Log in Register. Don't have an account yet? Register now! Remember Me. Citrus Aurantium: Also known as bitter orange , Seville orange , zhi chi , and chongcao , citrus aurantium is a member of citrus trees and its fruits and leaves have been used for medicinal and athletic purposes.

The peels of bitter orange contain synephrine, octopamine, tyramine, hordenine, N-methyltyramine, volatile oils , and carotenoids. Athletic Benefits of Citrus Aurantium: Since ephedrine has been banned in sports, synephrine — containing citrus aurantium may be a good alternative.

The potential athletic benefits are as follows: May improve athletic performance by acting as a mild stimulant. Promotes mental clarity. Helps promote athletic agility.

Useful in weight loss by decreasing appetite and increasing basal metabolic rate BMR. Non — Athletic Benefits of Citrus Aurantium: Citrus aurantium may be beneficial in the following conditions: Gastrointestinal discomforts, such indigestion, constipation, and abdominal pain.

Weight management. Loss of appetite. Citrus Aurantium Triple Paradox: Depending on whether you take extracts of the leaves or peels of the immature or mature fruits, citrus aurantium shows three paradox effects: It may increase appetite, while it could suppress appetite due to a high amount of pectin.

It acts as a mild stimulant, while it has been used as a sedative in insomnia as well. While some has used it for high blood pressure, it actually increases blood pressure. Contraindications: Citrus aurantium should be avoided in the following conditions: People with high blood pressure. People with depression who take the medications MAO inhibitors.

Citrus aurantium contains tyramine that interacts with MAO inhibitors, leading to hypertensive crisis a sudden increase in blood pressure.

Another study noted that the bitter orange compound p-synephrine may improve athletic performance though by increasing total reps and volume load, or your ability to train harder A stimulant is a substance that increases your heart rate and blood pressure 1.

Several sports organizations, such as the National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA , list synephrine as a stimulant. Furthermore, one study determined that bitter orange juice contains furanocoumarin, a compound that may cause the same medication interactions as grapefruit juice Therefore, people taking decongestants or those who have high blood pressure, an irregular heartbeat, or glaucoma should avoid the juice and fruit of bitter oranges.

Despite numerous studies showing that bitter orange extracts are not stimulants, widespread controversy exists, and the NCAA has listed it as a banned substance. Bitter orange may also interact with certain medications. Generally, bitter orange extracts in dietary supplements are safe to consume in doses of 50—98 mg per day 1 , One study showed that 40 mg of synephrine combined with mg of caffeine is a safe dose of these combined ingredients 3.

In another study, eating a whole bitter orange containing Still, people who are pregnant or breastfeeding should avoid bitter orange due to a lack of safety information 1.

Bitter orange is likely safe in doses ranging from The juice of the bitter orange can be used as a marinade to flavor fish and meat. Bitter orange has several other household uses outside of the kitchen.

These include 2 :. Bitter orange is a citrus fruit with several household and industrial uses, ranging from food additives to perfumery.

You may want to avoid this fruit and its extracts if you have high blood pressure, an irregular heartbeat, or glaucoma. Likewise, bitter orange supplements are banned for NCAA athletes. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available.

Some argue that orange peels contain important nutrients and should be eaten rather than thrown away. This article reviews whether orange peels are a…. Orange juice is the most popular fruit juice worldwide but opinions differ on whether it's healthy.

This article looks at orange juice and whether…. Blood oranges are known for their great taste and vitamin C, but that's just the beginning. Here are 7 health benefits, along with a few tips on…. Here are 7 reasons to eat citrus fruits.

Stretch marks usually fade on their own over time. But if you want to speed up the process, these essential oils may be the key to stretch mark-free…. Patients with diabetes who used GLP-1 drugs, including tirzepatide, semaglutide, dulaglutide, and exenatide had a decreased chance of being diagnosed….

