Antioxidant BCAA for athletic performance help reduce oxidative stresswhich is an suppements between reactive Antkoxidant Antioxidant supplements for heart health fpr known as free radicals Aging and wellness the antioxidants in your body. Body Type Quiz Find a Doctor - EverydayHealth Care Hydration Calculator Menopause Age Calculator Symptom Checker Weight Loss Calculator. J Epidemiol 20— Antioxidant supplementation has long been thought to play a role in heart health.

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Fish oil still Optimize digestion process muster, a new study finds, but it may be time heatlh call it quits Antioxidant supplements for heart health vitamin Hearr, vitamin E, selenium, and beta-carotene.

Some supplements are Concentration techniques for mental focus than Antioxidat when it comes to lowering the risk of heart disease Antuoxidant, according to a new meta-analysis published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

Supplemebts data from Foor and supplemnts than foor, patients, haelth at Brown University systematically reviewed all of the supple,ents evidence on micronutrients taken as dietary supplements.

After evaluating 27 different types, they identified several that ofr the risk Antioxkdant cardiovascular problems like heart attack or stroke, Macronutrient Balance for Improved Athletic Performance well as others that offered no benefit or even had Aging and wellness negative Aging and wellness.

The randomized controlled intervention hart included in the research heaart the Antioxidant supplements for heart health evidence of heart benefits in the following supplements:.

Other supplements showing Aging and wellness of reducing cardiovascular risk were omega-6 fatty acid, L-arginine, L-citrulline, vitamin Dmagnesium, Antioxidwnt, alpha-lipoic acid, melatonincatechin, Aging and wellness, curcumin, flavanol, genistein, and quercetin.

Vitamin Cvitamin Eand Aging and wellness showed no effect on long-term cardiovascular disease outcomes or nAtioxidant 2 supplemente risk. One particularly concerning finding: Beta-carotene supplements were associated with an increase in all-cause mortality. The study authors called for large, high-quality interventional trials to investigate the long-term effects of certain micronutrients.

Programs like the Mediterranean diet and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertensionwhich feature foods that are naturally rich in antioxidants, are both compatible with the most recent American Heart Association dietary recommendations.

Previously, research on micronutrient supplementation has mainly focused on the health effects of a single vitamin or mineral or a few at a time, said Dr. If your doctor recommends an omega-3 fish oil supplement, be aware that different brands can vary in quality, says Dr.

Your provider may have suggestions about what to look for in labeling. Or you can research different brands at independent websites such as ConsumerLab. com, which reviews and rates supplements. Health Conditions A-Z.

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Fact Checked. Everyday Health Archive. Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Folic Acid, and CoQ10 Had Strongest Evidence of Heart Benefits The randomized controlled intervention trials included in the research found the strongest evidence of heart benefits in the following supplements: Omega-3 fatty acids fish oilwhich decreased mortality from cardiovascular disease Folic acidwhich lowered stroke risk Coenzyme Q10marketed as CoQ10, which decreased all-cause mortality death Other supplements showing evidence of reducing cardiovascular risk were omega-6 fatty acid, L-arginine, L-citrulline, vitamin Dmagnesium, zinc, alpha-lipoic acid, melatonincatechin, curcumin, flavanol, genistein, and quercetin.

