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At an early Warrior diet motivation, virus infection induces host CCurcumin to generate cytokines and chemokines, inflammatory mediators, and apoptosis of the host cells, which then attracts immune cells to the damaged areas Helath et al.
Macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells engulf antigen fragments, virus, Heaoth virus-bearing damaged cells, which uLng the production of the inflammatory mediators. Subsequently, Curcumim immune Curcumi are activated and produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α TNF-αHeatlh e.
The release of cytokine causes increased vascular permeability; Cugcumin, the Healrh increasingly migrate to Healtu tissues through Curucmin, rolling, adhesion, transmigration, and Heaalth. Activated OMAD and nutrient absorption simultaneously release prostaglandins and inflammatory factors, and activate the complement system, producing C3a and C5a components that kill pathogens Medzhitov, ; Straub et al.
An additional effect of cytokines is to activate NADPH oxidase in leukocytes, leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species ROS such as superoxide, hydroxyl radicals, and singlet oxygen Liu et al. On the one hand, ROS helps to remove proteins, lipids, and nuclear acids of the damaged cells and activate immune cells to eliminate foreign microorganisms through extracellular mechanisms Zhang et al.
On the other hand, ROS acts as a second messenger to regulate intracellular signaling events. For example, it activates the nuclear factor-κB NF-κB to promote further production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and other inflammatory factors Baldwin, ; Cohen et al.
Therefore, pro-inflammatory cytokines and ROS exert forward feedback regulation of their production. The inflammatory response can be turned off by the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL Opal and DePalo, The positive and negative regulatory inputs maintain normal innate immunity.
However, if the balance is disturbed in some cases, for instance, inhibition of the immuo-suppressor cytokine IL, a cytokine storm takes place. Infections from such viruses as Ebola, avian influenza, dengue, and coronavirus, can lead to cytokine storms, producing a massive amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
The concerted action of these inflammatory mediators causes the destruction of tissues and cells, manifested by clinical syndromes such as extensive pulmonary edema, alveolar hemorrhage, ARDS, and multiple organ failures Matthay and Zimmerman, ; Lau et al.
Figure 1. The diagram of lung injury caused by virus-induced cytokine storms. A The viruses attack alveolar epithelial cells and are recognized by dendritic cells and macrophages, which then release cytokines.
B Cytokines and chemokines help white blood cells in the blood reach the alveoli. C Antigen-presenting cells dendritic cells activate lymphocytes. Activated lymphocytes produce and release large amounts of cytokines while attacking infected alveolar epithelial cells.
D Induce cytokine storm, and capillary leak syndrome. E Causes atelectasis, pulmonary edema, pulmonary congestion, and ARDS. There is clear evidence from coronavirus infected patients with both high cytokine levels and pathological changes in the lung Wang et al.
For example, in plasma of COVID patients, high concentrations of IL-2, IL-6, and IL-7 have been observed Chen et al. In particular, IL-6 was significantly elevated in critically ill patients with ARDS compared to patients without ARDS and was statistically significantly correlated with death Wu et al.
Numerous in vivo and in vitro studies have been shown that curcumin and its analogs markedly inhibit the production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α Avasarala et al.
In line with this, Zhang et al. In addition, curcumin also decreases expression of many other inflammatory mediators, including MCP1 CCL2MIPI1 CCL3GROα CXCL1GROβ CXCL2IP10 CXCL10SDF1 CXCL12MMP-2, IFN-γ, and MMP-9, which regulate the activity of immune cells and inflammatory responses and promote fibrosis in the lung after infection Sordillo Curvumin Helson, ; Dai et al.
The mechanism underlying curcumin modulation of inflammation has been extensively investigated and engages diverse signaling pathways, among which NF-κB plays an essential role Cohen et al. It was reported that curcumin effectively regulates NF-κB signaling through multiple mechanisms Figure 2 : First, curcumin inhibits activation of IKKβ Cohen et al.
In a study of patients with head and neck cancer receiving curcumin, reduced activity of IKKβ was observed in saliva samples, associated with a decrease in the expression of IL-8, TNF-α, and IFN-γ Kim et al.
Second, curcumin enhances the expression or stability of IκBα Jobin et al. Curcumin inhibits the Curcuumin degradation, phosphorylation of IκB serine 32 to block the cytokine-mediated NF-κB activation and thus pro-inflammatory gene expression Jobin et al.
Third, curcumin activates AMPK Han et al. It has been documented that curcumin blocks NF-κB signaling upon infection with Influenza A virus IAV as a consequence of AMPK activation Han et al.
Fourth, curcumin acts on p65 to disturb the NF-κB pathway Xu and Liu, Infection with IAV led to a decrease of p65 in the cytosol of macrophages and a corresponding increase in the nucleus, where it forms a functional complex anc NF-κB, ultimately upregulating transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
In contrast, the use of curcumin blocks the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and p65, downregulating transcription of the cytokine genes Xu and Liu, Figure 2. Curcumin inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine by targeting the NF-κB pathway.
Curcumin targets NF-κB signaling through inhibiting activation of IKKβ, enhancing expression or stability of IκBα, activating AMPK, and targeting P Other inflammatory mediators have been reported to be regulated by curcumin. One of them is cyclooxygenase 2 COX-2a key enzyme for the synthesis of prostaglandin Khan and Khan, In an animal model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, it has been shown that curcumin treatment effectively inhibits the degradation of IκBα and disturbs the production of COX-2 Yuan et al.
In contrast to its negative effect on pro-inflammatory molecules, curcumin has been shown to regulate anti-inflammatory cytokines positively, in particular IL Larmonier et al.
The latter is an essential negative regulator for inflammatory responses and is secreted by the dendritic cells that bind to DAMP released from damaged cells during aseptic or antigenic inflammatory reactions.
IL acts on inflammatory monocytes to reduce the release of TNF-α, IL-6, and ROS, thereby alleviating tissue damage caused by the continuous inflammatory response Bamboat et al. Moreover, IL drives the differentiation of Tregs Mollazadeh et al.
An early study has shown that IL reduces the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 ICAM-1 on pulmonary vascular and TNF-α levels, which cause reduction of the expression of myeloperoxidase and the number of neutrophils in BAL fluids, consequently alleviating the lung damage Mulligan et al.
Many studies have revealed that curcumin and curcuminoids potently increase the expression, production, and activity of IL Larmonier et al. Chai et al. In this study, curcumin noticeably attenuates lung injury by inducing the differentiation of regulatory T cells Tregs and upregulating IL production.
Similar effects have been observed in the neuropathic model, colitis model, and other inflammatory diseases. Therefore, in the context of inflammation, curcumin can act as a double-edged sword, downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, and upregulating anti-inflammatory IL Chai et al.