Some studies suggest vaping may help manage your weight, but others show mixed…. The amount of time it takes to recover from weight loss surgery depends on the type of surgery and surgical technique you receive. New research suggests that running may not aid much with weight loss, but it can help you keep from gaining weight as you age.

Here's why. A Quiz for Teens Are You a Workaholic? How Well Do You Sleep? Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. Nutrition Evidence Based What Is Bitter Orange, and Does It Aid Weight Loss? Medically reviewed by Adrienne Seitz, MS, RD, LDN , Nutrition — By Amber Charles Alexis, MSPH, RDN on March 17, The fruit and its extracts.

Compounds and nutrients. Does bitter orange aid weight loss? Health benefits of bitter orange. Downsides and side effects of bitter orange. Dosage and safety information. Culinary uses of bitter orange.

The bottom line. How we reviewed this article: History.

This article reviews whether orange peels are a…. Orange juice is the most popular fruit juice worldwide but opinions differ on whether it's healthy. This article looks at orange juice and whether….

Blood oranges are known for their great taste and vitamin C, but that's just the beginning. Here are 7 health benefits, along with a few tips on…. Here are 7 reasons to eat citrus fruits.

Stretch marks usually fade on their own over time. But if you want to speed up the process, these essential oils may be the key to stretch mark-free…. Patients with diabetes who used GLP-1 drugs, including tirzepatide, semaglutide, dulaglutide, and exenatide had a decreased chance of being diagnosed….

Some studies suggest vaping may help manage your weight, but others show mixed…. The amount of time it takes to recover from weight loss surgery depends on the type of surgery and surgical technique you receive.

New research suggests that running may not aid much with weight loss, but it can help you keep from gaining weight as you age. Here's why. A Quiz for Teens Are You a Workaholic? How Well Do You Sleep? Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect.

Nutrition Evidence Based What Is Bitter Orange, and Does It Aid Weight Loss? Medically reviewed by Adrienne Seitz, MS, RD, LDN , Nutrition — By Amber Charles Alexis, MSPH, RDN on March 17, The fruit and its extracts.

Compounds and nutrients. Does bitter orange aid weight loss? Health benefits of bitter orange. Downsides and side effects of bitter orange. Dosage and safety information.

Culinary uses of bitter orange. The bottom line. How we reviewed this article: History. Mar 17, Written By Amber Charles Alexis, MSPH, RDN. Medically Reviewed By Adrienne Seitz, MS, RD, LDN. Share this article. Read this next. Every stage of production in Citrus Aurantium Extract - from sourcing, production, and packaging to delivery - places utmost importance on quality.

Adherence to global standards like GMP, ISO, HACCP is strictly maintained, ensuring your receive an internationally accepted quality product. We use cookies to personalise content and ads, to provide social media features and to analyse our traffic.

You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website. Cookies policy. Citrus Aurantium Ext Citrus Aurantium Extract - A High Potency Synephrine Supplement for Health Benefits SKU:.

Short description Citrus Aurantium Extract is a high-quality Synephrine supplement perfect for maximizing your health benefits. Health Benefits: Boosts metabolism, suppresses appetite, and enhances energy levels. Ideal for weight loss supplements. Broad Market Access: Supplies a vast array of markets including North America, Middle East, Asia, and more.

Quantity :. Request for quote Add to quote. Remember Me. Citrus Aurantium: Also known as bitter orange , Seville orange , zhi chi , and chongcao , citrus aurantium is a member of citrus trees and its fruits and leaves have been used for medicinal and athletic purposes.

The peels of bitter orange contain synephrine, octopamine, tyramine, hordenine, N-methyltyramine, volatile oils , and carotenoids. Athletic Benefits of Citrus Aurantium: Since ephedrine has been banned in sports, synephrine — containing citrus aurantium may be a good alternative.