: Antioxidant supplements for heart health

PeaceHealth Business Navigation	Antioxidants work to deactivate free radicals by binding to oxidants, which prevents damage from free radicals. Below is a list of the best food sources for some of the most important antioxidant nutrients. Vitamin E prevents the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acid in membranes. Vitamin E is found in:. Selenium may provide protection against CHD and selenium levels are inversely associated with CHD mortality. Foods that contain selenium include:. Beta carotene is a vitamin A precursor carried in plasma and LDL. Good sources of beta carotene include:. Good sources of lycopene include:. Research also shows that lycopene is better absorbed by our bodies when heated and combined with healthy fats such as olive and coconut oil. Some great ways to get the best absorption of these lycopene-rich foods are through recipes like:. Resveratrol, which is found in red wine, is an antioxidant that may help prevent CHD. The potential heart-healthy benefits of red wine and other alcoholic drinks look promising. Those who drink moderate amounts of alcohol, including red wine, seem to have a lower risk of heart disease. Alcohol can be addictive and cause other health problems. Astaxanthin antioxidant properties include being linked to improved blood flow and lowering oxidative stress in smokers and overweight people. A comparison study of astaxanthin and other carotenoids showed that it displayed the highest antioxidant activity against free radicals. Astaxanthin is most commonly found in:. Are High Fat Foods Good for Your Heart? Sign up to receive Baptist Health emails to learn more about your health from our blog, e-newsletter, and Flourish. Coenzyme Q10 CoQ10 is a substance similar to a vitamin. It is found in every cell of the body. Your body makes CoQ10, and your cells use it to produce energy your body needs for cell growth and maintenance. It also functions as an antioxidant , which protects the body from damage caused by harmful molecules. CoQ10 is naturally present in small amounts in a wide variety of foods, but levels are particularly high in organ meats such as heart, liver, and kidney, as well as beef, soy oil, sardines, mackerel, and peanuts. Coenzymes help enzymes work to help protect the heart and skeletal muscles. CoQ10 is also said to help heart failure, as well as boost energy, and speed recovery from exercise. Some people take it to help reduce the effects certain medicines can have on the heart, muscles and other organs. The best way to get fiber is from food. However, if you don't include enough fiber-rich food in your diet and choose to use a fiber supplement, choose a product that has different types of fiber in it-both soluble and insoluble. When taking a fiber supplement, be sure to stay well hydrated. Psyllium fiber may help lower cholesterol when used together with a diet low in cholesterol and saturated fat. If you choose to take a fiber supplement, be sure you don't inadvertently purchase a laxative supplement instead. The labels on both types of supplements may say something like "regulates bowel patterns. Fiber seems to be most effective used in conjunction with diet and exercise for contributing to weight loss. Omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are found in oil from certain types of fish, vegetables, and other plant sources. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids work by lowering the body's production of triglycerides. High levels of triglycerides can lead to coronary artery disease , heart disease, and stroke. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids used together with diet and exercise help lower triglyceride levels in the blood. In a double-blind study of patients with chronic heart failure, supplementation with fish oil resulted in a small but statistically significant decrease in the number of patients who died or were hospitalized for cardiovascular reasons. In another double-blind trial, supplementation improved heart function and decreased the number of hospitalizations in some patients. Low magnesium levels can be a predictor of heart disease, research has revealed. Low magnesium has been linked with cardiovascular risk factors such as: high blood pressure , arterial plaque build-up, calcification of soft tissues, cholesterol and hardening of the arteries. Magnesium supplements come in various forms and mineral combinations, such as magnesium citrate , magnesium gluconate , magnesium hydroxide and the popular form of magnesium sulfate , also known as Epsom salt, used in baths and foot soaks for sore, tired muscles. Patients with kidney disease need to be cautious with magnesium, warns Sherri Rutherford, DO, PeaceHealth Southwest Washington integrative medicine, and talk with their doctor. L-carnitine is an amino acid needed to transport fats into the mitochondria the place in the cell where fats are turned into energy. Adequate energy production is essential for normal heart function. Several studies using L-carnitine showed an improvement in heart function and a reduction in symptoms of angina. People with congestive heart failure have insufficient oxygenation of the heart, which can damage the heart muscle. Such damage may be reduced by taking L-carnitine supplements. Taking L-carnitine may also help reduce damage and complications following a heart attack. Green tea. Green tea has been enjoyed for centuries, and used as a likely effective aid in treating high cholesterol. Green tea has been shown to lower total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels according to several preliminary and controlled trials. Rutherford recommends three cups per day, rather than extract, since contamination can be a concern as a supplement. Besides making food taste good for many people, garlic taken orally as a supplement has been used as a possibly effective aid in treating high blood pressure and coronary artery disease. Garlic can affect blood-clotting and may increase your risk of bleeding. If you need surgery, dental work, or a medical procedure, stop taking garlic at least two weeks ahead of time. Avoid excess choline.
Associations between dietary antioxidant intakes and cardiovascular disease	P values by log-rank test and number of CVD outcomes recorded in the groups categorized by zinc intake. After adjustment for potential confounders, the risk of CVD decreased from quartile 1 to quartile 4 for vitamin E intake [HR 1. The association between the risk of CVD and quartiles of vitamins A and C, and zinc intake were not statistically significant. The current investigation was a prospective cohort study, evaluating the association between dietary antioxidant vitamins A, E, and C and zinc intakes and risk of CVD. Our results suggested that a higher intake of vitamin E was inversely associated with CVD incidence. Previous studies have found an association between dietary vitamin E intake and decreased risk of CVD in observational epidemiologic studies 28 , 30 , 31 , Several biological functions of vitamin E are due to its antioxidant properties to inhibit the oxidation of LDL-C and to scavenge lipid radicals In contrast, several large randomized controlled trials have failed to corroborate the benefits of vitamin E in CVD prevention 34 , which can be due to several factors, such as the time of intervention, gene polymorphisms, or inherent confounding, and pathophysiological conditions in study populations. In addition, an intervention study suggested that in addition to prescribed medicine, supplemental doses of vitamin E should be given to ameliorate therapeutic strategies However, vitamin E supplements have not been recommended by the American heart association to prevent CVD due to the lack of approved results; however, it recommends eating foods rich in antioxidant vitamins, especially fruit and vegetable In our study, vitamin E was available in several food groups, which may be due to the connection between food groups, such as consuming oil olive oil and mayonnaise and vegetable that are mixed in salads or using oil for cooking. Also, no association was found between nut intake and vitamin E, which may be due to the small quantities of nut consumption in our population. Anti-CVD properties of vitamin C have not yet been fully confirmed. No significant association was found between total vitamin C intake estimated by summing the vitamin C contribution of food items and supplements and CVD in a cohort of Spanish university graduates. Therefore, it is concluded that the absence of significant results can be due to the low variability in the exposure. However, vitamin C is a single nutrient and may not represent the synergistic effect of the whole dietary pattern In contrast to our results, observational studies on the relationship between vitamin C and CVD risk have demonstrated an inverse association between vitamin C and CVD outcomes, especially heart failure 7 and hypertension 8. The contradiction in results can be due to differences in the definition of CVD. Vitamin C increases the nitric oxide bioactivity of the endothelium, which causes a decrease in blood pressure Moreover, vitamin C reduces monocyte adhesion and inhibits LDL oxidation 39 , which plays an important role in decreasing the risk of atherosclerosis. In addition, vitamin C keeps atheromatous plaques stable by preventing vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis Consistent with our results, in a meta-analysis 41 , neither dietary nor supplemental vitamin A was associated with CVD risk. A large prospective study 10 indicated that among patients with stable angina pectoris in the upper tertile of serum vitamin A concentration, serum apolipoprotein B a predictor of CVD was associated with the CVD risk. However, dietary intake of vitamin A did not correlate with serum concentration, which seems that another mechanism, other than vitamin A intake, regulates the serum vitamin A concentration Accordingly, in the current study, no association was observed between dietary vitamin A and CVD risk. In the present study, no significant difference was found between dietary zinc intake and CVD incidence, which is consistent with a systematic review of prospective cohort studies on the association between dietary zinc intake or serum zinc levels and the incidence of CVD In contrast with our result, higher dietary zinc intake estimated by summing the zinc contribution of food items was associated with a greater incidence of CVD in a large longitudinal study on Australian women. Therefore, more investigations are needed to investigate the association between zinc intake from meat and other major sources because dietary guidelines recommend reducing red meat intake and encouraging consuming other sources of zinc Also, more studies are needed to investigate the mechanisms of zinc function on the pathogenesis of CVD to provide dietary zinc recommendations for preventing CVD. The prospective design of the present study was one of its major strengths that facilitated the estimation of disease incidence without concern about reverse causality between nutrients and outcomes. Considering the observational design of the current research, some confounders e. supplement intake and socioeconomic levels and comorbidities during follow-up were not considered. Dietary assessment was considered at baseline only, and changes in dietary intakes were not recorded during the follow-up. One of the limitations of this study was the use of an FFQ for collecting dietary data due to recall bias; however, expert dietitians interviewed the participants to reduce this bias. Also, the validity of the FFQ was acceptable among this population. Moreover, some cases lost the follow-up; for example, those with a high risk of CVD were selectively excluded due to their poor mental or physical health. We did not split the analysis by gender due to the low number of cases and power reduction. This study suggested an inverse association between vitamin E intake and the risk of CVD, which emphasized the potentially protective role of its dietary sources in the prevention of CVD events. Jacob, R. Vitamin C nutriture and risk of atherosclerotic heart disease. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar. Ceconi, C. Oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease: Myth or fact?. Mangge, H. Antioxidants, inflammation and cardiovascular disease. World J. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Jain, A. Role of antioxidants for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases: Challenges and opportunities. Griffiths, K. et al. Food antioxidants and their anti-inflammatory properties: A potential role in cardiovascular diseases and cancer prevention. Diseases 4 , 28 Article PubMed Central Google Scholar. Jayedi, A. Dietary and circulating vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene and risk of total cardiovascular mortality: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Public Health Nutr. Article PubMed Google Scholar. Pfister, R. Plasma vitamin C predicts incident heart failure in men and women in European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Norfolk prospective study. Heart J. Buijsse, B. Plasma ascorbic acid, a priori diet quality score, and incident hypertension: A prospective cohort study. PLoS ONE 10 , e Monaghan, B. The effects of carotene and of vitamin A on the oxidation of linoleic acid. Article CAS Google Scholar. Olsen, T. Cardiovascular disease risk associated with serum apolipoprotein B is modified by serum vitamin A. Atherosclerosis , — Lourenco, B. Nutritional status and adequacy of energy and nutrient intakes among heart failure patients. PubMed Google Scholar. Tan, C. The prediction of cardiovascular disease based on trace element contents in hair and a classifier of boosting decision stumps. Trace Elem. de Oliveira Otto, M. Dietary intakes of zinc and heme iron from red meat, but not from other sources, are associated with greater risk of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Kubota, Y. Dietary intakes of antioxidant vitamins and mortality from cardiovascular disease: The Japan Collaborative Cohort Study JACC study. Stroke 42 , — Azizi, F. Prevention of non-communicable disease in a population in nutrition transition: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study phase II. Trials 10 , 5 Hosseini-Esfahani, F. Nutrition and cardio-metabolic risk factors: Findings from 20 years of the tehran lipid and glucose study. Sun, Q. White rice, brown rice, and risk of type 2 diabetes in US men and women. Mirmiran, P. Reliability and relative validity of an FFQ for nutrients in the Tehran lipid and glucose study. Esfahani, F. Reproducibility and relative validity of food group intake in a food frequency questionnaire developed for the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. J Epidemiol 20 , — Azar, M. Food Composition Table of Iran National Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University Press, Google Scholar. United States Department of Agriculture. Food Composition Table. Momenan, A. Reliability and validity of the Modifiable Activity Questionnaire MAQ in an Iranian urban adult population. Ainsworth, B. Compendium of physical activities: An update of activity codes and MET intensities. Sports Exerc. Klein, S. Friedewald, W. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Hadaegh, F. Association of total cholesterol versus other serum lipid parameters with the short-term prediction of cardiovascular outcomes: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation , — Williams, B. The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology ESC and the European Society of Hypertension ESH. G Ital Cardiol. Rome 19 , 3—73 Lee, P. Identification of confounder in epidemiologic data contaminated by measurement error in covariates. BMC Med. Rimm, E. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease in men. Stampfer, M. High levels of triglycerides can lead to coronary artery disease , heart disease, and stroke. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids used together with diet and exercise help lower triglyceride levels in the blood. In a double-blind study of patients with chronic heart failure, supplementation with fish oil resulted in a small but statistically significant decrease in the number of patients who died or were hospitalized for cardiovascular reasons. In another double-blind trial, supplementation improved heart function and decreased the number of hospitalizations in some patients. Low magnesium levels can be a predictor of heart disease, research has revealed. Low magnesium has been linked with cardiovascular risk factors such as: high blood pressure , arterial plaque build-up, calcification of soft tissues, cholesterol and hardening of the arteries. Magnesium supplements come in various forms and mineral combinations, such as magnesium citrate , magnesium gluconate , magnesium hydroxide and the popular form of magnesium sulfate , also known as Epsom salt, used in baths and foot soaks for sore, tired muscles. Patients with kidney disease need to be cautious with magnesium, warns Sherri Rutherford, DO, PeaceHealth Southwest Washington integrative medicine, and talk with their doctor. L-carnitine is an amino acid needed to transport fats into the mitochondria the place in the cell where fats are turned into energy. Adequate energy production is essential for normal heart function. Several studies using L-carnitine showed an improvement in heart function and a reduction in symptoms of angina. People with congestive heart failure have insufficient oxygenation of the heart, which can damage the heart muscle. Such damage may be reduced by taking L-carnitine supplements. Taking L-carnitine may also help reduce damage and complications following a heart attack. Green tea. Green tea has been enjoyed for centuries, and used as a likely effective aid in treating high cholesterol. Green tea has been shown to lower total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels according to several preliminary and controlled trials. Rutherford recommends three cups per day, rather than extract, since contamination can be a concern as a supplement. Besides making food taste good for many people, garlic taken orally as a supplement has been used as a possibly effective aid in treating high blood pressure and coronary artery disease. Garlic can affect blood-clotting and may increase your risk of bleeding. If you need surgery, dental work, or a medical procedure, stop taking garlic at least two weeks ahead of time. Avoid excess choline. Humans consuming excess choline, an essential nutrient plentiful in meat, eggs and milk, raises levels of a bacteria-produced compound called trimethylamine N-oxide TMAO , and the tendency of platelets to clump together and form clots. Numerous studies have shown that higher blood levels of TMAO are associated with a greater risk of heart disease , including heart attacks and strokes in humans, and recent studies showed that feeding animals choline-supplemented diets also raised their risk of clotting. Talk to your doctor , and keep in mind. Home Healthy You 8 Heart Health Supplements To Take — and One To Avoid. Coenzyme Q10 Co Q10 Coenzyme Q10 CoQ10 is a substance similar to a vitamin. Oxidative stress also contributes to many cardiovascular diseases. However, researchers believe further study is needed to better understand the long-term effects of certain micronutrients on health. Home Page. Health · Health. BY L'Oreal Thompson Payton. You might want to add omega-3s to your next shopping list. Researchers analyzed known studies on micronutrients taken as dietary supplements and found strong evidence that three were especially beneficial for cardiovascular health, including: omega-3 fatty acid, which decreased mortality from cardiovascular disease; folic acid, which lowered stroke risk; coenzyme Q10, an antioxidant sometimes marketed as CoQ10, which decreased all-cause mortality. 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8 heart health supplements to take – and one to avoid | PeaceHealth	Anyone you share the following Aging and wellness heqlth will be able to read this Aging and wellness. No significant Antioxivant has been noted for vitamin E in dosages of to Antioxdiant, IU per day. Sports mindfulness and cognitive performance Nutrition Source Menu. However, relatively short trials of lutein supplementation for age-related macular degeneration have yielded conflicting findings. α-Tocopherol and β-carotene supplements and lung cancer incidence in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study: effects of base-line characteristics and study compliance. These results came from the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial SELECT that followed 35, men for up to 12 years.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Folic Acid, and CoQ10 Had Strongest Evidence of Heart Benefits	Psyllium fiber may help lower cholesterol when used together with a diet low in cholesterol and saturated fat. You can share this information with your doctor to find the right supplements for you. Media Center ACC. Vitamin E and vitamin C supplement use and risk of all-cause and coronary heart disease mortality in older persons: the Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly. Natural antioxidants for the prevention of atherosclerosis. The following are nutrients with antioxidant activity and the foods in which they are found:. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology.