It has been described that curcumin acts to directly scavenge ROS as a polyphenolic antioxidant Wang et al. Curcumin has two active groups, one hydroxy hydrogen on the benzene ring that has an anti-oxidation effect and the other a β-diketone moiety.
In vitro experiments have shown that curcumin effectively scavenges on ROS removal and anti-oxidation, curcumin has been shown effective at scavenging the superoxide anion radical produced by illuminating riboflavin and the OH — produced by the Fenton reaction.
Curcumin also inhibits the peroxidation of lecithin and DNA oxidative damage caused by ROS Wang et al. The ability of curcumin to scavenge ROS can be indirect via enzymatic regulation. For example, curcumin can upregulate superoxide dismutase 2 SOD2a key enzyme to convert O 2— to H 2 O 2which is then reduced to H 2 O by glutathione GSH redox system Forrester et al.
In a study examining liver damage in rats, the GSH redox system was shown to be inhibited by the folic acid antagonist Methotrexate, resulting in hepatic oxidative damage. Recently, curcumin was reported to oppose the effect of ROS on pro-inflammatory cytokine expression e. Many studies have documented that curcumin disrupts the viral infection process via multiple mechanisms, including directly targeting viral proteins, inhibiting particle production and gene expression, and blocking the virus entry, replication, and budding Wen et al.
A recently in vitro study has demonstrated that curcumin inhibits respiratory syndrome virus RSV by blocking attachment to host cells Yang et al.
In this study, curcumin was also found to prevent the replication of RSV in human nasal epithelial cells. Additional evidence suggests that curcumin inhibits Porcine reproductive and RSV PRRSV attachment, possibly by disrupting the fluidity of viral envelopes Du et al. Curcumin also obstructs virus infection by inhibiting PRRSV-mediated cell fusion, virus internalization, and uncoating Du et al.
For Curcunin century, different subtypes of IAV, H1N1, H2N2, H3N2, and H5N1 have been the leading cause of pandemic outbreaks in the world.
It has been reported that curcumin Curucmin its derivatives have a high binding affinity to hemagglutinin HAa major capsid glycoprotein of influenza virus that mediates virus attachment Kannan and Kolandaivel, Ou et al. In another study with cells infected by IAV, it was found that curcumin directly inactivates various strains of IAV, disturbs their adsorption, and inhibits their replication Dai et al.
Further, the study showed that curcumin inhibits IAV absorption and replication by activating the NF-E2-related factor 2 Nrf2 -hemeoxygenase-1 HO-1 -axis, a classical anti-inflammatory and antioxidative signaling, which possesses antiviral activity Dai et al.
Furthermore, curcumin acts against SARS-CoV Wen et al.
: Curcumin and Lung Health| Thank you for submitting | You may also be Curcumin and Lung Health to free Lunv in the environment from sources such as:. The study was terminated for Curcumij in High GI lunch ideas ahd results from the interim analysis Curcumih Turmeric is a plant in the ginger family Zingiberaceaenative to Southeast Asia where it is grown commercially. It is US patented for the technology used. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer. The role of cytokines including interleukin-6 in COVID induced pneumonia and macrophage activation syndrome-like disease. The patient also underwent hyperbaric oxygen treatment. |
| Protection from acute and chronic lung diseases by curcumin | Balanced adipose tissue proprietary formulation containing 42 mg Calcium-rich foods CUR in a form that enhances the Curchmin of CUR in water. High GI lunch ideas PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Curcuimn Google Scholar. All analyses were performed using SAS v9. All Rights Reserved. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Brömme D, Okamoto K, Wang BB, Biroc S: Human cathepsin O2, a matrix protein-degrading cysteine protease expressed in osteoclasts. It is intended as a resource to inform and assist clinicians in the care of their patients. |
| Best Spices for Reducing Inflammation in the Lungs | The primary actions of turmeric that support lung health are its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, as well as its expectorant properties that help to break down mucus and expel it from the respiratory tract. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Antioxid Redox Signal. The peptidyl vinyl sulfone inhibitor LHVS Mu-Leu-hPh-VS-Ph has been synthesized as described in [ 19 ]. Dance-Barnes, Nancy D. Piscataway, NJ, USA and East Windsor, NJ, USA TE [ 2 ] Theracurmin mg, then escalated to mg Theravalues Corp. and a grant from the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China DFA J. |
| Curcumin for COPD Soothes Respiratory Inflammation & Improves Airflow to Lungs | Smith and coworkers, have recently demonstrated that curcumin administration resulted in a significant reduction of lung inflammation and collagen deposition in bleomycin induced lung fibrosis in mice and relate these effects to its anti-proliferative activity on fibroblasts and interference in TGF-β1 mediated signaling pathways [ 1 ]. After 24 h, caspase-3 expression was investigated by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence data not shown. Besides allopathic medication, COPD ayurvedic treatment offers pure, natural, and herbal remedies for the condition. Sulindac has been shown to inhibit lung tumor progression in a variety of murine models 40 , Significant confusion exists in the scientific biomedical literature, as well as the popular literature, about the meaning of curcumin. administration of curcumin [ 1 ]. The lungs were removed, carefully examined for pulmonary masses and all macroscopic pulmonary lesions were recorded. |
| Top 10 Spices That Reduce Inflammation in the Lungs () | Cayenne pepper contains antioxidant compounds such as flavonoids and carotenoids that are known to have powerful anti-inflammatory effects throughout the body, including in the lungs. Whether you add it to your favorite stir-fry, use it to spice up a soup, or sprinkle it on roasted vegetables, incorporating cayenne pepper into your diet is a tasty way to support the health of your respiratory system. But many people do not realize that it also has potent beneficial properties. Thyme is packed with compounds like thymol and carvacrol , which have been shown to have powerful anti-inflammatory effects throughout the body, including in the lungs. In addition, thyme has been shown to help regulate immune system responses , which can help reduce inflammation and improve respiratory function. This is beneficial not only for the lungs but for the entire body. Some studies suggest that oregano oil can help fight off certain infections, including those that affect the lungs. However, more research is needed to confirm these benefits. Alfalfa is an herb that is actually part of the legume family. Alfalfa also contains antioxidant properties that can reduce inflammation and fight diseases that result from oxidative damage. As previously mentioned, by successfully reducing inflammation in the body, you can indirectly support lung health and improve respiratory function. Incorporating spices into your diet is a natural and delicious way to reduce inflammation and support overall lung health. From cinnamon and cayenne pepper to