vauzour D, Vafeiadou K, Rodriguez-Mateos A, Rendeiro C, Spencer JP. The neuroprotective potential of flavonoids: a multiplicity of effects. Wang X, Ouyang YY, Liu J, Zhao G. Flavonoid intake and risk of CVD: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Br J Nutr.
Wang ZM, Zhao D, Nie ZL, et al. Flavonol intake and stroke risk: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Jacques PF, Cassidy A, Rogers G, Peterson JJ, Dwyer JT. Dietary flavonoid intakes and CVD incidence in the Framingham Offspring Cohort. US Department of Agriculture.
USDA Database for the Proanthocyanidin Content of Selected Foods. August, USDA Database for the Isoflavone Content of Selected Foods, release 2. September USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, release 3.
May Vogiatzoglou A, Mulligan AA, Bhaniani A, et al. Associations between flavanol intake and CVD risk in the Norfolk cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer EPIC-Norfolk. Cassidy A, Rogers G, Peterson JJ, Dwyer JT, Lin H, Jacques PF.
Higher dietary anthocyanin and flavonol intakes are associated with anti-inflammatory effects in a population of US adults. Grassi D, Desideri G, Ferri C.
Protective effects of dark chocolate on endothelial function and diabetes. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. Sansone R, Rodriguez-Mateos A, Heuel J, et al. Cocoa flavanol intake improves endothelial function and Framingham Risk Score in healthy men and women: a randomised, controlled, double-masked trial: the Flaviola Health Study.
Basu A, Fu DX, Wilkinson M, et al. Strawberries decrease atherosclerotic markers in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Kelley DS, Rasooly R, Jacob RA, Kader AA, Mackey BE.
Consumption of Bing sweet cherries lowers circulating concentrations of inflammation markers in healthy men and women.
Moazen S, Amani R, Homayouni Rad A, Shahbazian H, Ahmadi K, Taha Jalali M. Effects of freeze-dried strawberry supplementation on metabolic biomarkers of atherosclerosis in subjects with type 2 diabetes: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Ann Nutr Metab. Edirisinghe I, Banaszewski K, Cappozzo J, et al.
Strawberry anthocyanin and its association with postprandial inflammation and insulin. Karlsen A, Retterstol L, Laake P, et al. Anthocyanins inhibit nuclear factor-kappaB activation in monocytes and reduce plasma concentrations of pro-inflammatory mediators in healthy adults.
Basu A, Lyons TJ. Strawberries, blueberries, and cranberries in the metabolic syndrome: clinical perspectives. Zhu Y, Ling W, Guo H, et al. Anti-inflammatory effect of purified dietary anthocyanin in adults with hypercholesterolemia: a randomized controlled trial. Qin Y, Xia M, Ma J, et al.
Anthocyanin supplementation improves serum LDL- and HDL-cholesterol concentrations associated with the inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein in dyslipidemic subjects.
Zhu Y, Huang X, Zhang Y, et al. Anthocyanin supplementation improves HDL-associated paraoxonase 1 activity and enhances cholesterol efflux capacity in subjects with hypercholesterolemia.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Curtis PJ, Kroon PA, Hollands WJ, et al. Cardiovascular disease risk biomarkers and liver and kidney function are not altered in postmenopausal women after ingesting an elderberry extract rich in anthocyanins for 12 weeks.
Grassi D, Desideri G, Di Giosia P, et al. Tea, flavonoids, and cardiovascular health: endothelial protection. Forstermann U, Sessa WC.
Nitric oxide synthases: regulation and function. Ras RT, Streppel MT, Draijer R, Zock PL. Flow-mediated dilation and cardiovascular risk prediction: a systematic review with meta-analysis.
Int J Cardiol. Liu Y, Li D, Zhang Y, Sun R, Xia M. Anthocyanin increases adiponectin secretion and protects against diabetes-related endothelial dysfunction.
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. Zhu Y, Xia M, Yang Y, et al. Purified anthocyanin supplementation improves endothelial function via NO-cGMP activation in hypercholesterolemic individuals. Clin Chem. Ras RT, Zock PL, Draijer R.
Tea consumption enhances endothelial-dependent vasodilation; a meta-analysis. PLoS One. Hooper L, Kay C, Abdelhamid A, et al. Effects of chocolate, cocoa, and flavanols on cardiovascular health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.
Grassi D, Necozione S, Lippi C, et al. Cocoa reduces blood pressure and insulin resistance and improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypertensives. Grassi D, Desideri G, Necozione S, et al. Protective effects of flavanol-rich dark chocolate on endothelial function and wave reflection during acute hyperglycemia.
Davison K, Coates AM, Buckley JD, Howe PR. Effect of cocoa flavanols and exercise on cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese subjects. Int J Obes Lond. West SG, McIntyre MD, Piotrowski MJ, et al. Effects of dark chocolate and cocoa consumption on endothelial function and arterial stiffness in overweight adults.