Antioxidant supplements for heart health -

Other antioxidant supplements that demonstrated evidence of reducing cardiovascular risk include:. But not all supplements are created equal. Researchers also found that the following supplements had no impact on heart disease outcomes or Type 2 diabetes risk:.

Simin Liu, professor of epidemiology and medicine at Brown University and a principal investigator for the study, which involved more than , patients. Meanwhile, beta carotene supplements actually increased all-cause mortality. Antioxidant supplements help reduce oxidative stress , which is an imbalance between reactive oxygen species also known as free radicals and the antioxidants in your body.

Oxidative stress also contributes to many cardiovascular diseases. However, researchers believe further study is needed to better understand the long-term effects of certain micronutrients on health.

Home Page. Health · Health. BY L'Oreal Thompson Payton. You might want to add omega-3s to your next shopping list. Programs like the Mediterranean diet and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension , which feature foods that are naturally rich in antioxidants, are both compatible with the most recent American Heart Association dietary recommendations.

Previously, research on micronutrient supplementation has mainly focused on the health effects of a single vitamin or mineral or a few at a time, said Dr. If your doctor recommends an omega-3 fish oil supplement, be aware that different brands can vary in quality, says Dr.

Your provider may have suggestions about what to look for in labeling. Or you can research different brands at independent websites such as ConsumerLab. com, which reviews and rates supplements. Health Conditions A-Z. Best Oils for Skin Complementary Approaches Emotional Wellness Fitness and Exercise Healthy Skin Online Therapy Reiki Healing Resilience Sleep Sexual Health Self Care Yoga Poses See All.

Atkins Diet DASH Diet Golo Diet Green Tea Healthy Recipes Intermittent Fasting Intuitive Eating Jackfruit Ketogenic Diet Low-Carb Diet Mediterranean Diet MIND Diet Paleo Diet Plant-Based Diet See All. Consumer's Guides: Understand Your Treatments Albuterol Inhalation Ventolin Amoxicillin Amoxil Azithromycin Zithromax CoQ10 Coenzyme Q Ibuprofen Advil Levothyroxine Synthroid Lexapro Escitalopram Lipitor Atorvastatin Lisinopril Zestril Norvasc Amlodipine Prilosec Omeprazole Vitamin D3 Xanax Alprazolam Zoloft Sertraline Drug Reviews See All.

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These days there seems supllements be a supplement for everything, and your heart is no different. But which fot Antioxidant supplements for heart health actually beneficial, Nutrient-rich fuel for the body which ones can you Antioxidant supplements for heart health supplments A new study published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology has some answers. Researchers analyzed known studies on micronutrients taken as dietary supplements and found strong evidence that three were especially beneficial for cardiovascular health, including:. Other antioxidant supplements that demonstrated evidence of reducing cardiovascular risk include:. But not all supplements are created equal.