ginger, thyme, and alfalfa, these spices offer numerous health benefits, including:. Read our full guide on the best foods for lung health if you want to dive deeper into this topic. John Landry is a registered respiratory therapist from Memphis, TN, and has a bachelor's degree in kinesiology. He enjoys using evidence-based research to help others breathe easier and live a healthier life. Top 10 Spices That Reduce Inflammation in the Lungs by John Landry, BS, RRT Updated: Feb 14, Did you know that certain spices have powerful anti-inflammatory properties? What is Inflammation? Best Spices for Reducing Inflammation in the Lungs Turmeric Cinnamon Ginger Garlic Onion Chili Pepper Cayenne Pepper Thyme Oregano Alfalfa 1. Turmeric Turmeric is a popular spice well-known for its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Our Top Pick. Purality Health® Liposomal Turmeric. This turmeric product provides better nutrient absorption to help you get more of the benefits. Check Price. If you click this link and make a purchase, we earn a commission at no additional cost to you. Written by:. John Landry, BS, RRT. References Hewlings SJ, Kalman DS. Curcumin: A Review of Its Effects on Human Health. Rao PV, Gan SH. Cinnamon: a multifaceted medicinal plant. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. doi: Epub Townsend EA, Zhang Y, Xu C, Wakita R, Emala CW. Active components of ginger potentiate β-agonist-induced relaxation of airway smooth muscle by modulating cytoskeletal regulatory proteins. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. Semwal RB, Semwal DK, Combrinck S, Viljoen AM. Gingerols and shogaols: Important nutraceutical principles from ginger. Bayan L, Koulivand PH, Gorji A. Garlic: a review of potential therapeutic effects. Avicenna J Phytomed. PMID: ; PMCID: PMC White D. Healthy Uses for Garlic. Nurs Clin North Am. PMID: Jin ZY, Wu M, Han RQ, Zhang XF, Wang XS, Liu AM, Zhou JY, Lu QY, Zhang ZF, Zhao JK. Raw garlic consumption as a protective factor for lung cancer, a population-based case-control study in a Chinese population. Cancer Prev Res Phila. Beigoli S, Behrouz S, Memar Zia A, Ghasemi SZ, Boskabady M, Marefati N, Kianian F, Khazdair MR, El-Seedi H, Boskabady MH. Effects of Allium cepa and Its Constituents on Respiratory and Allergic Disorders: A Comprehensive Review of Experimental and Clinical Evidence. Chang A, Rosani A, Quick J. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island FL : StatPearls Publishing; Jan. Lindberg S, Mercke U. Capsaicin stimulates mucociliary activity by releasing substance P and acetylcholine. Eur J Respir Dis. Sandoiu, A. The growing amount of data from pharmacological and animal studies also supports the notion that curcumin plays a protective role in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and allergic asthma, its therapeutic action being on the prevention or modulation of inflammation and oxidative stress. These findings give substance to the possibility of testing curcumin in patients with lung diseases. Abstract The aim of this review has been to describe the current state of the therapeutic potential of curcumin in acute and chronic lung injuries. Publication types Review. Substances Protective Agents Curcumin. |
Curcumin and Lung Health -
Chili peppers contain the compound capsaicin , which is responsible for the heat and spicy flavor. It has anti-inflammatory effects, reducing inflammation in the airways and improving lung function. Capsaicin helps stimulate the mucociliary response , making it easier to clear mucus and secretions from the airways.
Additionally, a study found that chili pepper compounds may stop lung cancer metastasis. This powerful spice has been shown to have potent anti-inflammatory effects, making it an excellent choice for those looking to support lung health.
Cayenne pepper contains antioxidant compounds such as flavonoids and carotenoids that are known to have powerful anti-inflammatory effects throughout the body, including in the lungs.
Whether you add it to your favorite stir-fry, use it to spice up a soup, or sprinkle it on roasted vegetables, incorporating cayenne pepper into your diet is a tasty way to support the health of your respiratory system.
But many people do not realize that it also has potent beneficial properties. Thyme is packed with compounds like thymol and carvacrol , which have been shown to have powerful anti-inflammatory effects throughout the body, including in the lungs.
In addition, thyme has been shown to help regulate immune system responses , which can help reduce inflammation and improve respiratory function.
This is beneficial not only for the lungs but for the entire body. Some studies suggest that oregano oil can help fight off certain infections, including those that affect the lungs.
However, more research is needed to confirm these benefits. Alfalfa is an herb that is actually part of the legume family. Alfalfa also contains antioxidant properties that can reduce inflammation and fight diseases that result from oxidative damage.
As previously mentioned, by successfully reducing inflammation in the body, you can indirectly support lung health and improve respiratory function. Incorporating spices into your diet is a natural and delicious way to reduce inflammation and support overall lung health.
From cinnamon and cayenne pepper to ginger, thyme, and alfalfa, these spices offer numerous health benefits, including:.
Read our full guide on the best foods for lung health if you want to dive deeper into this topic. John Landry is a registered respiratory therapist from Memphis, TN, and has a bachelor's degree in kinesiology.
He enjoys using evidence-based research to help others breathe easier and live a healthier life. Top 10 Spices That Reduce Inflammation in the Lungs by John Landry, BS, RRT Updated: Feb 14, Did you know that certain spices have powerful anti-inflammatory properties?
What is Inflammation? Best Spices for Reducing Inflammation in the Lungs Turmeric Cinnamon Ginger Garlic Onion Chili Pepper Cayenne Pepper Thyme Oregano Alfalfa 1. Turmeric Turmeric is a popular spice well-known for its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
Our Top Pick. Purality Health® Liposomal Turmeric. This turmeric product provides better nutrient absorption to help you get more of the benefits. Check Price.
If you click this link and make a purchase, we earn a commission at no additional cost to you. Written by:. John Landry, BS, RRT.
References Hewlings SJ, Kalman DS. Curcumin: A Review of Its Effects on Human Health. Rao PV, Gan SH. Cinnamon: a multifaceted medicinal plant. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. doi: Epub Townsend EA, Zhang Y, Xu C, Wakita R, Emala CW.
Active components of ginger potentiate β-agonist-induced relaxation of airway smooth muscle by modulating cytoskeletal regulatory proteins.
Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. Semwal RB, Semwal DK, Combrinck S, Viljoen AM. Gingerols and shogaols: Important nutraceutical principles from ginger.
Bayan L, Koulivand PH, Gorji A. Garlic: a review of potential therapeutic effects. Avicenna J Phytomed. PMID: ; PMCID: PMC White D. Healthy Uses for Garlic. Nurs Clin North Am. PMID: Jin ZY, Wu M, Han RQ, Zhang XF, Wang XS, Liu AM, Zhou JY, Lu QY, Zhang ZF, Zhao JK.
Raw garlic consumption as a protective factor for lung cancer, a population-based case-control study in a Chinese population.
