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Curtiss-Wright Surface Technologies: Thermal Spray Coatings Process (UPDATED)Antipathogenic surface finishes -
Arm rails, door handles, seats—these are all surfaces in public spaces that can spread viruses with so many people touching them as part of their daily life.
Distinguished University and Cabot Professor Laura Lewis, chemical engineering, jointly appointed in mechanical and industrial engineering, was awarded a National Science Foundation RAPID grant to mitigate this problem.
Cuprous oxide is reported as a highly effective antimicrobial compound. As a result, Autoliv seeks new ways to make steering wheels, seat belt components, and hip protector equipment antipathogenic without compromising high performance or safety requirements.
Autoliv already produces steering wheels with antibacterial surfaces but would like to explore resistance to other pathogens and expand to different product segments.
The aim is to find novel solutions to help make hip protectors, steering wheels, seatbelt plastics, and textile components antipathogenic. This includes resistance against bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. We are open to new materials, coatings, or surface treatment methods as long as product safety and component requirements are not compromised.
Solutions like surface treatments that need to be occasionally reapplied could also be considered. The emerging product category of hip protectors could be a viable first application for the solution due to their price insensitivity, less demanding performance requirements, and lower production volumes.
Steering wheels are likely to make a more lucrative business case for car interior solutions, as end customers are willing to pay for premium features.
Seatbelt components are also an exciting avenue to be explored, though their price sensitivity and production volumes are considerably higher. Being the market leader in automotive safety equipment, Autoliv can support a successful provider in reaching all significant OEMs and open the door for various other use cases in the safety product realm.
Autoliv is open to exploring different modes of collaboration, including but not restricted to co-commercialization of research, technology licensing, and delivery of a working, scalable solution. We can also support selling a re-applicable aftermarket solution.
The business potential for a successful solution is vast as the yearly production volumes range from tens of thousands of units in hip protectors to tens of millions in steering wheels and seatbelts.
A novel surface coating for steering wheels that makes them naturally antiviral without compromising safety or functionality. A novel material for seatbelt plastic and textile components that is antipathogenic can meet safety requirements and is cost-efficient in large-volume use.
One-third of the food produced globally is lost between production and consumption. Stora Enso, a leader in renewable packaging, is looking for innovative material providers to help fight that issue with advanced renewable and recyclable food packaging solutions, which would sufficiently preserve their contents and enable recyclability or reusability of the packaging materials.
We want to enhance our field support offering with augmented backend support capabilities. What will remote support look like in the future? Stora Enso, a leader in renewable packaging, wants to make packaging design and selection as easy as possible. We aim to create a digital service for our customers, designers, and sales representatives.
Can you help us to create a streamlined buying process for packaging designs with the help of cutting-edge technologies? Opportunity overview. Your opportunity with Autoliv. Examples we're looking for.
Hip protectors An antipathogenic treatment method for the material carrying the hip protection device. Antiviral steering wheel coating A novel surface coating for steering wheels that makes them naturally antiviral without compromising safety or functionality.
Antipathogenic seat belt component materials A novel material for seatbelt plastic and textile components that is antipathogenic can meet safety requirements and is cost-efficient in large-volume use. Autoliv is the worldwide leader in automotive safety systems. Journal of Biological Engineering volume 15 , Article number: 8 Cite this article.
Metrics details. Discussion is also provided concerning the suitability of copper cold spray material consolidations as biocidal and viricidal surfaces that retain long-term functionality as a preventative measure against fomite transmission of pathogenic agents and hospital-acquired infections from contaminated high-touch surfaces.
Numerable alternative antimicrobial coatings and surfaces that do not rely upon the oligodynamic action of copper are detailed. Given the ongoing need for recognition of said alternative antimicrobial materials by authoritative agencies, such as the U.
Environmental Protection Agency, the relevant literature on non-copper-based antipathogenic coatings and surfaces are then described.
Furthermore, a wide-ranging take on antipathogenic copper cold spray coatings are provided and consideration is given to the distinctive grain-boundary mediated copper ion diffusion pathways found in optimizable, highly deformed, copper cold spray material consolidations that enable pathogen inactivation on surfaces from direct contact.
Some have argued that the basic ideas underpinning cold gas-dynamic spray cold spray pre-date the conceptualization, research, and formalization that was performed by Papyrin et al.
in the late twentieth century given the early twentieth century documentation provided as part of two U. patent applications [ 1 , 2 ] ; however, cold spray was initially developed in its modern form at the Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Novosibirsk during the mids and early s [ 3 ].
Investigations into applying cold spray as a rapid consolidation and coating technology was adopted shortly after Papyrin et al. Generally speaking, cold spray is a solid-state materials consolidation technology that utilizes particulate feedstocks, which are transported using a heated carrier gas stream until departing a convergent-divergent de Laval nozzle and supersonically impacting a substrate.
As supersonically impacted particulates bond to the substrate, particle-to-particle bonding occurs as the process continues to consolidate powder in a layer-by-layer fashion.
Cold spray processing parameters vary, from the type of material used to construct the nozzle to the selection of the powder composition and the gas source. Normally, inert gases are used, such as helium or nitrogen.
A wide range of materials may be cold sprayed, which include composites, copper, aluminum, steel, and titanium, and are selected according to the requirements of a given application. There are a significant number of properties that can influence the high strain rate impact induced and deformation-driven bonding, ranging from the feedstock morphology and powder size distribution to carrier gas type, temperature and pressure, as well as deposition efficiency, applicator design, and nozzle type.
These are further compounded by traditional manufacturing factors like traverse speed, step size, etc. Keeping the aforementioned in mind, Fig.
Schematic of the copper cold spray process a. The nanostructured spray-dried agglomerated copper feedstock utilized to produce an antimicrobial cold spray coating is shown in b , while c presents a single particulate, d presents a cross-section of a single particle, and e is a cross-section of the resultant coating.
As an antimicrobial coating application, cold spray can be deposited onto various substrate materials at various processing temperatures and pressures, thus allowing for exceptionally high versatility in applications.
Additionally, because cold spray can be deposited through computer-generated pathways mounted on a robotic arm or as a handheld applicator, generating highly antimicrobial, or functional surfaces on preexisting parts is a highly feasible opportunity for improvement to both new and preexisting parts regardless of geometry.
Reemergence of copper as an antimicrobial touch surface application was investigated by Dick et al. at Battelle Columbus Laboratories [ 4 ]. Since then, the capitalization of materials with antimicrobial properties has been further explored breaking away from strictly metallic systems to polymeric and inorganic materials.
While it has been demonstrated that zinc and silver-containing systems have antimicrobial properties, copper has demonstrated significantly higher kill rates in a broader variety of bacteria and deactivation in viruses. Moreover, copper-containing implants have shown to be nontoxic in small concentrations [ 5 ], suggesting that antipathogenic copper-based biocompatible surfaces can be useful outside of fomite-mediated pathogen transmission prevention too.
From an experimentally minded vantage point, Champagne et al. evaluated the antimicrobial capabilities and properties of three uniquely procured copper coatings. Each of the three aforementioned copper coated surfaces were manufactured by way of three thermal spray-based material processing techniques [ 6 ].
More specifically, Champagne et al. considered plasma spray processed copper coated surfaces, arc spray processed copper coated surfaces, and finally cold spray materials consolidation processed copper coated surfaces as part of Champagne et al.