Antioxidant supplements for heart health -

Therefore, these findings indicate the need for additional and more accurate clinical investigations in this area. Vitamin C is a major water-soluble antioxidant in plasma, and observational studies have shown an inverse association between dietary vitamin C and CVD outcomes 7 , 8.

However, in several large randomized controlled trials, the effect of vitamin C to prevent CVD has not been confirmed. Although the antioxidant potential of vitamin A was first determined in 9 , limited data are available regarding the association between vitamin A and the risk of CVD Zinc is an essential trace metal with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities; insufficient intake of zinc has persistently been reported in CVD patients Trace element analysis of hair showed that patients with CVD had lower levels of zinc A 6-year follow-up cohort study on CVDs and dietary zinc intake reported no association between CVD and total zinc intake 13 ; therefore, further investigations, as well as additional evidence obtained by observational studies are required.

Accordingly, studies on the association between CVD and the antioxidant vitamins and minerals such as vitamins A, E, and C and zinc cannot shape the dietary guidelines regarding the nutritional value of these factors 13 , 14 ; therefore, the need to investigate the risk of CVD by dietary antioxidant vitamin and mineral intakes is warranted.

Also, as far as we know, there is limited evidence about the association between antioxidant vitamins or minerals and the risk of CVD in Asian populations Hence, we aimed to prospectively evaluate the association between dietary antioxidant intakes vitamins A, E, and C and zinc and the risk of CVD in a group of adults in Tehran, Iran.

In this cohort study, the subjects were selected from participants of the Tehran lipid and glucose study TLGS , a population-based prospective study to determine the risk factors for non-communicable diseases among the residents of District 13, Tehran, the capital city of Iran 15 , All participants signed a written informed consent form before the research.

The study was conducted based on the Declaration of Helsinki and the study protocol was accepted by the Ethics Committee of the Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

All methods were performed in line with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Materials and methods were checked using the strengthening of the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology STROBE statement. Dietary assessment was performed by a valid and reliable item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire FFQ 18 , Trained interviewers collected information on usual dietary intake through face-to-face private interviews.

The frequency of eating each food item on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis was recorded and daily intakes was computed via the consumption frequency multiplied by the portion size of each food item, and then the portion sizes were converted into grams using household measures.

The weight of seasonal foods, like some fruits, was calculated based on the number of seasons when each food was accessible. The Iranian food composition table FCT 20 is incomplete; thus the amounts of energy and nutrient contents were estimated according to the United States Department of Agriculture USDA FCT 21 ; however, the Iranian FCT was used for some national products like Kashk that are not listed in the USDA FCT.

Dietary intakes of vitamins E, C, and A and zinc were calculated and considered in grams per week. Vitamin A consumption was considered as taking retinol and its esterified form. Physical activity level was assessed using the Persian translation of the modifiable activity questionnaire MAQ with high reliability and moderate validity Systolic and diastolic blood pressures SBP and DBP were measured twice with a 30 s interval in a sitting position after 15 min of rest 15 , The body weight was measured to the nearest g, using a digital scale Seca while the subjects were minimally clothed and without shoes.

Height was measured to the nearest 0. Waist circumference WC was measured with a non-flexible tape meter without any pressure to the body surface at the level of the umbilicus 24 and was taken at the end of a normal expiration over light clothing.

Measurements were recorded to the nearest 0. Blood samples were drawn into vacutainer tubes between and a. All biochemical analyses were performed using a Selectra 2 auto-analyzer at the TLGS research laboratory on the blood collection day.

Fasting blood glucose FBG concentration was measured on the blood collection day using the colorimetric glucose oxidase procedure. The standard 2-h post-challenge blood glucose test was performed by oral administration of High-density lipoprotein cholesterol HDL-C concentration was assessed after precipitation of the apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins by phosphotungstic acid.

Total cholesterol TC and triglyceride TG were measured using the enzymatic colorimetric method. For TC assay, cholesteryl ester hydrolase was used to convert cholesteryl ester to cholesterol, which was then oxidized by cholesterol oxidase to cholesterolenone and H2O2.

TG was broken down to glycerol and free- fatty acids using lipoprotein lipase and glycerol was then phosphorylated to glycerol phosphate by glycerol kinase. Glycerol phosphate was then converted to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and H2O2 by glycerol phosphate oxidase.

Details of the collection of CVD outcome data have been described elsewhere. Coronary heart disease CHD events included definite myocardial infarction diagnostic electrocardiographic [ECG] results and biomarkers , probable myocardial infarction positive ECG findings plus cardiac symptoms or signs plus missing biomarkers or positive ECG findings plus equivocal biomarkers , proven CHD by angiography, unstable angina pectoris new cardiac symptoms or changing symptom patterns and positive ECG findings with normal biomarkers , and CHD mortality.

CVD was defined as stroke a new neurological deficit that lasted more than 24 h , CHD events, or CVD death a fatal stroke or fatal CHD Statistical analyses were carried out using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version For non-normal nutritional and biochemical variables TG concentration , log-transformed values were used for statistical analysis.

Antioxidant intakes with respect to quartiles of food group intakes were assessed using ANOVA test. P for trend was obtained by the linear regression analysis using the median of each quartile as a continuous variable for each food group.

Person-years of the follow-up were calculated for each individual from the date inclusion in the study and the exact date of CVD diagnosis, death, or end of the follow-up, whichever came first. Survival time for censored individuals was calculated as the interval between the first and the last observation dates.

The event date was considered as the exact date of CVD events, and survival time was computed as the time between baseline examination and the event date for event cases or the last follow-up for censored cases.

Participants were censored due to loss to follow-up, death from a cause other than CVD, or the end of the study without the event appearing. Rates of CVD-free survival in participants across quartiles of vitamins E, C, and A and zinc intakes were compared using a Kaplan—Meier analysis and the log-rank test method was used for significance test.