The potential athletic benefits are as follows: May improve athletic performance by acting as a mild stimulant. Promotes mental clarity. Helps promote athletic agility. Useful in weight loss by decreasing appetite and increasing basal metabolic rate BMR. Non — Athletic Benefits of Citrus Aurantium: Citrus aurantium may be beneficial in the following conditions: Gastrointestinal discomforts, such indigestion, constipation, and abdominal pain.

Weight management. Loss of appetite. Citrus Aurantium Triple Paradox: Depending on whether you take extracts of the leaves or peels of the immature or mature fruits, citrus aurantium shows three paradox effects: It may increase appetite, while it could suppress appetite due to a high amount of pectin.

It acts as a mild stimulant, while it has been used as a sedative in insomnia as well.

eMedicine Makki S, Treffel P, Humbert P, Agache P. High-performance liquid Chromatographic determination of citropten and bergapten in suction blister fluid after solar product application in humans. J Chromatogr ;— Clark SM, Wilkinson SM. Phototoxic contact dermatitis from 5-methoxypsoralen in aromatherapy oil.

Contact Dermatitis ;— Levine N, Don S, Owens C, Rogers DT, Kligman AM, Forlot P. The effects of bergapten and sunlight on cutaneous pigmentation. Arch Dermatol ;— Ashwood-Smith MJ, Poulton GA, Barker M, Mildenberger M.

Nature ;— Nykamp DL, Fackih MN, Compton AL. Possible association of acute lateral-wall myocardial infarction and bitter orange supplement.

Ann Pharmacother ;— Firenzuoli F, Gori L, Galapai C. Adverse reaction to an adrenergic herbal extract Citrus aurantium.

Phytomedicine ;12 3 — Jordan S, Murty M, Pilon K. Products containing bitter orange or synephrine: suspected cardiovascular adverse reactions. Can Adverse React Newsl ; 14 4 :3—4.

Date accessed: November 28, Malhotra S, Bailey DG, Paine MF, Watkins PB. Seville orange juice-felodipine interaction: comparison with dilute grapefruit juice and involvement of furocoumarins. Clin Pharmacol Ther ;— Di Marco MP, Edwards DJ, Wainer IW, Ducharme MP. The effect of grapefruit juice and Seville orange juice on the pharmacokinetics of dextromethorphan: the role of gut CYP3A4 and p-glycoprotein.

Life Sci ;l — Malhotra S, Fitzsimmons ME, Bailey DG, Watkins PB. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists abstract , New Orleans, LA, November Hou YC, Hsiu SL, Tsao CW, Wang YH, Chao PD. Acute intoxication of cyclosporine caused by coadministration of decoctions of the fruits of Citrus aurantium and the Pericaps of Citrus grandis.

Planta Med ;66 7 — Edwards DJ, Fitzsimmons ME, Schuetz EG, et al. Gurley BJ, Gardner SF, Hubbard MA, et al. In vivo assessment of botanical supplementation on human cytochrome P phenotypes: Citrus aurantium, Echinacea purpurea, milk thistle, and saw palmetto.

Clin Pharmacol Ther ;76 5 — Keogh AM, Baron DW. Sympathomimetic abuse and coronary artery spasm. Br Med J ; Suzuki O, Matsumoto T, Oya M, Katsumata Y. Oxidation of synephrine by type A and type B monoamine oxidase. Experientia ;— Download references.

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.

SafetyCall International, PLLC, Clinical Services, Bloomington, MN. Reprints and permissions. Westanmo, A. Citrus aurantium. In: Tracy, T. eds Herbal Products.

Forensic Science and Medicine. Humana Press. Publisher Name : Humana Press. Print ISBN : Online ISBN : eBook Packages : Biomedical and Life Sciences Biomedical and Life Sciences R0.

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative.

Policies and ethics. Skip to main content. Key Words Citrus aurantium bitter orange synephrine ephedra substitute weight loss adrenergic amines. Buying options Chapter EUR eBook EUR Softcover Book EUR Hardcover Book EUR Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout Purchases are for personal use only Learn about institutional subscriptions.