Beyond the fact that Champagne et al. was motivated to study various antimicrobial copper coatings produced via thermal spray techniques in general, Champagne et al. also wanted to test their postulation that the distinctive microstructures affiliated with each of the coatings would attain different antimicrobial efficacies based upon each of the three materials unique microstructures.
Upon surveying the microstructures associated with each respective copper coated surfaces, Champagne et al. Figure 2 presents the resultant microstructures of each of the coatings procured by Champagne et al.
and was adopted from the open source publication cited herein as reference [ 6 ]. Resultant microstructures of each of the coatings procured and was adopted from the open source publication cited herein as reference [ 6 ].
Once the plasma sprayed, arc sprayed, and cold sprayed copper coatings were structurally inspected via microscopy-based methods following successful deposition, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA , was selected as the infectious agent of interest for proof-of-concept exploration.
Antimicrobial efficacy evaluation was pursued by way of inoculating MRSA on the three copper coated and thermally sprayed surfaces. Since this review will retouch upon the work of Champagne et al.
at a later point, it behooves us to note that Rutkowska-Gorczyca studied the microstructure of a biocidal copper and titanium-dioxide composite surface built using low pressure cold spray [ 7 ]. Before Rutkowska-Gorczyca published [ 8 ], Sanpo et al.
assessed a copper and zinc-oxide composite cold spray surface to facilitate microbial contact killing and the proscription of Cobetia marina binding to the available surfaces submerged as part of the maritime ships of interest [ 9 ].
Outside of Sanpo et al. Such substantiating data follows from scholarly demonstrations of the fact that surface topography also, tends to impact the biocidal, and in some cases viricidal, activities of a given antimicrobial surface [ 11 ].
Accordingly, Fig. Copper release rate as a function of time, as well as the survival of E. coli strain K12 inoculated upon various copper surfaces with observable differences in surface roughness and topographies [ 12 ].
In fact, Vucko et al. Vucko et al. From Vucko et al. Also remarkable is the fact that while the bacterial agent was attempting to adhere to the metallized plastic-copper composite surface, the proliferation of the bacteria that made it to the antibacterial coatings was inhibited through direct contact even when surrounded by an otherwise oceanic environment.
Though Vucko et al. have brought the focus of this section of the review closer to the foci of antimicrobial, commercially pure, copper cold spray coatings, like those associated with Champagne et al. warrants consideration as another non-pure copper antibacterial cold spray approach.
Said otherwise, from a point of view that was relevant to the healthcare and agricultural industries, El-Eskandrany et al.
explored the use of a copper-containing Cu 50 Ti 20 Ni 30 alloyed metallic glass powder for antibacterial cold spray applications [ 14 ]. The reader is encouraged to explore such work after finishing the present review article for adequate appreciation of El- Eskandrany et al.
In any case, after Champagne et al. published their proof-of-concept study, the authors connected with Sundberg et al. in to study the capability of commercially pure copper cold spray surfaces to inactivate influenza A virus [ 15 ].
Sundberg et al. went a step further by way of also varying the copper powder fed into the high-pressure cold spray system to realize commercially pure copper cold spray coatings, which in one case contained the same microstructure ascertained in , whilst a second copper cold spray coating possessed a nanostructured and agglomerated crystallinity.
While Fig. Intriguingly, the nanostructured copper cold spray coating achieved a Figure 4 presents the results from Champagne et al. Nevertheless, Champagne et al. Said otherwise, Champagne et al. However, a article by Sousa et al. Rather than disregarding dislocation density when formulating a mathematical relation for the effective copper ion diffusivity, wherein the copper microstructure with the greatest effective copper ion diffusivity corresponds with the most antipathogenic crystal structure, Sousa et al.
presented the effective copper ion diffusivity as,. such that D eff is the effective ionic diffusivity, D o is the lattice diffusivity, D d is the pipe dislocation diffusivity, ρ d is the dislocation density, and a is the average dislocation radius. On the other hand, Sousa et al. incorporated and demonstrated essential refinements to the way in which an effective ionic diffusivity need be presented to represent the microstructures associated with the copper cold spray coatings such that,.
Outside the realm of strictly microstructure-mediated contact killing and inactivation mechanisms, in , Sundberg et al. performed said characterization via atomic force microscopy and three-dimensional confocal microscopy in an attempt to more clearly, coherently and readily appreciate the enhanced viricidal activity of the nanostructured copper cold spray coating vs.
Also, in , Sundberg et al. supplemented their prior work with copper ion release rate analysis and copper cold spray coating corrosion evaluation. Said corrosion studies were pursued in an attempt to better appreciate the chemical reactivity at the surface [ 19 ].
Finally, Fig. scale and complexity vs. scale plots for the two copper cold spray coatings of relevance, as reported by Sousa et al. Multiscale area and complexity characterizations ASME B MRSA bacteria and influenza A virus sizes given for size-scale reference [ 17 ].
In so far as the copper-oxide species present at the surface are concerned, which may take the chemical form of Cu 2 O and CuO, each individual oxide species effects the biocidal and viricidal capacity of a pure copper material in a variety of ways.
Both Cu 2 O and CuO have previously been found to diffuse copper ions at different rates [ 20 ]. Returning to the matter of copper-oxide species, CuO has previously been found to maintain a lower copper ion release rate in general than that of Cu 2 O.
Given the apparent importance of copper-oxide surface species and copper ion speciation research was also performed by Sundberg et al.
to inspect the copper cold spray coatings in greater detail as well [ 21 ]. More to the point, using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, some of the authors of this review characterized the surface oxide species located upon the conventional and nanostructured antimicrobial copper cold sprayed surfaces.
While copper is obviously the antimicrobial metal of relevance and relevance herein, one may also note that antipathogenic surfaces have previously been presented within the literature that used non-copper-based cold spray feedstock materials too. For more details on said non-copper-based alternatives that also employed cold spray to generate bio-functional and antimicrobial surfaces, one ought to consider the subsection of Vilardell et al.
In a study conducted by Tamai et al. Tamai et al. aureus , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Klebsiella pneumoniae , with suitably high efficacy in relation to the S. aureus and P. aeruginosa bacterium; however, the cold spray ZnO containing composite coating was less successful in so far as the bacterial agent K.
pneumoniae is concerned. pneumoniae only decreased roughly two orders of magnitude. The antimicrobial effect against K.
pneumoniae was less than that against other species of bacteria. However, one of the unique properties of ZnO is that it exhibits photocatalytic properties meaning that this could be a mechanism which can promote antimicrobial properties in this coating. While the application expands outside of the traditional scope of antimicrobial coatings in the sense of conventional high touch surfaces, polymeric membranes for biofunctionalization consisting of cellulose acetate, polyamide, and polyvinylidene-difluoride were cold sprayed as bio-fouling resistant coatings.
When silver nanoparticles were impregnated into this membrane and sprayed, surface patterns generated a functionalized surface that reduced the permeation of microbes [ 24 ]. On the other hand, a chitosan-copper complex was tested by Sanpo et al.
coli compared to 1. Noppakun then demonstrated exceptional Gram-positive antimicrobial properties when compared to Al-ZnO and ZnO. coli demonstrating the feasibility of depositing the biopolymer with copper when blended with aluminum.
In this work there was a seven order of magnitude drop in E. The critical need for functionalized antipathogenic material solutions for use in biomedical and healthcare settings has continued to garner greater attention as the state of antibiotic resistance concurrently worsens [ 28 ].