The dietary intakes of vitamins E, C, and A, and zinc were adjusted for energy intake using gram per kcal for each nutrient. Energy adjusted of vitamins E, C, and A, and zinc intakes were categorized into quartiles, given the first quartile as the reference.

The median of each quartile was used as a continuous variable to assess the overall trends of HRs across quartiles of dietary intakes of vitamins E, C, and A and zinc in the Cox proportional hazard regression models.

Trend test was applied for evaluating dose—response effects in association studies. The confounders were selected based on previous studies and included in the univariable Cox regression model.

The mean age of subjects at baseline was Table 1 represents the baseline characteristics of men and women. Men were older, had worse smoking habits, greater levels of physical activity, lower body mass index, and higher WC than women. Men had greater amounts of energy and carbohydrate intakes than women.

Intakes of total fat, saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acid, fiber, and vitamins A and C were higher in women than in men.

The association between dietary intakes of vitamins E, C, and A and zinc across quartiles of food groups are presented in Table 2.

Higher consumption of fruit, vegetable, legumes, refined grains, vegetable oils, fish, and poultry was associated with higher intake of vitamin E. Vitamin C intake was positively associated with all food groups, except for refined grains and red meat that showed a negative association with vitamin C intake.

There was a positive association between vitamin A and quartiles of all food groups, except for red meat.

Compared with those in the lower quartiles, zinc intake was significantly higher among individuals in the upper quartiles of fruit, vegetable, legumes, whole grains, refined grains, dairy, fish, and poultry intake.

Kaplan—Meier survival curves for CVD according to quartiles of vitamins A, C, and E and zinc intakes during follow-up periods are shown in Figs.

Significant differences were found in the risk of CVD between quartiles of zinc intake. Kaplan—Meier estimates of CVD-free survival according to quartiles of vitamin E intake.

P values by log-rank test and number of CVD outcomes recorded in the groups categorized by vitamin E intake. Kaplan—Meier estimates of CVD-free survival according to quartiles of vitamin C intake.

P values by log-rank test and number of CVD outcomes recorded in the groups categorized by vitamin C intake. Kaplan—Meier estimates of CVD-free survival according to quartiles of vitamin A intake. P values by log-rank test and number of CVD outcomes recorded in the groups categorized by vitamin A intake.

Kaplan—Meier estimates of CVD-free survival according to quartiles of zinc intake. P values by log-rank test and number of CVD outcomes recorded in the groups categorized by zinc intake.

After adjustment for potential confounders, the risk of CVD decreased from quartile 1 to quartile 4 for vitamin E intake [HR 1. The association between the risk of CVD and quartiles of vitamins A and C, and zinc intake were not statistically significant. The current investigation was a prospective cohort study, evaluating the association between dietary antioxidant vitamins A, E, and C and zinc intakes and risk of CVD.

Our results suggested that a higher intake of vitamin E was inversely associated with CVD incidence. Previous studies have found an association between dietary vitamin E intake and decreased risk of CVD in observational epidemiologic studies 28 , 30 , 31 , Several biological functions of vitamin E are due to its antioxidant properties to inhibit the oxidation of LDL-C and to scavenge lipid radicals In contrast, several large randomized controlled trials have failed to corroborate the benefits of vitamin E in CVD prevention 34 , which can be due to several factors, such as the time of intervention, gene polymorphisms, or inherent confounding, and pathophysiological conditions in study populations.

In addition, an intervention study suggested that in addition to prescribed medicine, supplemental doses of vitamin E should be given to ameliorate therapeutic strategies However, vitamin E supplements have not been recommended by the American heart association to prevent CVD due to the lack of approved results; however, it recommends eating foods rich in antioxidant vitamins, especially fruit and vegetable In our study, vitamin E was available in several food groups, which may be due to the connection between food groups, such as consuming oil olive oil and mayonnaise and vegetable that are mixed in salads or using oil for cooking.

Also, no association was found between nut intake and vitamin E, which may be due to the small quantities of nut consumption in our population.

Anti-CVD properties of vitamin C have not yet been fully confirmed. No significant association was found between total vitamin C intake estimated by summing the vitamin C contribution of food items and supplements and CVD in a cohort of Spanish university graduates.

Therefore, it is concluded that the absence of significant results can be due to the low variability in the exposure. However, vitamin C is a single nutrient and may not represent the synergistic effect of the whole dietary pattern In contrast to our results, observational studies on the relationship between vitamin C and CVD risk have demonstrated an inverse association between vitamin C and CVD outcomes, especially heart failure 7 and hypertension 8.

The contradiction in results can be due to differences in the definition of CVD. Vitamin C increases the nitric oxide bioactivity of the endothelium, which causes a decrease in blood pressure Moreover, vitamin C reduces monocyte adhesion and inhibits LDL oxidation 39 , which plays an important role in decreasing the risk of atherosclerosis.

In addition, vitamin C keeps atheromatous plaques stable by preventing vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis Consistent with our results, in a meta-analysis 41 , neither dietary nor supplemental vitamin A was associated with CVD risk.

A large prospective study 10 indicated that among patients with stable angina pectoris in the upper tertile of serum vitamin A concentration, serum apolipoprotein B a predictor of CVD was associated with the CVD risk.

However, dietary intake of vitamin A did not correlate with serum concentration, which seems that another mechanism, other than vitamin A intake, regulates the serum vitamin A concentration Accordingly, in the current study, no association was observed between dietary vitamin A and CVD risk.

In the present study, no significant difference was found between dietary zinc intake and CVD incidence, which is consistent with a systematic review of prospective cohort studies on the association between dietary zinc intake or serum zinc levels and the incidence of CVD In contrast with our result, higher dietary zinc intake estimated by summing the zinc contribution of food items was associated with a greater incidence of CVD in a large longitudinal study on Australian women.