Preview Unable to display preview. References Webber HJ. Google Scholar Webber HJ. Google Scholar Facciola S, Cornucopia II, eds.

Google Scholar Hosseinimehr SJ, Tavakoli H, Pourheirdari G, Sobhani A, Shafiee A. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Kiple KF, Ornelas KC, eds. Google Scholar Ramadan W, Mourad B, Ibrahim S, Sonbol F. Google Scholar Shekelle PG, Hardy ML, Morton SC, et al.

Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Haller CA, Benowitz NL. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Bent S, Tiedt TN, Odden MC, Shlipak MG. PubMed Google Scholar Marcus DM, Grollman AP. Article Google Scholar Preuss HG, DiFerdinando D, Bagchi M, Bagchi D. PubMed Google Scholar Fugh-Berman A, Myers A.

CAS Google Scholar Bent S, Padula A, Neuhaus J. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Pellati F, Benvenuti S, Melegari M. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Andrea GD, Terrazzino S, Fortin D, Farruggio A, Rinaldi L, Leon A.

Article PubMed Google Scholar Boulton AA. Google Scholar Pellati F, Benvenuti S, Melegari M. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Hoffman BB. Google Scholar Williams CM, Couch MW, Thonoor CM, Midgley JM. PubMed CAS Google Scholar Hwa J, Perez DM. PubMed CAS Google Scholar Brown CM, McGrath JC, Midgley JM, et al.

PubMed CAS Google Scholar Airriess CN, Rudling JE, Midgley JM, Evans PD. Article Google Scholar Jordan R, Midgley JM, Thonoor CM, Williams CM.

PubMed CAS Google Scholar Liapakis G, Baiesteros JA, Papachristou S, Chan WC, Chen X, Javitch JA. Article Google Scholar Carpene C, Galitzky J, Fontana E, Atgie C, Lafontan MB. Article CAS Google Scholar Huang YT, Wang GF, Chen CF, Chen CC, Hong CY, Yang MCM. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Calapai G, Firenzuoli F, Saitta A, et al.

Article CAS Google Scholar Huang YT, Lin HC, Chang YY, Yang YY, Lee SD, Hong CY. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar HofstetterR, Kreuder J, von Bernuth G. Google Scholar Penzak SR, Jann MW, Cold A, Hon YY, Desai HD, Gurley BJ.

Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Colker CM, Kaiman DS, Torina GC, Perlis T, Street C. Article Google Scholar Kaddu S, Kerl H, Wolf P. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Zaynoun ST, Aftimos BA, Tenekjian KK, Kurban AK.

Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Chew A, Maibach H. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Clark SM, Wilkinson SM. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Levine N, Don S, Owens C, Rogers DT, Kligman AM, Forlot P. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Ashwood-Smith MJ, Poulton GA, Barker M, Mildenberger M.

Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Nykamp DL, Fackih MN, Compton AL. Article PubMed Google Scholar Firenzuoli F, Gori L, Galapai C. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Jordan S, Murty M, Pilon K. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Di Marco MP, Edwards DJ, Wainer IW, Ducharme MP. Google Scholar Malhotra S, Fitzsimmons ME, Bailey DG, Watkins PB.

Google Scholar Hou YC, Hsiu SL, Tsao CW, Wang YH, Chao PD. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Edwards DJ, Fitzsimmons ME, Schuetz EG, et al. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Gurley BJ, Gardner SF, Hubbard MA, et al.

Article PubMed Google Scholar Keogh AM, Baron DW. Article Google Scholar Suzuki O, Matsumoto T, Oya M, Katsumata Y. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Download references.

Authors Anders Westanmo View author publications. Editor information Editors and Affiliations Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN Timothy S. Tracy PhD SafetyCall International, PLLC, Clinical Services, Bloomington, MN Richard L.