Cancer Prev Res Phila. Beigoli S, Behrouz S, Memar Zia A, Ghasemi SZ, Boskabady M, Marefati N, Kianian F, Khazdair MR, El-Seedi H, Boskabady MH. Effects of Allium cepa and Its Constituents on Respiratory and Allergic Disorders: A Comprehensive Review of Experimental and Clinical Evidence.
Chang A, Rosani A, Quick J. In: StatPearls [Internet]. One of the lesser known benefits of turmeric is that it has a positive effect on lung health. Turmeric is a plant in the ginger family Zingiberaceae , native to Southeast Asia where it is grown commercially.
The rhizome underground stem of the turmeric plant is used as a culinary spice and also as a traditional medicine. People have also long used turmeric for lungs and respiratory health.
Turmeric was used as a medicinal herb in several Asian medical systems, including Ayurveda, the traditional Indian medical system, as well as in traditional Chinese medicine. In India, turmeric was traditionally used for disorders of the skin, upper respiratory tract, joints, and digestive system.
Today, turmeric is promoted as a dietary supplement for a variety of conditions, including arthritis, digestive disorders, allergies, liver disease, depression, respiratory infections and many others.
Turmeric is also a major ingredient in curry powder and is what gives curry powder its bright yellow-orange color.
This color comes from an active compound in turmeric known as curcumin. It has been studied extensively and new research is ongoing and continually finding out more about this impressive compound.
In fact, turmeric is one of the most widely studied herbs of any herbal medicine, and there are thousands of studies and research papers published on turmeric and its active compound curcumin.
The bulk of the research on turmeric's medicinal use is primarily on the isolated curcumin compound. The amount of curcumin necessary for real therapeutic benefit is difficult to obtain simply by using turmeric as a culinary spice.
It still offers numerous health benefits as a spice, but there is a big gap between these benefits and the benefits of a high-quality curcumin extract.
Studies on curcumin show that it reliably reduces markers of inflammation and increases the levels of endogenous antioxidants in the body.
While research on curcumin has been done in many areas, the areas of anti-inflammatory properties and antioxidant activity are by far the most extensively researched.
Other research shows that curcumin offers benefits to brain health, joint health, respiratory health, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and supports symptoms of depression and anxiety.
Yes, turmeric is great for lung health. Many people use tumeric for lungs. Below, we will explain how to use turmeric for lungs and how, with turmeric lungs and respiratory health can be significantly improved. Turmeric offers many benefits to respiratory health, and may be a great natural remedy for several respiratory conditions.
To understand why people use turmeric for lungs, it helps to recognize the relationship between toxins, inflammation and respiratory health. We may not always realize it, but our lungs are under constant attack. We are constantly exposed to a wide range of pollutants that can significantly impact our lung health.
Dust, cigarette smoke, mold, dander, chemical aerosol sprays, pesticides, exhaust fumes, industrial waste, and other airborne pollutants injure the lungs, and over time, may result in acute and chronic inflammatory lung diseases.
Lung disease is any problem in the lungs that prevents the lungs from working properly. The most common lung diseases include:. If we look at the underlying causes and the characteristics of most lung diseases we will find that they often include inflammation, oxidation, and a build of environmental toxins.
This gives us a clue as to why turmeric and curcumin can be so beneficial for these conditions. Inflammation is a process by which your body's white blood cells and the things they make protect you from infection from outside invaders, such as bacteria and viruses.
In some diseases, however, like arthritis, your body's defense system — your immune system — triggers inflammation when there are no invaders to fight off. In these autoimmune diseases, your immune system acts as if regular tissues are infected or somehow unusual, causing damage. Inflammation can be either short-lived acute or long-lasting chronic.
Acute inflammation goes away within hours or days. Chronic inflammation can last months or years, even after the first trigger is gone. Chronic inflammation can be caused by a number of factors—exposure to toxins, pollutants, and chemicals in the air or in food, untreated illness or infection, consuming high amounts of sugar and high-fructose corn syrup, consuming a lot of refined carbs, such as white bread, eating processed and packaged foods that contain trans fats, excessive intake of alcohol and processed meat, leading a sedentary or non-active lifestyle, and many others.
When prolonged, chronic inflammation can negative impact on your tissues and organs—including your lungs. Inflammation, in itself, is not a bad thing. Inflammation is an important healing function of the body. It helps your body fight foreign invaders and also has a role in repairing damage.
Without inflammation, pathogens like bacteria could take over your body and kill you. Although acute, short-term inflammation is beneficial, it can become a major problem when it becomes chronic and inappropriately attacks your body's own tissues.
In fact, scientists now believe that chronic, low-level inflammation plays a major role in almost every chronic, Western disease. Lung inflammation can be acute or chronic, and there are many possible causes, including exposures, infections, and diseases like asthma or bronchitis.
Because inflammation of the lungs can affect their functioning, it can cause wheezing, difficulty breathing, or chest pain and tightness. The noticeable effects of lung inflammation can develop rapidly or slowly, depending on the extent of inflammation, the cause, and your overall health.
If you have chronic inflammation, you might end up getting used to the situation and ignoring your symptoms, especially if they are mild and fairly steady. With acute and rapidly worsening inflammation of the lungs, it's hard to overlook the effects, and you will probably be unable to ignore that something is wrong.
Issues like fevers, weight loss, or hypertension can also occur. But these effects are related to the underlying medical conditions that give way to lung inflammation, not the inflammation itself.
Your lungs can become inflamed when they are infected, irritated, or damaged. Inflammation is the body's way of healing, so it's often a response to something harmful. Sometimes, though, your lungs could become inflamed due to a hereditary disease like cystic fibrosis or an overactive immune system, such as with certain autoimmune conditions.
Free radicals are oxygen-containing molecules with an uneven number of electrons. The uneven number allows them to easily react with other molecules. Free radicals can cause large chain chemical reactions in your body because they react so easily with other molecules.
These reactions are called oxidation and can either be beneficial or harmful. Essentially, oxidation is any chemical reaction that involves the moving of electrons. Specifically, it means the substance that gives away electrons is oxidized. Oxidation is a normal and necessary process that takes place in your body.
This can result in damaged cells and ultimately ill health. Antioxidants are molecules that fight free radicals in your body. Antioxidants can donate an electron to a free radical without making themselves unstable. This causes the free radical to stabilize and become less reactive.
As oxidation is a process that is constantly occurring due to numerous chemical reactions in the body, antioxidants must also regularly work to keep free radicals in balance. When there is an imbalance between free radical activity and antioxidant activity it leads to oxidative stress.
When there are more free radicals present than can be kept in balance by antioxidants, the free radicals can start doing damage to fatty tissue, DNA, and proteins in your body.