Flammer AJ, Sudano I, Wolfrum M, et al. Cardiovascular effects of flavanol-rich chocolate in patients with heart failure. Schroeter H, Heiss C, Balzer J, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
Gomez-Guzman M, Jimenez R, Sanchez M, et al. Epicatechin lowers blood pressure, restores endothelial function, and decreases oxidative stress and endothelin-1 and NADPH oxidase activity in DOCA-salt hypertension.
Bachmair EM, Ostertag LM, Zhang X, de Roos B. Dietary manipulation of platelet function. Pharmacol Ther. Pearson DA, Paglieroni TG, Rein D, et al. The effects of flavanol-rich cocoa and aspirin on ex vivo platelet function.
Thromb Res. Ried K, Sullivan TR, Fakler P, Frank OR, Stocks NP. Effect of cocoa on blood pressure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Khalesi S, Sun J, Buys N, Jamshidi A, Nikbakht-Nasrabadi E, Khosravi-Boroujeni H.
Green tea catechins and blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Guerrero L, Castillo J, Quinones M, et al. Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme activity by flavonoids: structure-activity relationship studies.
Egert S, Bosy-Westphal A, Seiberl J, et al. Quercetin reduces systolic blood pressure and plasma oxidised low-density lipoprotein concentrations in overweight subjects with a high-cardiovascular disease risk phenotype: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled cross-over study.
Edwards RL, Lyon T, Litwin SE, Rabovsky A, Symons JD, Jalili T. Quercetin reduces blood pressure in hypertensive subjects. Zahedi M, Ghiasvand R, Feizi A, Asgari G, Darvish L. Does Quercetin Improve Cardiovascular Risk factors and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Women with Type 2 Diabetes: A Double-blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.
Int J Prev Med. Brull V, Burak C, Stoffel-Wagner B, et al. Effects of a quercetin-rich onion skin extract on 24 h ambulatory blood pressure and endothelial function in overweight-to-obese patients with pre- hypertension: a randomised double-blinded placebo-controlled cross-over trial.
Zamora-Ros R, Forouhi NG, Sharp SJ, et al. The association between dietary flavonoid and lignan intakes and incident type 2 diabetes in European populations: the EPIC-InterAct study. Diabetes Care.
Dietary intakes of individual flavanols and flavonols are inversely associated with incident type 2 diabetes in European populations. Wang X, Tian J, Jiang J, et al. Effects of green tea or green tea extract on insulin sensitivity and glycaemic control in populations at risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
J Hum Nutr Diet. Liu K, Zhou R, Wang B, et al. Effect of green tea on glucose control and insulin sensitivity: a meta-analysis of 17 randomized controlled trials. Zheng XX, Xu YL, Li SH, Hui R, Wu YJ, Huang XH.
Effects of green tea catechins with or without caffeine on glycemic control in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Blood pressure is reduced and insulin sensitivity increased in glucose-intolerant, hypertensive subjects after 15 days of consuming high-polyphenol dark chocolate. Curtis PJ, Sampson M, Potter J, Dhatariya K, Kroon PA, Cassidy A. Chronic ingestion of flavanols and isoflavones improves insulin sensitivity and lipoprotein status and attenuates estimated year CVD risk in medicated postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes: a 1-year, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial.
Wedick NM, Pan A, Cassidy A, et al. Dietary flavonoid intakes and risk of type 2 diabetes in US men and women.
Flavonoids are a vegettables family of over 5, Body cleanse routine polyphenolic compounds Body cleanse routine carry begetables important functions in plants, including attracting Flavomoids insects; combating Natural antioxidant sources stresses, such inn microbial infection; and regulating cell growth 1. Their bioavailability and biological activities Flaconoids humans Flavonooids to be strongly Body cleanse routine by their chemical Gentle Detoxification Techniques. Since the Body cleanse routine, Post-recovery digestion has been a growing interest in dietary flavonoids due to their likely contribution to the health benefits of fruit- and vegetable-rich diets. This article reviews some of the scientific evidence regarding the role of dietary flavonoids in health promotion and disease prevention in humans; it is not meant to be a comprehensive review on every health topic studied. Flavonoids are classified into 12 major subclasses based on chemical structures, six of which, namely anthocyanidins, flavanols, flavonols, flavones, flavanones, and isoflavones Table 1 and Figures are of dietary significance. Glycosylated flavonols bound to at least one sugar molecule are the most widely distributed flavonoids in the diet 2, 3. Flavonoids are compounds found vegetablse Body cleanse routine plant ni, including inn, citrus fruits, and Potassium and heart health. They have antioxidant Flavonooids and may lower your risk of Body cleanse routine attack or stroke. Flavonoids are various compounds found naturally in many fruits and vegetables. There are six different types of flavonoids found in food, and each kind is broken down by your body in a different way. Flavonoids are rich in antioxidant activity and can help your body ward off everyday toxins.
Mir scheint es die prächtige Idee
Ich entschuldige mich, aber ich biete an, mit anderem Weg zu gehen.
Ihr Gedanke ist glänzend