Such an immediate need for antimicrobial, antibacterial, antiviral, and in some cases antifungal, materials and coatings that are, in particular case scenarios, even more exotic than that of nanostructured copper cold spray coatings, for example, are not only due to the public health threats associated with complete antibiotic resistance.
Rather, the incidence of highly transmissible, potentially life-threatening and contagious viral and bacterial outbreaks, like that of the present SARS-CoV-2 global pandemic, also motivates creative materials design, functionalization and applied research and development to be undertaken with respect to the creation and identification of prospective alternative antimicrobial surfaces.
That being said, the unique alternative antipathogenic materials and coatings presented within the relevant scholarly literature are widespread, unapproved by regulatory agencies such as the EPA and CDC for the most part and achieve varying degrees of viability when cost, complexity, potential human toxicity and mechanical integrity are considered holistically.
Nevertheless, even with the aforementioned in mind, noteworthy examples of the alternative antipathogenic materials identified within relatively recent academic literature are subsequently detailed. Sikder et al. reported upon the successful creation of a trimagnesium phosphate hydrate nanofilm that was of a single phase and doped with silver for use as an antibacterial nanosheet coating [ 30 ], which was applied to poly ether-ether-ketone , a common material used in biocompatible implants [ 30 ].
The silver-doped version of Sikder et al. coli and Gram-positive S. aureus , which are bacterial agents considered to be common strains associated with hospital-acquired infection, whilst also confirming non-cytotoxicity through 3- 4,5-Dimethylthiazolyl -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assaying coupled with microscopy-based analysis.
Regarding the titanium dioxide nanoparticle and silver nanoparticle composite films, Li et al. volatized a solvent to fabricate polylactide titanium dioxide nanoparticle and blended polylactide titanium dioxide nanoparticle and silver nanoparticle composite antimicrobial packaging films [ 31 ].
Even though the blended composite films developed by Li et al. resulted in a less transparent film, the inclusion of titanium dioxide nanoparticles as well as silver nanoparticles enhanced the packaging films thermal stability according to thermogravimetric analysis.
As for antibacterial capacity, acceptable antimicrobial ability was found to be associated with the blended polylactide titanium dioxide nanoparticle and silver nanoparticle films using E. coli and Listeria monocytogenes as the bacterial pathogens.
While Li et al. Questionable viability of Li et al. Furthermore, the mechanical integrity of composite films also comes into question since the mechanical tensile strength and modulus of elasticity decreased with increased nanoparticle, i.
increased antimicrobial agent, concentrations. Though driven, at least partially, by the preemptive societal gains in health and wellness, the creatively exotic and unusual materials engineering solutions entertained within the global research community in an effort to tackle surface-contact-meditated transmission of infectious pathogens most likely follows from the conceivable fiscal reward that could be amassed.
More clearly, such venturous research and development modalities being reported upon within the scholarly outlets of relevance was likely stimulated by monetary projections signifying that the marketplace for antimicrobial materials and surfaces will likely reach more than 8 billion USD by the mids.
Given such a vast economic incentive, one more easily appreciates the rationale surrounding the reasons why such unorthodox coatings and surfaces were considered in the first place even most if not all of those listed above have not been recognized by relevant regulatory agencies as being dependably antimicrobial.
As for material solutions that have been identified as consistently antipathogenic, the EPA offered researchers the scaffolding needed to reliably develop antimicrobial functional surfaces. Because of the fact that many of the alternative antipathogenic materials and coatings of significance did not utilize copper in accordance with the EPA, alternative antipathogenic copper-based surfaces are considered hereafter.
Given the numerable production and fabrication approaches available for copper-based alternative antipathogenic copper-containing materials and coatings procurement, a handful of current research articles are situated within the array of antipathogenic copper surfaces published upon thus far.
Hence, research by Haider et al. will be discussed first. Specifically, a hybrid poly- lactide-co-glycolide and copper-oxide nanoparticle containing composite nanofiber-based scaffolding was developed by Haider et al.
by way of electrospinning [ 32 ]. The dependence upon the use of nanoparticles by Harider et al. raises concerns and questions surrounding the viability of extending Haider et al.
Such concerns from the potential health effects and human toxicity associated with the ingestion of detached nanoparticles from the poly- lactide-co-glycolide base material. Nevertheless, Haider et al. noted that, at the very least, poly- lactide-co-glycolide on its own had been authorized for use by the U.
Food and Drug Administration. In any case, antibacterial testing demonstrated inhibited bacterial growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains, leading Hairder et al. Therefore, Haider et al.
would have likely achieved even greater antipathogenic performance if Cu 2 O nanoparticles were used in place of CuO nanoparticles. From the vantage point of another composite based material, although comprised of a copper-zirconium-aluminum metallic glass composite rather than a poly- lactide-co-glycolide and metal-oxide nanoparticle composite in the case of Hairder et al.
published two studies centered upon the antimicrobial behavior of said copper-based metallic glass composites [ 33 , 34 ].
In one of the studies, the antibacterial behavior of Villapun et al. Villapun et al. noted that the crystallinity of the metallic glass composite increased proportionally with respect to the copper content. While Villapun et al.
were also interested in the wear and mechanical properties of the composite compositions studied during the course of their research, the antimicrobial testing analysis identified the Cu 56 Zr
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Synthetic fibers Antipahtogenic a source of nutrition, and the natural fibers contain water, nutrients, and oxygen due to their origin and production Andra et al. The production techniques vary according to the type of fiber and desired product woven, knit, or non-woven Wang et al.
Woven, knit, and non-woven fabrics are structures that depend on how they are constructed and provide different properties. Woven fabrics have fibers intertwined at right angles 90° angles ; a checkered pattern is created by interlacing horizontal fibers over and under vertical fibers.
A knit is made by pulling loops of thread, creating a more stretchy sheet than other structures. Non-woven fabrics have the fibers bonded to form a fabric, involving mechanical, chemical, or thermal processes; they are less expensive to produce and have poor "memory" and laundering durability Songer Adapted from Wang et al.
Natural fibers can be obtained from plants, such as cotton, flax, hemp, and others; in this case, they are cellulose-based. Alternatively, animal fibers, such as wool, cashmere, silk, and others, are also employed as a raw material; i.
they can be protein-based. One of the most used fibers is cotton due to its suitable properties such as high strength, long durability, temperature resistance, softness, and breathability. Another natural fiber that also stands out in the textile industry is wool, usually from sheep, which is an excellent thermal insulator.
In addition, wool absorbs a large amount of water, has higher temperature resistance than cotton or some synthetic fibers, has a lower rate of flame spread, and is considered hypoallergenic T for Textile Manufactured fibers are obtained from modifying natural polymers such as acetate and viscose or from chemically synthesized polymers such as polyester, polyamide, polyethylene, acrylics, and elastane.
In either case, the fibers can be tailored to offer required properties such as strength, durability, and breathability, among others. Those manufactured fibers can present fire resistance, stiffness, high softening point, and melting ability for spinning T for Textile In a functional textile, the antipathogenic properties are associated with antipathogenic agents, which generally have an inorganic nature.
These agents are compounds capable of preventing the growth of microorganisms. Several inorganic agents are reported in the literature. The most studied and explored is silver Durán et al. Adapted from Harifi and MontazerGalkina et al. SEM images of antipathogenic agents on fabrics.
A Ag nanoparticles on cotton El-Naggar et al. B Zinc oxide on PP Fiedot-Toboła et al. C Titania on cotton Galkina et al. D Iron oxide on polyester Harifi and Montazer Silver presents excellent potential as an antipathogenic agent for textile products, both in metallic and ionic forms.