Proteins, lipids, and DNA make up a large part of your body, so that damage can lead to a vast number of diseases over time; including:.
Everyone produces some free radicals naturally in their body through processes like exercise or inflammation. You may also be exposed to free radicals in the environment from sources such as:. However, there are things you can do to minimize the effects of oxidative stress on your body.
The main thing to do is to increase your levels of antioxidants and decrease your formation of free radicals. Toxic build-up is another major source of lung diseases. Toxins may enter the body from a number of sources—including the food we eat, the water we drink, the air we breathe, the personal care products we use, the utensils we cook and eat with, and so on.
When toxins accumulate in the body, it creates what is known as a toxic load. Toxic load refers to the accumulation of toxins and chemicals in our bodies that we ingest from a variety of sources. Each person has a different toxic load based on the amount of toxins accumulated in their body.
The goal of detoxification is to eliminate toxins from the body and to reduce our toxic load, improving our health in the process.
When it comes to respiratory conditions, the toxic build-up is typically from airborne particles that build up in the respiratory tract. The goal of lung detoxification is to remove these particles from the respiratory tract.
Now that we have a deeper understanding of inflammation, oxidation, and toxic build-up, we can explore just how turmeric benefits the lungs and why people use tumeric for lungs.
Over the years, there has been increasing evidence that curcumin, the active compound in turmeric, has a wide spectrum of therapeutic properties and a remarkable range of protective effects in various diseases.
Several experimental animal models have tested curcumin on lung fibrosis and these studies demonstrate that curcumin attenuates lung injury and fibrosis caused by radiation, chemotherapeutic drugs, and toxicants.
Coronavirus infection, including SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV2, Currcumin daunting diseases that can be fatal Curcumin and Lung Health of lung Ketosis and Ketone Levels Curcumin and Lung Health Curcmin cytokine Stuffed bell pepper. No drugs Curcmuin available to suppress overly immune response-mediated lung injury effectively. Therefore, Healh this Curcumin and Lung Health, we summarize the mounting evidence obtained from Balanced adipose tissue Lunt using animal models Ways to improve lung health lethal pneumonia where curcumin exerts Cucumin effects Heqlth regulating the LLung of both pro- and anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-6, IL-8, IL, and COX-2, promoting the apoptosis of PMN cells, and scavenging the reactive oxygen species ROSwhich exacerbates the inflammatory response. During the Spanish influenza pandemic in —, it was found that the deaths were not just seen in the elderly with weak immunity, but also young individuals with normal immunity. As part of a robust immune response in severe cases, the virus triggers overaction of immune systems, producing a large number of inflammatory factors, which causes severe damage to the lung and manifests acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDSresulting in high mortality. The same damaging effects of immune over-reaction were observed in outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus SARS-CoV Huang et al.Curcumin and Lung Health -
With acute and rapidly worsening inflammation of the lungs, it's hard to overlook the effects, and you will probably be unable to ignore that something is wrong. Issues like fevers, weight loss, or hypertension can also occur.
But these effects are related to the underlying medical conditions that give way to lung inflammation, not the inflammation itself. Your lungs can become inflamed when they are infected, irritated, or damaged. Inflammation is the body's way of healing, so it's often a response to something harmful.
Sometimes, though, your lungs could become inflamed due to a hereditary disease like cystic fibrosis or an overactive immune system, such as with certain autoimmune conditions. Free radicals are oxygen-containing molecules with an uneven number of electrons.
The uneven number allows them to easily react with other molecules. Free radicals can cause large chain chemical reactions in your body because they react so easily with other molecules.
These reactions are called oxidation and can either be beneficial or harmful. Essentially, oxidation is any chemical reaction that involves the moving of electrons.
Specifically, it means the substance that gives away electrons is oxidized. Oxidation is a normal and necessary process that takes place in your body. This can result in damaged cells and ultimately ill health. Antioxidants are molecules that fight free radicals in your body. Antioxidants can donate an electron to a free radical without making themselves unstable.
This causes the free radical to stabilize and become less reactive. As oxidation is a process that is constantly occurring due to numerous chemical reactions in the body, antioxidants must also regularly work to keep free radicals in balance.
When there is an imbalance between free radical activity and antioxidant activity it leads to oxidative stress. When there are more free radicals present than can be kept in balance by antioxidants, the free radicals can start doing damage to fatty tissue, DNA, and proteins in your body.
Proteins, lipids, and DNA make up a large part of your body, so that damage can lead to a vast number of diseases over time; including:.
Everyone produces some free radicals naturally in their body through processes like exercise or inflammation. You may also be exposed to free radicals in the environment from sources such as:. However, there are things you can do to minimize the effects of oxidative stress on your body.
The main thing to do is to increase your levels of antioxidants and decrease your formation of free radicals. Toxic build-up is another major source of lung diseases. Toxins may enter the body from a number of sources—including the food we eat, the water we drink, the air we breathe, the personal care products we use, the utensils we cook and eat with, and so on.
When toxins accumulate in the body, it creates what is known as a toxic load. Toxic load refers to the accumulation of toxins and chemicals in our bodies that we ingest from a variety of sources.
Each person has a different toxic load based on the amount of toxins accumulated in their body. The goal of detoxification is to eliminate toxins from the body and to reduce our toxic load, improving our health in the process. When it comes to respiratory conditions, the toxic build-up is typically from airborne particles that build up in the respiratory tract.
The goal of lung detoxification is to remove these particles from the respiratory tract. Now that we have a deeper understanding of inflammation, oxidation, and toxic build-up, we can explore just how turmeric benefits the lungs and why people use tumeric for lungs.
Over the years, there has been increasing evidence that curcumin, the active compound in turmeric, has a wide spectrum of therapeutic properties and a remarkable range of protective effects in various diseases.
Several experimental animal models have tested curcumin on lung fibrosis and these studies demonstrate that curcumin attenuates lung injury and fibrosis caused by radiation, chemotherapeutic drugs, and toxicants.
The growing amount of data also supports the notion that curcumin plays a protective role in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD , acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and allergic asthma. Turmeric, along with its active compound curcumin, is a natural anti-inflammatory.
In some medical studies, curcumin has been shown to reduce the activity of toxins that create inflammation. It also inhibits the activity of inflammatory enzymes, and curcumin may even prevent the activation of inflammation-causing proteins.
Turmeric and curcumin may be taken regularly to manage lung conditions and as a preventative remedy for lung inflammation. They are held in check and removed by other molecules called antioxidants, and the curcumin found in turmeric is one such antioxidant.
In fact, curcumin is a powerful antioxidant that can help your body neutralize free radicals such as superoxide, hydroxyl and hydrogen peroxide, and neutralizing these free radicals may also help to reduce inflammation in the lungs. An expectorant is something that helps loosen mucus so you can cough it up.