Kingston PharmD. Rights and permissions Reprints and permissions. Copyright information © Humana Press Inc. About this chapter Cite this chapter Westanmo, A.

Copy to clipboard. Series with regular heartbeats R-R intervals were required to make the HRV indices, as recommended by the Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology In these series, digital and manual filters were executed to remove artifacts.

After collection, the RR intervals were exported to the software program Kubios ® HRV Analysis to produce the linear indices of the frequency domain and time domain Frequency domain analysis was accomplished via spectral analysis by means of the Fast Fourier Transform FFT to cause the high frequency HF index with a sampling rate of 0.

The non-linear HRV analysis was achieved using the PyBios ® software Biomedical Signal Analysis in Python Version 1. We dispersed the number of RR intervals through six levels 0—5 , transforming them into a spatial methodology; a sequence of three symbols.

All patterns were independently assembled into two clusters, according to the number and type of variation between symbols:. A pilot study conducted with six participants performed the sample size calculation. We applied the root mean square of successive differences between RR intervals in the online software at www.

br , which provided the magnitude of the difference. We measured a standard deviation of The Shapiro-Wilk statistical test was enforced to assess data normality.

For the cardiovascular recovery and autonomic reactivity analysis during the experimental protocols Rest vs. recovery , One-way analysis of variance ANOVA1 for repeated measures and the Bonferroni post-test was enforced when the assumption of data normality was attained.

Friedman's test followed by Dunn's post-test was required for data that did not acquire a normal distribution. Cohen's d calculated effect sizes to measure the magnitude of changes for significant differences.

Assessments were achieved using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences SPSS IBM ® SPSS Statistics v. The descriptive data of twelve healthy males that met the study criteria are included in Table 1.

These datasets strengthen the homogeneity of our sample. The HR recovery analysis revealed no significant differences between the protocols. In the placebo protocol, the comparison of resting and after exercise established an increase in HR from 0 to 5th min of recovery Rest vs.

In the C. aurantium protocol, the same results were attained, and HR values remained significantly enlarged from 0 to 5th min of recovery Rest vs. Table 2. No significant changes were identified in the C. aurantium intervention during the recovery analysis rest vs.

recovery for DBP, MAP, and PP. Only SBP demonstrated significant changes in 1 min following exercise Rest vs. aurantium protocol. During the placebo protocol, SBP remained significantly higher during 3 min of recovery compared to rest Rest vs.

Table 3. Time and frequency domain indices in addition to non-linear analyzes revealed that autonomic heart rate recovery occurred more quickly in the C. aurantium protocol compared to the placebo protocol.

In the placebo protocol, the investigation of recovery rest vs. recovery of the HF index revealed that its values remain depressed throughout 10 min of recording after exercise Rest: Figure 3.

In the placebo protocol, pNN50 index values continued to be significantly decreased throughout 20 min of recovery related to resting values Rest: Our findings demonstrate that the ingestion of C. aurantium p-synephrine mg prior to exercise fast-tracks the fall in SBP after physical exertion.

Earlier studies propose that one of the benefits of using C. aurantium equated to other adrenergic substances e. Activation of β-3 adrenergic receptors triggers reverse inotropic effects, antagonizing the activation of further classes of adrenoreceptors β-1 and β-2 in cardiac tissue and, thus, decreasing sympathetic modulation to the heart.

This clarifies why overall, the binding of p-synephrine with β-3 adrenergic receptors does not increase BP or HR, displaying cardioprotective effects In this study, in the placebo intervention, for the spectral analysis, the HF index, representative of parasympathetic modulation, needed 10 min after termination of exercise to recover.

aurantium protocol, we did not find substantial changes in the HF index in exercise recovery vs. Analogous deviations occurred in the pNN50 index and were reduced 20 min after cessation of exercise in the placebo protocol.