Silver is toxic to several microorganisms, but it is non-toxic in low concentrations for humans Sondi and Salopek-Sondi ; Morones et al. Either in metal or ion form, silver interacts in several molecular processes with the microorganisms and can decrease their growth and infection power.
In the case of pathogens, silver can act by destroying the membrane or binding the proteins that cover the pathogens Deshmukh et al. Balagna et al. They used radiofrequency in silver nanoclusters and silica-based spraying on the mask surface.
In one of the tests, the coating completely removed the cytopathic effect, which can extend the life of the personal protective equipment used. Ag-based material was incorporated into polycotton fabrics, and the inhibition power of SARS-CoV-2 was evaluated by Tremiliosi et al.
It was demonstrated that the AgNPs impregnated in the tissue interfere with replication and prevent contamination.
Ali et al. developed nanocomposites containing silver nanoparticles. coli, S. aureus, Influenza A virus H3N2, Feline calicivirus FCV and Candida albicansobtaining good and promising results in all properties tested, creating a multifunctional composite Ali et al.
Another evaluative study was performed by El-Naggar et al. Besides evaluating the antipathogenic effect, the work synthesized AgNPs from the reduction of silver ions. After the tests, the action against the pathogens S.
aureusE. coli, and C. albicans was verified, proving to be effective through a qualitative test. Firoz Babu et al. Again, the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was inhibited by silver nanoparticles and evaluated through quantitative tests.
Falletta et al. aureusS. epidermidisP. aeruginosaand C. The three fabrics showed a good antipathogenic effect. Moreover, it was possible to notice that wool obtained a lower result than the other fabrics due to the low adherence of particles in the textile, which was analyzed by UV—Visible Absorption.
Antimicrobial activity on cotton was reported by Zhang et al. However, most of the antipathogenic composition on the fabric surface was composed of Ag 0.
In the study, the silver activity showed a aureus and E. The tissues can go through a pre-treatment process to improve some properties. In this case, amino-terminated hyperbranched polymer HBP-NH 2 was added to improve the dyeability and silver fixing, which did not interfere with the antipathogenic action.
Kelly and Johnston developed a fabric with silver in ion and metal forms. In this study, trisodium citrate TSC was added as a binder. The increase in TSC concentration improved the incorporation of nanoparticles, consequently achieving a higher antipathogenic action.
Durán et al. Moreover, this study presented an alternative to minimize silver rejection using Chromobacterium violaceum. In this case, biosorption proved efficient, avoiding the remaining silver being released into effluents. Tomšič et al. The antipathogenic action against the growth inhibition of the pathogens E.
coliA. nigerand C. globosum was evaluated. The sol—gel immersed samples obtained a higher amount of impregnated silver, which improved the performance. In addition, the curing temperature variation was evaluated, but it did not significantly influence the process.
Nevertheless, a preoccupation is the development of super-resistant bacteria, as already reported Prasher et al. Some studies have also shown surface alterations or mutations in organisms when exposed to silver Graves et al. Moreover, silver action mechanisms are still under investigation.
: Antipathogenic surface finishes| Data availability | After 2 weeks, the fabric composed only of cotton without coating was worn out, and the test could not be carried out. Therefore, the ZnO protected the fabric against the action of microbes, delaying the decomposition. When antipathogenic agents are incorporated into textiles, doubts have arisen about the degradation of mechanical properties, as many of these agents use ROS, and this mechanism could also affect the fabric. In a recent paper, Tania and Ali carried out tests to evaluate some mechanical properties of fabric after the introduction of an antipathogenic agent. Using the pad dry cure, cotton was covered with ZnO nanoparticles to obtain a fabric with anti-pathogenic properties. In this case, it was tested against E. Thus, ZnO reduces the tensile strength of cotton when used alone. However, when polyethylene wax emulsion was added, an improvement was observed due to a polymeric bonding. For elongation and tearing strength tests, the results showed the same trend. One of the concerns about textiles that contain antipathogenic particles is the impact of leaching into the environment. Some studies on antipathogenic agents have reported releasing of contaminants. As already mentioned, silver in contact with microorganisms can cause genetic changes and poses danger to natural and necessary microorganisms. Graves et al. coli bacteria to AgNPs. The genomic analyses showed the bacterium evolution and the development of resistance to AgNPs, through successive mutations. Kaweeteerawat et al. aureus to a sublethal dose AgNPs, these microorganisms increased the resistance toward antibiotics ampicillin and Pen-Strep. Furthermore, in the sample pretreated the membrane damage and oxidative stress decreased, suggesting AgNps can stimulate mutations. TiO 2 occurs in large quantities in wastewater, especially in sediments. Because of its low solubility, it becomes more resistant Tourinho et al. When leached, titania nanoparticles can be released into aquatic environments and be harmful to organisms essential to the ecosystem. Valério et al. Acute sublethal effects were recorded in zebrafish embryos at different stages of development, related to the release of TiO 2 nanoparticles into the aquatic environment Fig. Adapted from Valério et al. Structural defects, such as yolk deformations, pericardial edemas, arched tails, and others, can be observed in the developmental traits of zebrafish larvae induced by TiO 2. Other studies Andy et al. In comparison, iron oxide seems to present lower toxicity towards the bacteria Shewanella oneidensis. Nevertheless, if necessary, prevention techniques can be incorporated into water treatment. In the case of silver, it can be absorbed by a fungus C. violaceum Durán et al. In addition, if the fabrics have been modified, so their behavior will be different, which can delay their decomposition. The natural degradation of fibers or textiles is caused by microorganisms, which can suffer from the antipathogenic effect of the agents. Tourinho et al. Of the compounds reported, TiO 2 was shown to be less toxic than Ag and ZnO against soil organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans , Eisenia fétida , and Porcellio scaber. In the soil, these agents can still influence the crops, as in the case of ZnO decreasing the germination and growth of some plants, and TiO 2 in high doses can be phytotoxic Andy et al. When these compounds are available in the environment, consumption and contact with animals and humans are possible. Moreover, during the use of textiles, antipathogenic agents can pose risks to the user's skin and penetrate and damage cells Simončič and Tomšič For instance, Ingle et al. However, it is worth noting that a high concentration of metal ions or nanoparticles is required to cause problems in humans. Furthermore, as mentioned, it is possible to increase the fixation of the particles to the fabric, making the release more difficult and reducing the environmental impact. Since the mids, there have been patent applications for woven or non-woven fibers and textiles with antipathogenic properties antifungal or antimicrobial. In these applications, several antipathogenic agents have been exploited, such as silver, silver nitrate, copper, copper oxide, zinc oxide, iron oxide, titanium dioxide, polyphenol, chitosan, triclosan, and carbon nanotubes, among others. These textiles can be applied in clothing, protective equipment such as masks, gloves, aprons, health care items, households, and similar. Lau et al. Two patents focusing on attractive applications were published recently Gabbay , In a case, after the harvest, fruits such as strawberries, are susceptible to attacks by microorganisms, so the idea of developing a polymeric fabric with antimicrobial and antiviral properties for food packaging came up. The polymeric blend was investigated in three situations against HIV-1, 1 Polymeric Fiber without CuO and Cu 2 O. The antibacterial and antifungal tests exhibited an inhibitory zone, indicating the effect of biocide. Another application for commercial use was presented by