It does this by increasing the water content of the mucus, thinning it out, and making your cough more productive. Respiratory toxins build up in the mucus that lines the respiratory tract. Expectorants help us to clear this mucus, and in doing so, help us also remove toxic build up in the lungs.
One of the most common symptoms of COPD is the excess production of mucus, and this excess mucus tends to build up in the airways and make it harder to breathe. Turmeric has been shown to break down mucus, which makes it easier for your body to remove the mucus from its airways.
The break down and removal of mucus may also help relieve coughing and improve your ability to breathe. When we really think about it, turmeric is the perfect herb for lung health. Most lung conditions can be tied to inflammation, oxidation and toxic build-up, and turmeric happens to be an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and expectorant herb.
This single herb can address all three of the main causes of respiratory conditions. However, there is an issue with turmeric that is very important to understand if you wish to get the benefits that this plant has to offer.
We touched on this earlier, but it is important to keep in mind so we will reiterate it here. Most of the studies on turmeric use turmeric extracts that contain mostly curcumin itself, with dosages usually exceeding 1 gram per day—dosages that would be very difficult to reach just by using turmeric as a spice in your foods.
If you wish to use turmeric for its medicinal benefits, then you need to get a turmeric extract. However, there is another issue worth mentioning.
The curcumin compound has a very low absorption rate to the blood and therefore much of this amazing compound is lost in the digestive tract and eliminated without being utilized. This micelle liposomal delivery system protects the active curcumin compound in the formula from the hostile environment in the digestive tract and optimizes it for absorption Think 20 times the absorption rate of a regular turmeric supplement.
We are proud to say that our Zuma Nutrition Liposomal Curcumin Tonic is actually the first Liposomal Delivery Turmeric supplement on the market that is organic, Biodynamic, pesticide-free, and not filled with synthetic emulsifiers and solvents like other liposomal turmeric supplements.
Our biochemists focus on effectiveness and purity and you can taste the quality in each drop. The combination of herbs in this formula may also help increase circulation in the lungs, making it easier to breathe, promoting lung and respiratory health, and clearing congestion.
The lungs are very important organs that are, unfortunately, under constant attack from microscopic airborne particles in our environment.
If we take in too many of these particles, and do not take the right nutrients and compounds that can help us to cleanse and protect ourselves from toxins, then we may develop a respiratory disease over time. Turmeric is a wonderful herb that can help protect and enhance our respiratory health.
Known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, turmeric also has many benefits to the lungs. The primary actions of turmeric that support lung health are its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, as well as its expectorant properties that help to break down mucus and expel it from the respiratory tract.
The health benefits of turmeric are attributed to the active compound curcumin, which gives turmeric its stunning yellow-orange color. The curcumin content of turmeric, however, is very low.
To get the many benefits that curcumin has to offer, it is best to take a turmeric extract, rather than simply using turmeric as a culinary spice. However, many turmeric extracts also have their issues. One of the biggest issues is that curcumin has a low absorption rate. To remedy this, we formulated our turmeric extract with a liposomal delivery system that allows the curcumin compound to be immediately absorbed into the bloodstream, providing the maximum benefit.
Turmeric is really an incredible herb for lung health as most lung conditions can be tied to inflammation, oxidation and toxic build-up. Turmeric happens to be an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and expectorant herb, and so this single herb can address all three of the main causes of respiratory conditions.
If you wish to use turmeric for its lung-supporting benefits, be sure to get the best quality turmeric extract you can find, as it can make all the difference in whether or not you receive the real benefits that this amazing plant has to offer.
Anti Inflammation, Joint Health, Longevity. This product should be used only as directed on the label. It should not be used if you are pregnant or nursing. Consult with a physician before use if you have a serious medical condition or use prescription medications. A Doctor's advice should be sought before using this and any supplemental dietary product.
All trademarks and copyrights are property of their respective owners and are not affiliated with nor do they endorse this product. To normalize the amount of total RNA present in each reaction, β-actin cDNA was employed as an internal control.
HFL-1 cells were a gift from Dr. Clive Roberts, University of British Columbia ATCC, CCL The medium was changed every other day. Cells were treated with bleomycin 0.
Drug treatments of cells and their controls were performed in DMEM without FBS. MTT [thiazolyl blue, 3- 4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl -2, 5-diphenyltertrazolium bromide, Sigma] was used to determine cell viability and proliferation.
After removing the medium, μl of DMSO was added to each well of a well plate to solubilize the blue-colored tetrazolium and the plates were then shaken for 5 min. Absorbance at nm was recorded in a Spectramax Plus reader Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA. HFL-1 cells were evenly seeded into a 6-well plate.
Three separate parallel scratch wounds were made with a μl pipette tip. Images were taken under phase contrast inverted microscopy at 0 and 24 h. The wound area was measured using Openlab software and represented as percentage of wound closure of the time zero wound area. Cells were trypsinized and resuspended in serum free media.
Then 10 4 cells were seeded into the upper level of the insert membrane Transwell Permeable Supports, Corning, Lowell, MA with different concentrations of curcumin. The invasion assay was carried out for 8 h in the tissue culture incubator. After 8 h, inserts were rinsed with PBS and stained with 0.
After washing the inserts by dipping the inserts into distilled water, cells at the top of the inserts were removed with a cotton swab. On the second day, μl of buffer were transferred to a well plate and the optical density OD was measured at a wavelength of nm in a Spectramax Plus reader.
The percentage of migrated cells was calculated based on the ODs of treated and untreated samples. Proteins in cell lysates were separated by SDS-PAGE and then transferred to nitrocellulose membranes.
Membranes were incubated with appropriate primary antibodies overnight at 4°C. The concentrations of primary antibodies were as follows: Bax , BCL-2 , cleaved caspase-3 , β-actin , CatL , TGF-β1 , CatK Blots were then washed with 0. Serial images of the blots were captured and analyzed using the Chemigenius bioimaging system Syngene, Cambridge, UK.
All values were normalized to expression of the corresponding β-actin in the same membrane. Pixel densities were corrected for background staining in the same membrane.
Results are expressed as means ± SE for all mouse related experiments. All other results are displayed as means ± SD. All image analyses were performed by two observers blinded to the group status.
The significance of differences of the mean values was calculated using parametric ANOVA. A p value of less than 0. Cathepsins are involved in human lung development [ 6 ] and are transiently upregulated in bleomycin induced lung injury during the regeneration phase [ 23 ]. CatK, one of most efficient collagenases [ 13 ], has been shown to reduce collagen deposition in lungs of mice with bleomycin induced lung fibrosis when overexpressed [ 10 ].