While in the protocol with C. aurantium , this index continued to be reduced for only 10 min after exercise. aurantium protocol, transformations were only following 5 min of recovery.

However, in the C. aurantium protocol, the values were only meaningfully reduced for 5 min after the cessation of exercise. These observations make C. aurantium a safe nutritional compound to be applied during exercise, which supports the recovery of autonomic parameters following exercise.

Since a slow post-exercise autonomic recovery is linked with an increased cardiovascular risk 25 , the results of our study indicate that C.

aurantium compounds have a potential preventive role on the onset of cardiovascular complications in physical exercise. As caffeine and C. aurantium are frequently sold as complementary formulas for use in humans, preceding studies have assessed the effects of using these substances alone and in combination.

Through a randomized clinical trial, Guitiérrez-Hellín et al. aurantium alone or in combination with caffeine would have different results for fat utilization during aerobic physical exercise. No superiority was found between C. aurantium alone and combined with caffeine on the total values of fat consumption during the physical exercise session, while both interventions were superior to the placebo treatment.

This supports the isolated use of C. aurantium an alternate way to be applied as an adjunct in cutting body fat without inducing cardiac risk. In the study by Guitiérrez-Hellín et al. aurantium isolated supplement.

In contrast, the HR and SBP were significantly higher when caffeine was included in the formulation. Our study achieved no changes for HR, and SBP was lessened more quickly following exercise.

The identification of β-3 adrenoreceptors in cardiovascular tissues posed challenges to the paradigm of sympathetic regulation by β-1 and β-2 adrenoceptors. The binding response of p-synephrine to the β-3 receptor may elucidate why no increase in HR or BP is detected when C.

aurantium is enforced alone. In contrast, when C. aurantium is combined with caffeine in dietary supplements, it is capable of affecting these parameters, particularly in caffeine-sensitive individuals It has been revealed that the combination of these substances promotes a significant increase in the concentration of plasma catecholamines e.

The study by Kliszczewicz et al. aurantium upsurges sympathetic modulation to the heart throughout rest and corroborates the increases in HR and SBP achieved in the study by Guitiérrez-Hellín et al.

It is assumed that caffeine alone can increase HR during physical exercise Despite that, a recent meta-analysis demonstrated that caffeine could not delay vagal return to the heart after exercise, evaluated by the HF and root mean square of successive differences between RR intervals RMSSD indices Equally, Kliszczewicz et al.

aurantium combined. Caffeine and C. aurantium combination have no extra effects on exercise fat utilization 5. These substances appear to exhibit the opposite cardiovascular effects and, thus, caffeine seems to overlap the beneficial effects of the isolated use of C.

aurantium on cardiovascular health. In this study, C. aurantium supplementation alone optimized the recovery of SBP and HRV indices after exercise.

The nutritional characteristics demonstrated in the flavonoids e. aurantium perform antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, which are partly answerable for accelerating the return of parasympathetic control of heart rate seen by vagal indices of HRV. Such properties can hasten the removal of metabolites produced by physical exercise, restoring baroreflex sensitivity and decreasing metaboreflex activation more quickly at the end of physical exercise While C.

aurantium exhibited cardioprotective effects, it is essential to be careful with its usage. Bui et al. Yet, in other studies that enforced doses beneath mg in an acute 5 , 30 , 31 and chronic for 15 days 32 form, no changes were achieved for the HR, SBP, and DBP values, nor electrocardiographic disturbances.

Likewise, our results do not support the findings of Bui et al. The results from the study of Ratamess et al. In your results, the p-synephrine supplementation mg did not evoke changes in HR before, during, and following resistance exercise unless mg of caffeine was added to the formulation.

The same occur in the rest situation, in another study by Ratamess et al. The study of Bui et al. Although it is a randomized and crossover study, there is a lack of information about allocation order in the study.

aurantium, and provoked adjustments in blood pressure, because of higher sweet and fat content e. Furthermore, the authors did not report guarantees that snack was equal on the others evaluation days. Bitter orange caused cardiovascular effect was only observed based on statistical adjustments.