Sahin et al. The invention is based on woven or non-woven fabrics with antipathogenic, and hydrophilic properties, for sanitary pads, bladder pads, tampons, and diapers. The development of microorganisms is favorable due to the conditions of use, so this technology can prevent diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The application of antipathogenic fabrics is not limited to just one property. Other properties, such as UV blocking, self-cleaning, hydrophobicity, and others, can be obtained and combined. This raises the expectation of growth, added to the high demand for antipathogenic materials. Moreover, the problems with particle leaching can be controlled through different methodologies used, minimizing impacts on the environment. Textile functionalization can be promising for fibers and textiles, as the current demand for antipathogenic products is expected to increase in the coming years. Metal oxides and metals present stability and compatibility and are widely in demand due to their antipathogenic potential. Various types of fabrics and processing techniques can be combined to produce antipathogenic woven or non-woven textiles. Thus, a wide variety of fabrics can be manufactured with the desired properties for each application. Cellulose fabrics provide biodegradability and are more eco-friendly, the versatility and properties of this fabric lead to large production and consumption. However, it is important to choose processing techniques that optimize the antipathogenic agents' fixation in the fabric. Some compounds can favor resistance to substances used in the medicinal environment. The incorporation of agents during finishing can impair fixation. Studies have shown that sonochemical techniques offer better adhesion than dip-coating, for instance. If possible, agents should be incorporated during fiber formation, offering better fixation and consequently less leaching to the environment, and the use of binders should be considered. There is a growing demand for antipathogen tissues, and the variety of agents and tissues leads to diverse applications, thus increasing their use even more. Therefore, investigations on antipathogenic properties of various compounds are becoming more and more common. 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Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV New England Journal of Medicine. West and S. West R, Michie S, Rubin GJ, Amlôt R. Applying principles of behaviour change to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Nat Hum Behav. Han Y, Yang H. The transmission and diagnosis of novel coronavirus infection disease COVID : a Chinese perspective. J Med Virol. Michels HT, Michels CA. Can copper help fight COVID? Sousa BC, Cote DL. Supersonically deposited antiviral copper coatings. Sundberg K, Sousa BC, Schreiber J, Walde CE, Eden TJ, Sisson RD, Cote DL. Finite element modeling of single-particle impacts for the optimization of antimicrobial copper cold spray coatings. Sousa, M. Gleason and D. Antimicrobial copper cold spray coatings and SARS-CoV-2 surface inactivation. MRS Advances. Download references. Thank you to past co-authors who elected to publish our earlier work in open access journals. Previous coauthors include Victor K. Champagne, Jr. ARL , Yanggang Wang WPI , Brajendra Mishra WPI , Alexander Carl WPI , Ronald Grimm WPI , Alino Te Solvus Global, LLC , Lindsay Lozeau WPI , Richard D. Sisson, Jr. WPI , Baillie Haddad VRC Metal Systems, LLC , Christopher Brown WPI , Jeremy Schreiber PSU , Tim Eden PSU , Caitlin Walde Solvus Global, LLC , Swetaparna Mohanty UMass Amherst , Kristin Sundberg Raytheon Technologies and Jae-Hwang Lee UMass Amherst. This research was funded in part by U. Army Research Laboratory ARL , grant number WNF Materials Science and Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Institute Road, Worcester, MA, , USA. Bryer C. Sousa, Christopher J. Massar, Matthew A. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. BS was a major contributor in writing the manuscript. DC, MG and CM contributed equally to the writing process. BS gathered the sources and analyzed them for this review. MG, DC and CM also analyzed the sources gathered by BS. The author s read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Bryer C. Sousa or Danielle L. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Reprints and permissions. Sousa, B. et al. On the emergence of antibacterial and antiviral copper cold spray coatings. J Biol Eng 15 , 8 Download citation. Received : 21 October Accepted : 19 January Published : 24 February Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Review Open access Published: 24 February On the emergence of antibacterial and antiviral copper cold spray coatings Bryer C. Sousa ORCID: orcid. Massar 1 , Matthew A. Cote 1 Show authors Journal of Biological Engineering volume 15 , Article number: 8 Cite this article Accesses 14 Citations Metrics details. Introduction and background Some have argued that the basic ideas underpinning cold gas-dynamic spray cold spray pre-date the conceptualization, research, and formalization that was performed by Papyrin et al. Full size image. Availability of data and materials Not applicable. Dollar HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Viruses AIDS: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome CDC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention SARS-CoV Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 VRE: Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci. References Thurston SH. Google Scholar Thurston SH. Google Scholar Papyrin A, Kosarev V, Klinkov S, Alkhimov A, Fomin VM. Article Google Scholar Champagne VK, Helfritch DJ. Article Google Scholar Rutkowska-Gorczyca M. Article Google Scholar Bleichert P, Espírito Santo C, Hanczaruk M, Meyer H, Grass G. Article Google Scholar Selvamani V, et al. Article Google Scholar El-Eskandrany MS, Al-Azmi A. Article Google Scholar K. Article Google Scholar Sundberg K, et al. Google Scholar K. Article Google Scholar Vilardell AM, Cinca N, Concustell A, Dosta S, Cano IG, Guilemany JM. Article Google Scholar Tamai K, Kawate K, Kawahara I, Takakura Y, Sakaki K. Article Google Scholar Dumée LF, et al. Article Google Scholar Sanpo N, Tan ML, Cheang P, Khor KA. 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Lewis notes that one potential consequence of current widespread hand sanitizer usage is antibiotic-resistant bacteria; however, she is hopeful that these studies will quickly lead to materials design recipes strategies, methods, prescriptions, rules to develop solutions for public spaces. Abstract Source: NSF. |
| Your opportunity with Autoliv | Lewis notes that one potential consequence of current widespread hand sanitizer usage is antibiotic-resistant bacteria; however, she is hopeful that these studies will quickly lead to materials design recipes strategies, methods, prescriptions, rules to develop solutions for public spaces. Abstract Source: NSF. TECHNICAL DETAILS: Correlations between the cuprous oxide lattice defect condition and its antipathogenic response to representative organisms are quantified through structural and electronic probes, including magnetometry and photoabsorption. Those pathogens can cause recurring diseases by direct or indirect transmission. Particularly, airborne microorganisms may cause respiratory diseases or skin infections like allergies and acne and the use of inorganic agents such as metal and metal oxides has proven effective in antipathogen applications. This review is a tutorial on how to obtain functional fabric with processes easily applied for industrial scale. Also, this paper summarizes relevant textiles and respective incorporated inorganic agents, including their antipathogenic mechanism of action. In addition, the processing methods and functional finishing, on a laboratory and industrial scale, to obtain a functional textile are shown. Characterization techniques, including antipathogenic activity and durability, mechanical properties, safety, and environmental issues, are presented. Challenges and perspectives on the broader use of antipathogenic fabrics are discussed. Several pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses are present in everyday life and can cause respiratory problems, skin infections, intestinal complications, and virus diseases. Functionalized textiles can be applied in various areas, mainly in health care, industry packaging, water disinfection, air filtration, etc. Antipathogenic fabrics have broad applicability and can help prevent or solve common issues such as odor releasing or even rare events such as pandemics. Fabrics from natural or synthetic