Considering the known anti-fibrotic activity of curcumin in lung [ 24 ], we evaluated the effect of curcumin on the expression of CatK and L in bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. It should be noted that bleomycin treatment causes maximal fibrosis already after one week.
Effect of curcumin on the expression of cathepsins K and L in mouse lungs of bleomycin induced fibrosis. Representative images A of immunohistochemical staining and quantification B and C of the expression of CatK and L in curcumin treated bleomycin induced mice show that expressions of CatK and L were increased at 7d, 14 d and 28 d.
Real time PCR results D also show RNA levels of CatK were increased after curcumin and bleomycin treatment at the indicated time points.
For each time point mice were evaluated. Similar to the expression of CatK and L in the lung tissue, the expression of both enzymes was also increased in human fetal lung fibroblast HFL-1 cultures after treatment with curcumin. As shown in Figure 2A and 2B , CatK and L expression increased in the presence of curcumin in a dose-dependent manner after treatment of the cells with bleomycin.
Overexpression of cathepsins K and L in curcumin treated bleomycin stimulated human lung fibroblasts HFL-1 cells. Representative images A and B of immunoblots and measurements show that expressions of CatK and L were dose-dependently increased by curcumin. Bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis is strongly associated with extracellular matrix production and deposition.
Effects of curcumin on collagen deposition in fibrotic lungs of mice bleomycin-induced and HFL-1 cell proliferation and migration. MTT assay C shows curcumin dose-dependent decrease of proliferation of HFL-1 cells in the presence of bleomycin 0. Cell migration rates D of HFL-1 cells were also decreased by curcumin.
All the cell-related data represent means of three independent experiments ± SD. As fibroblasts represent the major cell type in lung fibrotic tissue, we determined the effect of curcumin on the proliferation and migration rates of HFL-1 cells.
HFL-1 cells were exposed to bleomycin 0. The anti-proliferative effect became significant at curcumin concentrations equal or higher than 10 μM. At 30 μM, the proliferation rates were suppressed below the rate observed in the absence of bleomycin.
Fibroblasts migration may accelerate fibroblast foci formation and contribute to the development of lung fibrosis. Thus, we determined the effect of curcumin on transmigration rates of HFL-1 cells. As shown in Figure 3D , curcumin was effective in attenuating dose-dependently fibroblast transmigration.
Abnormal wound healing is a main contributor to lung fibrosis. As shown in Figure 4A and 4B , curcumin delayed wound healing in a dose-dependent manner.
Further, HFL-1 cells were incubated in the presence or absence of 10 μM LHVS, a pan-cathepsin inhibitor, prior to the wound making. After wound making, cells were incubated with curcumin 30 μM and bleomycin 0.
These results indicate that curcumin can inhibit proliferation and migration in this assay and that this partly depends on cathepsin activity. Effects of curcumin and a cathepsin inhibitor on wound healing in HFL-1 cell scratch model.
Representative images of wound healing assay A and its quantification B demonstrate the dose-dependent reduction of wound closure rates by curcumin. In contrast, LHVS, a pan-cathepsin inhibitor significantly increased wound closure rates C. TGF-β1 plays a key role in the progression of lung fibrosis and has been shown to be upregulated [ 25 ].
Inhibition of TGF-β1 attenuates exacerbation of lung fibrosis [ 26 ]. First, we determined TGF-β1 expression in bleomycin induced lung fibrosis in the absence or presence of curcumin. To reveal the influence of cathepsin activity and their regulation by curcumin on TGF-β1 expression, we treated bleomycin stimulated HFL-1 cells with curcumin.
As shown in Figure 5B , TGF-β1 expression was dose-dependently reduced by curcumin. Further, TGF-β1 expression was increased two-fold by the addition of the pan-cathepsin inhibitor, LHVS, in the presence of curcumin 30 μM and bleomycin 0.
The expressions of CatK and L were 2. Addition of curcumin 20 μM increased the expression of CatK and L 7 and 5-fold, respectively. Effects of curcumin on expressions of TGF-β1, and the effect of TGF-β1 on cathepsins K and L expression. Representative immunohistochemical images and image analysis A of TGF-β1 expression in bleomycin treated mice 9- 10 mice per group.
Curcumin significantly decreased TGF-β1 expressions at 14d and 28d. B Representative immunoblot images and their quantitative analysis display the dose-dependent reduction of TGF-β1 protein content by curcumin in bleomycin treated HFL-1 cells.
In contrast, LHVS increased TGF-β1 protein content two-fold C. Panel D shows a 7 and 5-fold increase in the expressions of CatK and L in TGF-β1 treated HFL-1 cells when exposed to curcumin 20 μM whereas TGF-β1 alone significantly decreased cathepsin expression.
Taken together, this may indicate that curcumin-induced upregulation of cathepsins reduces the TGF-β1 content in fibroblasts and lung tissue.
Apoptosis has been associated with both physiological lung homeostasis and pathological lung remodeling [ 27 ]. This result suggests that apoptosis might contribute to the regeneration of fibrotic lung tissues.
Effects of curcumin and a cathepsin inhibitor on the expression of apoptosis markers in bleomycin stimulated HFL-1 cells. Quantitative analysis of Tunel-positive staining in lungs of curcumin treated bleomycin-induced lung injury A.
All data represent means of three independent experiments ± SD. Subsequently, we examined whether the ability of curcumin inducing cell apoptosis was cathepsin dependent, LHVS was utilized to evaluate the alterations of caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2 in bleomycin treated HFL-1 cells.
HFL-1 cells exposed to bleomycin were treated with 30 μM curcumin in the presence or absence of LHVS. After 24 h, caspase-3 expression was investigated by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence data not shown. These data indicate that curcumin is proapoptotic and that the curcumin-dependent upregulation of cathepsins is directly contributing to increased apoptosis rates.
Curcumin has been extensively studied as a potential drug for the treatment of lung fibrosis. Most of the recent research indicates that the mechanism of blocking fibrosis by curcumin is related to decreasing collagen accumulation in the lung [ 1 ] and to anti-oxidant [ 2 , 28 — 30 ] and anti-inflammatory activities [ 24 ].
In vitro , curcumin has the ability of inducing scleroderma fibroblast apoptosis [ 31 ], protecting rat lung epithelial cells from quartz particle-mediated cytotoxic and inflammatory effects [ 30 ], inhibiting lung fibroblast proliferation [ 1 ], blocking the TGF-β1 signaling cascade [ 32 ], and upregulating heme oxygenase-1 [ 33 ] in renal cells.
No data, however, have been reported to demonstrate a curcumin-mediated effect on cathepsin expression in bleomycin induced lung fibrosis as a pathway to control extracellular matrix accumulation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Here, we show that curcumin increases CatK and L expression in vivo and in vitro and that the observed effects on lung fibroblast cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis as well as the expression of TGF-β1 are linked to cysteine cathepsin activities.