A difference was seen compared to placebo but not when compared to baseline. All these factors raise questions about the validity of their conclusions. The results recognized in our analyses will advance health professionals' conduct who work with the prescription of nutritional supplements.

Consequently, it may be an alternative way to replace other compounds that demonstrate similar contributions regarding fat utilization during exercise but that promote unwanted cardiovascular effects e. Our study highlights important points about the study population, given that it is restricted to healthy and physically active males.

Notwithstanding the number of participants having exceeded the sample size calculation, the final sample is considered small. With the desire to improve body composition. In spite of this, these facts do not allow these results to be extrapolated to other populations and, therefore, further research with obese individuals is needed to confirm the safety of using C.

aurantium in combination with exercise. For the time being, we prefer to use a healthy population free from metabolic disorders to prevent possible adverse events from C. aurantium supplementation.

Nevertheless, we encourage further studies to be established with C. aurantium as an intervention with these preliminary data.

Studies with females and other health conditions should also be performed to increase the external validity of these data and expand the application of C. aurantium promoted the resumption of parasympathetic control and output of sympathetic flow of cardiac rhythm after physical exercise and decreased SBP.

Based on these and previous findings, we assume that C. aurantium is a safe nutritional compound with submaximal aerobic exercise in healthy males when used appropriately, moreover, your combination with a good diet there could be improved fat oxidation in exercise without the cardiovascular risk.

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation. The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by University Center of the Juazeiro do Norte Process: CJRB supervised the study, performed experiments, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the introduction, methods, discussion, and results in sections.

FJ, ER, and MS collected data and performed conduction of experiments. AP performed the statistical analysis, improved interpretation analysis, and wrote the results in sections. DG drafted the manuscript, improved interpretation analysis, and reviewed English grammar and spelling.

VV and CRBJ supervised the study, reviewed the manuscript content, and gave final approval for the version submitted for publication. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.

Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. We thank the graduate research scholarships providing from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior — Brasil CAPES, Finance Code and undergraduate research scholarships providing from University Center of the Juazeiro do Norte UniJuazeiro.

McLester CN, Bailey P, Bechke EE, Williamson CM, McLester JR, Kliszczewicz B. The effects of caffeine and citrus aurantium on performance during repeated maximal anaerobic exercise bouts in habitual caffeine users.

J Strength Cond Res. doi: PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Stohs SJ. Safety, efficacy, and mechanistic studies regarding citrus aurantium bitter orange extract and p-synephrine. Phytother Res. Suntar I, Khan H, Patel S, Celano R, Rastrelli L. An overview on citrus aurantium L.

Oxid Med Cell Longev. Kliszczewicz B, Bechke E, Williamson C, Green Z, Bailey P, McLester J, et al. Citrus Aurantium and caffeine complex versus placebo on biomarkers of metabolism: a double blind crossover design.

J Int Soc Sports Nutr. Gutiérrez-Hellín J, del Coso J. Effects of p-synephrine and caffeine ingestion on substrate oxidation during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Michael S, Graham KS, Davis GM Oam. Cardiac autonomic responses during exercise and post-exercise recovery using heart rate variability and systolic time intervals-a review.

Front Physiol. Benjamim CJR, Kliszczewicz B, Garner DM, Cavalcante TCF, da Silva AAM, Santana MDR, et al. Is caffeine recommended before exercise?

A systematic review to investigate its impact on cardiac autonomic control via heart rate and its variability. J Am Coll Nutr. Porto AA, Valenti VE, Tonon do Amaral JA, Benjamim CJR, Garner DM, Ferreira C.

Energy drink before exercise did not affect autonomic recovery following moderate aerobic exercise: a crossover, randomized and controlled trial. Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjöström M, Bauman AE, Booth ML, Ainsworth BE, et al.