sources can be used. In the past, synthetic fabrics have dominated the market, but they have been losing ground to cellulose-based fibers natural from plants and modified. The hydroxyl groups in cellulose give stiffness and strength to the fiber, and they are comfortable and biodegradable. For this reason, they are applied in several areas, which led to a high demand Uddin ; Emam ; Felgueiras et al. These antipathogenic fabrics can be obtained from the fixation of antipathogenic agents, which can be inorganic or organic and can also be classified as natural or synthetic. The inorganic agents have been emerging due to their antipathogenic potential. And also because they are compatible and present durability in the antipathogenic effect Raghunath and Perumal Various inorganic agents can be used against pathogens, such as silver, copper, titania, or iron oxides Gao and Cranston ; Simončič and Tomšič ; Andra et al. In addition, incorporating antipathogenic agents into textiles or non-woven materials can provide specific or enhanced properties, such as UV-protection, self-cleaning, conductive and others Gao and Cranston ; Raghunath and Perumal ; Ibrahim et al. In this review, we present and discuss the processing of antipathogenic fabrics functionalized, detailing different fabrics and different agents, manufacturing and finishing technologies for antipathogenic fabrics applicable on an industrial scale, their activity evaluation, their safety, and associated environmental issues. Fabrics are formed by fibers, which can be classified on their origin Fig. In general, natural fibers have a short length stapled fibers , and manufactured fibers are continuous filaments and can be used as a staple Lord Both natural and synthetic fibers can favor the growth of pathogens. Synthetic fibers provide a source of nutrition, and the natural fibers contain water, nutrients, and oxygen due to their origin and production Andra et al. The production techniques vary according to the type of fiber and desired product woven, knit, or non-woven Wang et al. Woven, knit, and non-woven fabrics are structures that depend on how they are constructed and provide different properties. Woven fabrics have fibers intertwined at right angles 90° angles ; a checkered pattern is created by interlacing horizontal fibers over and under vertical fibers. A knit is made by pulling loops of thread, creating a more stretchy sheet than other structures. Non-woven fabrics have the fibers bonded to form a fabric, involving mechanical, chemical, or thermal processes; they are less expensive to produce and have poor "memory" and laundering durability Songer Adapted from Wang et al. Natural fibers can be obtained from plants, such as cotton, flax, hemp, and others; in this case, they are cellulose-based. Alternatively, animal fibers, such as wool, cashmere, silk, and others, are also employed as a raw material; i. they can be protein-based. One of the most used fibers is cotton due to its suitable properties such as high strength, long durability, temperature resistance, softness, and breathability. Another natural fiber that also stands out in the textile industry is wool, usually from sheep, which is an excellent thermal insulator. In addition, wool absorbs a large amount of water, has higher temperature resistance than cotton or some synthetic fibers, has a lower rate of flame spread, and is considered hypoallergenic T for Textile Manufactured fibers are obtained from modifying natural polymers such as acetate and viscose or from chemically synthesized polymers such as polyester, polyamide, polyethylene, acrylics, and elastane. In either case, the fibers can be tailored to offer required properties such as strength, durability, and breathability, among others. Those manufactured fibers can present fire resistance, stiffness, high softening point, and melting ability for spinning T for Textile In a functional textile, the antipathogenic properties are associated with antipathogenic agents, which generally have an inorganic nature. These agents are compounds capable of preventing the growth of microorganisms. Several inorganic agents are reported in the literature. The most studied and explored is silver Durán et al. Adapted from Harifi and Montazer , Galkina et al. SEM images of antipathogenic agents on fabrics. A Ag nanoparticles on cotton El-Naggar et al. B Zinc oxide on PP Fiedot-Toboła et al. C Titania on cotton Galkina et al. D Iron oxide on polyester Harifi and Montazer Silver presents excellent potential as an antipathogenic agent for textile products, both in metallic and ionic forms. Silver is toxic to several microorganisms, but it is non-toxic in low concentrations for humans Sondi and Salopek-Sondi ; Morones et al. Either in metal or ion form, silver interacts in several molecular processes with the microorganisms and can decrease their growth and infection power. In the case of pathogens, silver can act by destroying the membrane or binding the proteins that cover the pathogens Deshmukh et al. Balagna et al. They used radiofrequency in silver nanoclusters and silica-based spraying on the mask surface. In one of the tests, the coating completely removed the cytopathic effect, which can extend the life of the personal protective equipment used. Ag-based material was incorporated into polycotton fabrics, and the inhibition power of SARS-CoV-2 was evaluated by Tremiliosi et al. It was demonstrated that the AgNPs impregnated in the tissue interfere with replication and prevent contamination. Ali et al. developed nanocomposites containing silver nanoparticles. coli, S. aureus, Influenza A virus H3N2, Feline calicivirus FCV and Candida albicans , obtaining good and promising results in all properties tested, creating a multifunctional composite Ali et al. Another evaluative study was performed by El-Naggar et al. Besides evaluating the antipathogenic effect, the work synthesized AgNPs from the reduction of silver ions. After the tests, the action against the pathogens S. aureus , E. coli, and C. albicans was verified, proving to be effective through a qualitative test. Firoz Babu et al. Again, the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was inhibited by silver nanoparticles and evaluated through quantitative tests. Falletta et al. aureus , S. epidermidis , P. aeruginosa , and C. The three fabrics showed a good antipathogenic effect. Moreover, it was possible to notice that wool obtained a lower result than the other fabrics due to the low adherence of particles in the textile, which was analyzed by UV—Visible Absorption. Antimicrobial activity on cotton was reported by Zhang et al. However, most of the antipathogenic composition on the fabric surface was composed of Ag 0. In the study, the silver activity showed a aureus and E. The tissues can go through a pre-treatment process to improve some properties. In this case, amino-terminated hyperbranched polymer HBP-NH 2 was added to improve the dyeability and silver fixing, which did not interfere with the antipathogenic action. Kelly and Johnston developed a fabric with silver in ion and metal forms. In this study, trisodium citrate TSC was added as a binder. The increase in TSC concentration improved the incorporation of nanoparticles, consequently achieving a higher antipathogenic action. Durán et al. Moreover, this study presented an alternative to minimize silver rejection using Chromobacterium violaceum. In this case, biosorption proved efficient, avoiding the remaining silver being released into effluents. Tomšič et al. The antipathogenic action against the growth inhibition of the pathogens E. coli , A. niger , and C. globosum was evaluated. The sol—gel immersed samples obtained a higher amount of impregnated silver, which improved the performance. In addition, the curing temperature variation was evaluated, but it did not significantly influence the process. Nevertheless, a preoccupation is the development of super-resistant bacteria, as already reported Prasher et al. Some studies have also shown surface alterations or mutations in organisms when exposed to silver Graves et al. Moreover, silver action mechanisms are still under investigation. Another widely used antipathogenic agent is copper, either in metal or ion form as copper oxide, iodide, and silicate. However, copper ions are more common than copper metal, since copper metal can undergo oxidation, so some strategies must be adopted to prevent it Xu et al. Xu et al. The authors used thioglycolic acid TGA and citric acid as additives to increase durability and protect the copper from oxidation. The antipathogenic action was evaluated against E. coli and S. aureus after 50 washes. Sharma