It should be noted that we also observed an increase in cathepsin B and S expression albeit to a lesser degree than cathepsins K and L in lung tissues after curcumin treatment data not shown.
Bleomycin causes an increased expression of TGF-β1 in activated fibroblasts as shown in Figure 5. Increased TGF-β1 levels promote ECM production and deposition by inducing fibroblast differentiation into myofibroblasts [ 34 , 35 ] and decreasing the expression of ECM degrading proteases such as CatK in these cells [ 11 ].
CatK is a highly potent collagenase and elastase and its downregulation exerts a further increase in ECM accumulation in fibrotic lungs as shown in CatK-deficient mice [ 8 ].
On the other hand, it has been reported that CatK is overexpressed in human lung fibrosis and silica-induced fibrosis which has been interpreted as a countermeasure to the increased ECM deposition [ 8 , 11 ]. In support of these findings, CatK overexpressing transgenic mice revealed a low degree of fibrosis in response to bleomycin challenge when compared with wild type mice [ 10 ].
Here, we show that the antifibrotic activity of curcumin is accompanied by about 2-fold increases in CatK and L expression. An anti-fibrotic effect of cathepsin overexpression can have multiple causes.
First, increased tissue levels of proteases such as CatK will increase ECM degradation. This is corroborated by our finding that increased cathepsin expression is accompanied with a decrease in collagen deposits in fibrotic lungs of bleomycin-challenged mice and supported by several other groups which reported a decrease in protein type I collagen and hydroxyproline contents in curcumin treated fibrotic lungs of rats [ 1 — 3 ].
Second, increased cathepsin expression may directly control TGF-β1 concentration in tissues by proteolysis. We have recently demonstrated that CatK deficiency in lung is associated with increased expression levels of TGF-β1 and that CatK is a potent TGF-β1 degrading protease [ 9 ].
It has been demonstrated that abnormal repair and deregulated wound healing partly result from abnormal fibroblast proliferation and migration [ 11 , 36 ] and is stimulated by tissue factors such as collagen [ 37 ], PGDF [ 38 ], and TGF-β1 [ 39 , 40 ].
The degradation of collagen and TGF-β1 by CatK may thus provide stimulation signals to slow down proliferation, migration, and wound healing.
Consequently, the administration of the cysteine protease inhibitor, LHVS, significantly increased the wound closure rate in a fibroblast scratch assay Figure 4C which was inhibited by the curcumin-mediated overexpression of cathepsins. Interestingly, the increase in cathepsin expression by curcumin is greater under the condition of adding a fixed amount of exogenous TGF-β1 to the culture media Figure 5D than in the presence of bleomycin Figure 2A and 2B which has a TGF stimulatory effect.
TGF-β1 itself has a suppressing effect on cathepsin expression Figure 5D. This might be explained by the curcumin-mediated expression of a potent TGF-β1 degrading cysteine protease such as CatK [ 9 ] which is likely to deplete the amount of exogenously added TGF-β1.
In the case of bleomycin stimulation, TGF-β1 will be continuously produced by the HFL-1 cells and thus its anti-cathepsin expression effect remains stronger. The third effect of increased cathepsin expression is likely related to the apoptosis rates in fibrotic lungs.
Wound healing and balancing the deposition of extracellular matrix largely depend on decreasing the resistance of fibroblasts to apoptosis [ 41 ]. Inadequate fibroblast and myofibroblast apoptosis may lead to the formation of fibrotic lesions [ 42 ].
Here, we demonstrated that curcumin increases apoptosis rates in fibrotic lung tissues and HFL-1 cells. There are several potential pathways which may be responsible for curcumin induced fibroblast apoptosis.
One pathway might be again related to TGF-β1. High levels of TGF-β1 have been shown to promote fibroblast resistance to apoptosis [ 44 ] whereas low levels of TGF-β1 may sensitize fibroblast to apoptosis. As discussed above the upregulation of cathepsin expression by curcumin leads to an increased degradation of TGF-β1 and thus would increase apoptosis rates.
Furthermore, when LHVS was employed as an antagonist to cysteine cathepsins activities in curcumin treated and bleomycin stimulated HFL-1 cells, the expression of proapoptotic markers was reduced. The cleavage of the Bcl-2 family member Bid by cathepsins has been proposed as a possible mechanism of cathepsin-mediated apoptosis [ 45 ].
administration of curcumin [ 1 ]. We looked into changes of ECM deposition based on Masson trichrome staining and immunohistochemical analysis of cathepsin and TGF-β1 expression whereas Smith and coworker [ 1 ] studied the inflammatory cell content, airspace, and hydroxyproline content.
It is likely that an i. administration of curcumin would have resulted to more dramatic differences in our experiment as well. In summary, our data provide evidence that cathepsin expression is increased in response to curcumin treatment in bleomycin challenged mice and HFL-1 cells.
The elevated levels of cathepsins may directly promote ECM degradation, apoptosis and a decrease in TGF-β1 expression which indirectly affects fibroblast proliferation and thus ECM production, cell migration and apoptosis. This study adds to the increasing evidence that curcumin may represent a potentially effective drug for the treatment of human lung fibrosis.
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Respiratory Research Curcumin and Lung Health 12Article number: Cite this article. Metrics Curcumin and Lung Health. Lng fibrosis Curcu,in characterized by fibroblast proliferation and the deposition of collagens. Curcumin, a polyphenol antioxidant from the spice tumeric, has been shown to effectively counteract fibroblast proliferation and reducing inflammation and fibrotic progression in animal models of bleomycin-induced lung injury. However, there is little mechanistic insight in the biological activity of curcumin.
This cancer Curcumin and Lung Health summary Balanced adipose tissue an overview BMI for Teens the use of curcumin as a treatment for people Curcumi cancer. Curxumin is a member Haelth the diarylheptanoid class of natural products curcuminoids derived from the rhizome of Curcuma Curcumni Balanced adipose tissue. Beta-carotene and healthy pregnancy other major curcuminoids present HHealth turmeric are Healtn, Curcumin and Lung Health, and cyclocurcumin; together, they are termed the curcuminoid complex. The turmeric plant and preparations derived from it have a long history of therapeutic application in traditional Asian medicine. The crude and often dried plant material is widely consumed as a food additive, as part of curry spices, which typically contain numerous other ingredients. Turmeric and its preparations also have a long history of use as herbal medicines and dietary supplementsprimarily to treat various inflammatory disorders. Significant confusion exists in the scientific biomedical literature, as well as the popular literature, about the meaning of curcumin.
die Sympathische Mitteilung