Therefore, more investigations are needed to investigate the association between zinc intake from meat and other major sources because dietary guidelines recommend reducing red meat intake and encouraging consuming other sources of zinc Also, more studies are needed to investigate the mechanisms of zinc function on the pathogenesis of CVD to provide dietary zinc recommendations for preventing CVD.

The prospective design of the present study was one of its major strengths that facilitated the estimation of disease incidence without concern about reverse causality between nutrients and outcomes.

Considering the observational design of the current research, some confounders e. supplement intake and socioeconomic levels and comorbidities during follow-up were not considered.

Dietary assessment was considered at baseline only, and changes in dietary intakes were not recorded during the follow-up. One of the limitations of this study was the use of an FFQ for collecting dietary data due to recall bias; however, expert dietitians interviewed the participants to reduce this bias.

Also, the validity of the FFQ was acceptable among this population. Moreover, some cases lost the follow-up; for example, those with a high risk of CVD were selectively excluded due to their poor mental or physical health.

We did not split the analysis by gender due to the low number of cases and power reduction. This study suggested an inverse association between vitamin E intake and the risk of CVD, which emphasized the potentially protective role of its dietary sources in the prevention of CVD events.

Jacob, R. Vitamin C nutriture and risk of atherosclerotic heart disease. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar. Ceconi, C. Oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease: Myth or fact?.

Mangge, H. Antioxidants, inflammation and cardiovascular disease. World J. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Though the study was observational in nature, it confirmed the mechanistic pathway of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol in mice studies.

When it comes to cancer prevention, the picture remains inconclusive for antioxidant supplements. Few trials have gone on long enough to provide an adequate test for cancer. High-dose antioxidant supplements can also interfere with medicines.

Vitamin E supplements can have a blood-thinning effect and increase the risk of bleeding in people who are already taking blood-thinning medicines. Some studies have suggested that taking antioxidant supplements during cancer treatment might interfere with the effectiveness of the treatment.

Inform your doctor if starting supplements of any kind. One possible reason why many studies on antioxidant supplements do not show a health benefit is because antioxidants tend to work best in combination with other nutrients, plant chemicals, and even other antioxidants.

For example, a cup of fresh strawberries contains about 80 mg of vitamin C, a nutrient classified as having high antioxidant activity. Polyphenols also have many other chemical properties besides their ability to serve as antioxidants. There is a question if a nutrient with antioxidant activity can cause the opposite effect with pro-oxidant activity if too much is taken.

This is why using an antioxidant supplement with a single isolated substance may not be an effective strategy for everyone. Differences in the amount and type of antioxidants in foods versus those in supplements might also influence their effects.

For example, there are eight chemical forms of vitamin E present in foods. However, vitamin E supplements typically only include one form, alpha-tocopherol. Epidemiological prospective studies show that higher intakes of antioxidant-rich fruits, vegetables, and legumes are associated with a lower risk of chronic oxidative stress-related diseases like cardiovascular diseases , cancer, and deaths from all causes.

The following are nutrients with antioxidant activity and the foods in which they are found:. Excessive free radicals contribute to chronic diseases including cancer, heart disease, cognitive decline, and vision loss.

Keep in mind that most of the trials conducted have had fundamental limitations due to their relatively short duration and inclusion of people with existing disease.

At the same time, abundant evidence suggests that eating whole in fruits , vegetables , and whole grains —all rich in networks of naturally occurring antioxidants and their helper molecules—provides protection against many scourges of aging.

The contents of this website are for educational purposes and are not intended to offer personal medical advice. You should seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website.

The Nutrition Source does not recommend or endorse any products. Skip to content The Nutrition Source. The Nutrition Source Menu. Search for:. Home Nutrition News What Should I Eat? In , a rating tool called the Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity ORAC was created by scientists from the National Institute on Aging and the United States Department of Agriculture USDA.

It was used to measure the antioxidant capacity of foods. The USDA provided an ORAC database on its website highlighting foods with high ORAC scores, including cocoa, berries, spices, and legumes. Blueberries and other foods topping the list were heavily promoted in the popular press as disease-fighters even if the science was weak, from cancer to brain health to heart disease.

However, 20 years later the USDA retracted the information and removed the database after determining that antioxidants have many functions, not all of which are related to free radical activity.

Although this was not a primary endpoint for the trial, it nevertheless represents an important outcome. In the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation HOPE trial, the rates of major cardiovascular events were essentially the same in the vitamin E A recent trial of vitamin E in Israel, for example, showed a marked reduction in coronary heart disease among people with type 2 diabetes who have a common genetic predisposition for greater oxidative stress.

In the Supplementation en Vitamines et Mineraux Antioxydants SU. MAX study, 13, French men and women took a single daily capsule that contained mg vitamin C, 30 mg vitamin E, 6 mg beta-carotene, mcg selenium, and 20 mg zinc, or a placebo, for seven and a half years.

The vitamins had no effect on overall rates of cardiovascular disease. Lung disease A study from the Journal of Respiratory Research found that different isoforms of vitamin E called tocopherols had opposing effects on lung function. Cancer When it comes to cancer prevention, the picture remains inconclusive for antioxidant supplements.

MAX randomized placebo-controlled trial showed a reduction in cancer risk and all-cause mortality among men taking an antioxidant cocktail low doses of vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, selenium, and zinc but no apparent effect in women, possibly because men tended to have low blood levels of beta-carotene and other vitamins at the beginning of the study.

Age-related eye disease A six-year trial, the Age-Related Eye Disease Study AREDS , found that a combination of vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, and zinc offered some protection against the development of advanced age-related macular degeneration, but not cataracts, in people who were at high risk of the disease.

However, relatively short trials of lutein supplementation for age-related macular degeneration have yielded conflicting findings. The study found that people taking the vitamins were less likely to progress to late-stage AMD and vision loss.