et al. coli , respectively. As in the previous study, the antipathogenic action was evaluated after 50 washes, but, in this case, no binder was added. An N95 mask with impregnated copper oxide was designed with 4 layers, one of which was a functional layer. Furthermore, several mask parameters were tested, such as bacterial filtration efficacy, differential pressure, and resistance to penetration; in all cases, the performance was satisfactory Borkow et al. Shahid et al. developed multifunctional textiles from the incorporation of copper oxide particles, Cu 2 O. In this work, the particles were synthesized with different reducing agents, which influenced the final antipathogenic potential of each sample. From the three reducing agents, glucose, ascorbic acid and sodium hydrosulphite, the particles produced through the last agent obtained better results in the inhibition of E. aureus Shahid et al. The bactericidal potential of copper oxide against S. coli was investigated by El-Nahhal et al. In this case, CuO nanoparticles were deposited on cotton fibers, and the antipathogenic action demonstrated complete growth inhibition. Vasantharaj et al. After synthesis, a piece of impregnated cotton fabric was qualitatively tested against bacteria E. coli , S. aureus , and K. pneumoniae with satisfactory results. Studies have also reported the antipathogen activity of titanium dioxide titania, TiO 2 , which has a well-known photocatalytic activity. When irradiated, TiO 2 produces radicals that help in the antipathogen action. Titania comes in three phases: anatase, rutile, and brookite. As anatase, it presents better photocatalytic performance. Moreover, some studies report the activity in the dark Galkina et al. The antimicrobial activity of facial masks containing titanium dioxide and silver nitrate coating was analyzed against E. aureus was observed Li et al. Galkina et al. BTCA was used to ensure a better uniformity in the modification of the fiber structure. The modified cotton was evaluated against E. Prorokova et al. aureus , and C. albicans , respectively. Polyamide fibers with TiO 2 anatase and rutile were prepared by electrospinning, and antipathogenic, hydrophilic fibers were obtained Pant et al. Moreover, the addition of TiO 2 improved some properties like mechanical strength and UV blocking. The antipathogenic activity was evaluated against E. coli under UV light, and inhibition of bacterial growth was shown. Karimi et al. The reduction against E. Like titania, zinc oxide ZnO has photocatalytic properties, which are essential for antipathogenic activity. ZnO comes in three phases: wurtzite, zinc blende, and rock salt. Wurtzite is the most stable and common phase. El-Nahhal et al. In another work, El-Nahhal et al. The impregnation occurred by the sonochemical method using starch as an additive, and the potential against E. aureus was evaluated. After 10 washes, the reduction dropped to aureus , respectively. Fiedot-Toboła et al. The matrix change had no direct influence on the antipathogenic action of ZnO; however, hydrophobic surfaces PA showed larger particle clusters than hydrophilic surfaces PP and PET. Furthermore, magnetic particles can bind more strongly to the pathogen Harifi and Montazer Harifi and Montazer developed multifunctional fabrics based on polyester, with nanoparticles of either magnetite Fe 3 O 4 or hematite Fe 2 O 3 , which were synthesized in situ. In addition to other properties, the antipathogenic effect of magnetite and hematite against S. Another multifunctional fabric was the subject of the study by Rastgoo et al. The inactivation of the influenza virus by Fe 3 O 4 was compared to the performance of peroxidase and catalase enzymes. Magnetite was incorporated into facial masks in different concentrations 0. TCID 50 and hemagglutinin activities were measured, and levels were evaluated at 0. The application with 0. The application of particles in fabrics can be made in several ways, along with the manufacturing process of fibers and textiles Schindler and Hauser ; Gao and Cranston Functionalized substances can be obtained through chemical and physical processes. The antipathogenic agent is usually incorporated in the last processing stage of wet-processing, i. Alternatively, it is also possible to integrate the antipathogenic agents during the formation of the fibers, i. General steps of fabrics production. Antipathogenic agents can be added to fiber preparation or finishing. Dip-coating, pad-dry-cure, and sonication are widely used methods, which consist of a direct application of a colloidal dispersion containing the particles, through the immersion of the tissue in the dispersion. Details on each process are discussed below. Dip coating is a simple and easy method to apply but does not provide a uniform coating. On the other side, this process can be used in fibers or fabrics and causes no damage or distortions to the fabric or fibers Joshi and Butola It consists of immersing the fabric in a suspension Fig. Therefore, the materials antipathogenic agents are dispersed in solutions that will coat a surface fabric , then the fabric is put to dry. Many parameters can influence the results, such as viscosity, immersion time, speed, surface tension, etc. Tang and Yan Dip coating was used by Kumar , in which a piece of cotton fabric was immersed in a suspension containing the silver particles for 1 h and then dried at °C. Lin et al. The cotton textile was immersed in a dispersion containing DDS-SiO 2 particles in DMF for 5 min and dried at °C for 5 min to remove the solvent. In pad-dry-cure Fig. After the immersion, the crosslinking reactant, catalyst, softener, and other components are dried on the fabric. Finally, a crosslinking reaction takes place during the curing step. Hasan immersed cotton fabric in a solution containing CuO and binder for 5 min, then passed through a padding mangle. After drying naturally, it was cured for 3 min at °C. In general, this is a simple methodology and provides a uniform coating but requires the use of a binder. Yadav et al. Kangwansupamonkon et al After this process, the cotton textile presents antimicrobial properties Kangwansupamonkon et al. Cotton fabrics with antimicrobial, UV-protective, and self-cleaning properties were prepared by Onar et al. Then, they were dried at 80 °C for 30 min and cured at °C for 5 min. The sonochemical coating is one of the best methods from the point of view of adhesion and uniformity, which enhances the durability and antipathogenic effect, but it is more expensive than the methods previously mentioned. In this method, the fabric is submitted to sonication in a dispersion, then it is dried Fig. Perkas et al. The fabrics were then submitted to high-intensity ultrasound for 1 h, and finally washed and dried. This technique was also applied to the coating of cotton with CuO by Abramova et al. The study presented by Abramov et al. To use this method is necessarily a solution, which contains copper acetate monohydrate, water, and ethanol. A cotton bandage was submitted to sonication, the temperature reached approximately 60 °C, and then dried under vacuum. This technique was used by Petkova et al. The ultrasound was performed for 30 min, then the fabric was washed and dried. The textile presented antimicrobial properties. Spraying is another simple method, an easy application system, and this makes it possible to use it on several surfaces including fabrics. The dispersion is forced through a nozzle, and an aerosol is formed and coats a surface Fig. The coated parameters are the concentration, spray time, diameter, nozzle pressure, and others. A reapplication is possible, but this can cause a non-homogeneous coating Joshi and Butola A spray can cover a non-woven surgical mask with copper nanoparticles, conferring an antimicrobial action and enabling the reuse of the mask Kumar et al. Later, the antiviral action of silver against SARS-CoV-2 was verified. Latthe et al. The NPs were dispersed in hexane, sprayed in the textile, and then evaporated to obtain a hydrophobic surface. After being sprayed, the cotton fabric was dried at room temperature. In this study, the author varied the spraying distance: in a short distance, a hydrophobic surface was obtained; in a long distance, a hydrophilic surface was achieved; and in a medium distance, one side was superhydrophobic and the other side, superhydrophilic. Electrospinning can be explored to manufacture non-woven textiles Fig. It allows particles to be added to the solution, which provides functionality to the tissue, but this method has hindrances for application on a large scale. Electrospinning offers suitable control of the structure and properties of the textile. To form an antipathogenic fabric, two different incorporation methodologies are generally adopted: either the functional particles are in the solution to be electrospun, or a dispersion containing functional particles is added to the fiber surfaces after electrospinning. Tijing et al. First, a polyurethane and tourmaline solution was prepared in DMF. Then, the solution was electrospun to form a non-woven fabric, which presented antibacterial and superhydrophilic properties. Hwang and Jeong investigated three different solutions containing poly vinyl pyrrolidone and AgNPs, varying the size of the nanoparticles. The best results obtained an effective antimicrobial fiber against S. aureus, K. pneumoniae , and E. A material with antibacterial, antiviral, and self-cleaning properties was fabricated by Karagoz et al. In this work, a DMF dispersion was prepared to contain ZnO nanorods, Triton X surfactant , PMMA, and AgNO 3. Using the electrospinning method, it was possible to construct nanofibers that can apply to protective clothing. An example of the surface modification to turn functional is presented by Ranjbar-Mohammadi and Yousefi This process improved some properties allowing the use in a dye removal system. The antipathogenic action of particles or ions may be explained by different mechanisms. During electrodeposition layer crystallisation occurs preferentially on the cathode substrate protrusions compared to the valley regions, which are not equally supplied with metal ions in the diffusion layer. Hence, such localised metal ion discharge, determined by the distribution and size of these defects, leads to a surface roughness increase with the electrodeposition time [ 17 ]. Therefore, the obtained copper coatings are characterized by a higher roughness than the substrates on which they were deposited Fig. Surface roughness values of steel and nickel substrates with different surface treatment and copper coatings electrodeposited on them: a µm × µm, b 20 µm × 20 µm, c 2 µm × 2 µm. Such cavities may be privileged places for the microorganism's accumulation especially when their size is comparable , increasing the available contact area and facilitating adhesion processes [ 15 ]. As for the substrates, the roughness values registered for electrodeposited copper coatings increase with the increase of the analyzed area. However, on images of coatings deposited on MATT1, MATT2 and BRUSHED substrate, taken from µm x µm, these structures are much smaller needle-like than observed for the coatings obtained on the ECOR substrate. The surface roughness was evaluated based on the roughness profile deviation Sa , and the parameters of kurtosis Sku and skewness Ssk. In the column chart Fig. Figure 6 shows the dependence of kurtosis Sku and skewness Ssk for all tested surfaces. For both substrates, these values are close to the standard values characteristic of steel [ 18 ]. Surface roughness characteristics based on Sku and Ssk parameters for a nickel and steel substrates and b copper coatings electrodeposited on substrates. Both the AFM images, the roughness characteristics based on the parameters of skewness and kurtosis, and the values of the mean roughness Sa are not mutually exclusive, moreover, they complement and confirm each other. In Fig. Regardless of the substrate used, copper coatings have strong as well as , , peak intensities, which is in good agreement with results presented in the literature for coating obtained from glutamate [ 4 ] and sulphate baths [ 19 ]. No significant change in the preferred orientation with the applied substrate and finishing method was observed. Moreover, all analyzed deposits are nanocrystalline with an average crystallite size of 30 ± 6 nm. X-ray diffraction patterns CoKα of copper coatings electrodeposited on a steel and b nickel substrates with different finishes. For more detailed microstructural analysis, the thin lamellas of copper coatings deposited on the MATT1 steel and nickel substrates were observed using TEM. Layers electrodeposited on both of the analyzed substrates are well-adherent. Additionally, the TEM observations of as-deposited Cu coatings revealed a substantial number of twins located within individual grains, which is typical for materials obtained in non-equilibrium processes, such as electrodeposition [ 21 ]. These were predominantly formed during the growth process. The appearance of additional microstructural features in the form of coherent Σ3 twin boundaries may lead to an increase of the coatings mechanical properties affecting both their yield strength as well as plasticity. Bright field TEM image of the cross-section of the copper coating electrodeposited on MATT1 a steel and b nickel substrates, with corresponding selected area electron diffraction patterns from coatings and substrates. Copper coatings were electrodeposited from the non-cyanide electrolyte solution on steel 1. However, it significantly affects the substrate surface topography, which translates into the copper layer growth. All copper layers are metallic, have a crystalline structure, globular surface morphology and are generally characterized by good adhesion to the nickel and steel substrate, but their surface roughness is different. Substrates after matting and especially electropolishing with corundum are rough and characterized by a non-directional, randomly deformed surface morphology. After brushing on steel and nickel substrates, the formation of the less developed surface with parallel and uniform scratches was observed. It was confirmed that copper coatings imitated the substrate surface. Hence, the coating surface, which affects the nature of interaction with microorganisms, can be effectively modified and optimised by the appropriate choice of substrate finishing method without changing the electrodeposition conditions. Ramin Kheirifard, Naghi Parvini Ahmadi, … Yashar Behnamian. Mati Kook, Harleen Kaur, … Angela Ivask. Bharadishettar N, Bhat KU, Panemangalore DB. Coating technologies for copper based antimicrobial active surfaces: a perspective review. Metals Basel. Article Google Scholar. Accessed 27 Jan Zeiger M, Solioz M, Edongué H, Arzt E, Schneider AS. Surface structure influences contact killing of bacteria by copper. Ibrahim MAM, Bakdash RS. New non-cyanide acidic copper electroplating bath based on glutamate complexing agent. Surf Coat Technol. Electrodeposition of nanocrystalline copper deposits using lactic acid-based plating bath. Wang X, Cao L-A, Yang G, Qu X-P. Study of direct Cu electrodeposition on ultra-thin Mo for copper interconnect. Microelectron Eng. Krishnan RM, Kanagasabapathy M, Jayakrishnan S, Sriveeraraghavan S, Anantharam R, Natarajan SR. Electroplating of copper from a non-cyanide electrolyte. Plat Surf Finish. Google Scholar. Kublanovsky V, Litovchenko K. Mass transfer and mechanism of electrochemical reduction of copper II from aminoacetate electrolytes. J Electroanal Chem. Ballesteros JC, Chainet E, Ozil P, Meas Y, Trejo G. Electrodeposition of copper from non-cyanide alkaline solution containing tartrate. Int J Electrochem Sci. Li Q, Hu J, Zhang J, Yang P, Huc Y, An M. Screening of electroplating additive for improving throwing power of copper pyrophosphate bath via molecular dynamics simulation. Chem Phys Lett. Fabbri L, Giurlani W, Mencherini G, De Luca A, Passaponti M, Piciollo E, Fontanesi C, Caneschi A, Innocenti M. Optimisation of thiourea concentration in a decorative copper plating acid bath based on methanesulfonic electrolyte. Ibrahim MAM. Copper electrodeposition from non-polluting aqueous ammonia baths. Gamburg YD, Zangari G. Theory and practice of metal electrodeposition. New York: Springer; Book Google Scholar. Sanner A, Nohring WG, Thimons LA, Jacobs TDB, Pastewka L. Scale-dependent roughness parameters for topography analysis. Appl Surf Sci Adv. Zheng S, Bawazir M, Dhall A, Kim HE, He L, Heo J, Hwang G. Implication of surface properties bacterial motility and hydrodynamic conditions on bacterial surface sensing and their initial adhesion. |
| Antiviral surfaces and coatings and their mechanisms of action | Communications Materials | In: MakerMask. After this period, the host cells are covered with a semi-solid substrate to prevent the virus from infecting other cells and to perform the count. Valério A, Sárria MP, Rodriguez-Lorenzo L, Hotza D, Espiña B, Gómez González SY Are TiO 2 nanoparticles safe for photocatalysis in aqueous media? The copper layers adhere to both substrates, except those deposited on a brushed surface. Titania comes in three phases: anatase, rutile, and brookite. niger , and C. |
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