However, the study authors noted that taking lutein and zeaxanthin alone or vitamin E alone did not have a beneficial effect on these eye conditions. The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial SELECT Eye Endpoints Study, which followed 11, men for a mean of five years, did not find that vitamin E and selenium supplements, in combination or alone, protected from age-related cataracts.

It did not find that antioxidant supplements of vitamin E or selenium, alone or in combination, protected against dementia compared with a placebo. Early death A meta-analysis of 68 antioxidant supplement trials found that taking beta-carotene and vitamin A and E supplements increased the risk of dying.

It was also difficult to compare interventions because the types of supplements, the dosages taken, and the length of time they were taken varied widely. The same authors conducted another systematic review of 78 randomized clinical trials on antioxidant supplements including beta-carotene, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium alone or in combination.

The study found that both people who were healthy and those with diseases taking beta-carotene and vitamin E supplements had a higher rate of death.

The duration of the studies varied widely from one month to 12 years, with varying dosages. The first inkling came in a large trial of beta-carotene conducted among men in Finland who were heavy smokers, and therefore at high risk for developing lung cancer.

The trial was stopped early when researchers saw a significant increase in lung cancer among those taking the supplement compared to those taking the placebo. Again, an increase in lung cancer was seen in the supplement group. MAX trial, rates of skin cancer were higher in women who were assigned to take vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, selenium, and zinc.

These results came from the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial SELECT that followed 35, men for up to 12 years. A modern view of atherogenesis. Am J Cardiol. Jialal I, Grundy SM. Influence of antioxidant vitamins on LDL oxidation.

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Vitamin C improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in forearm resistance vessels of humans with hypercholesterolemia. Plotnick GD, Corretti MC, Vogel RA. Effect of antioxidant vitamins on the transient impairment of endothelium-dependent brachial artery vasoactivity following a single high-fat meal.

Gaziano JM, Hatta A, Flynn M, Johnson EJ, Krinsky NI, Ridker PM, et al. Supplementation with beta-carotene in vivo and in vitro does not inhibit low-density lipoprotein oxidation. Gey KF, Puska P, Jordan P, Moser UK. Inverse correlation between plasma vitamin E and mortality from ischemic heart disease in cross-cultural epidemiology.

Am J Clin Nutr. Verlangieri AJ, Kapeghian JC, el-Dean S, Bush M. Fruit and vegetable consumption and cardiovascular mortality. Med Hypotheses. Riemersma RA, Wood DA, Macintyre CC, Elton RA, Gey KF, Oliver MF. Risk of angina pectoris and plasma concentrations of vitamins A, C, and E and carotene.

Luoma PV, Nayha S, Sikkila K, Hassi J. High serum alphatocopherol, albumin, selenium and cholesterol, and low mortality from coronary heart disease in northern Finland. J Intern Med. Bolton-Smith C, Woodward M, Tunstall-Pedoe H. Dietary intake by food frequency questionnaire and odds ratios for coronary heart disease risk.

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Antioxidant vitamin intake and coronary mortality in a longitudinal population study. Am J Epidemiol. Stampfer MJ, Hennekens CH, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Rosner B, Willett WC. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary disease in women.

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Vitamin E and vitamin C supplement use and risk of all-cause and coronary heart disease mortality in older persons: the Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly.

Hodis HN, Mack WJ, LaBree L, Cashin-Hemphill L, Sevanian A, Johnson R, et al. Serial coronary angiographic evidence that antioxidant vitamin intake reduces progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis.

Blot WJ, Li JY, Taylor PR, Guo W, Dawsey S, Wang GQ, et al. J Natl Cancer Inst. Virtamo J, Rapola JM, Ripatti S, Heinonen OP, Taylor PR, Albanes D, et al. Effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of primary nonfatal myocardial infarction and fatal coronary heart disease.

Arch Intern Med. Rapola JM, Virtamo J, Ripatti S, Huttunen JK, Albanes D, Taylor PR, et al. Randomised trial of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements on incidence of major coronary events in men with previous myocardial infraction.

Stephens NG, Parsons A, Schofield PM, Kelly F, Cheeseman K, Mitchinson MJ. Randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary disease: Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study CHAOS. Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, Balmes J, Cullen MR, Glass A, et al.

Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE, Stampfer M, Rosner B, Cook NR, et al. Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta-carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease.

Enstrom JE, Kanim LE, Klein MA. Vitamin C intake and mortality among a sample of the United States population. Levine GN, Frei B, Koulouris SN, Gerhard MD, Keaney JF, Vita JA.

Ascorbic acid reverses endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. Bendich A, Machlin LJ. Safety of oral intake of vitamin E. Meyers DG, Maloley PA, Weeks D.

Safety of antioxidant vitamins. Salonen JT, Alfthan G, Huttunen JK, Pikkarainen J, Puska P. Association between cardiovascular death and myocardial infarction and serum selenium in a matched-pair longitudinal study. Rimm EB, Katan MB, Ascherio A, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC.

Relation between intake of flavonoids and risk for coronary heart disease in male health professionals. Hertog MG, Feskens EJ, Hollman PC, Katan MB, Kromhout D. Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: the Zutphen Elderly Study.

Jialal I. Micronutrient modulation of nonconventional risk factors for CAD. In: The role of diet in reducing the risk of heart disease.

Supplementation supplemetns some Antioxidant supplements for heart health may benefit cardiovascular health, according to a meta-analysis published Dec. Peng An, Aging and wellnesset al. Ror thanpatients were involved in the combined studies. Specifically, the researchers looked at randomized, controlled intervention trials evaluating 27 different types of antioxidant supplements. The researchers found strong evidence that several of the antioxidant supplements offered cardiovascular benefit.