In contrast to moderate- to high-intensity endurance training, the mild training protocol did not increase hexokinase II and GLUT4 expression, indicating that specifically fat oxidation was improved. This study was supported by a grant from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research NWO to P.

and a grant from the Netherlands Heart Foundation to D. The laboratories are members of the Concerted Action FATLINK FAIR-CT , supported by the European Commission. The authors thank Paulette Vallier for help in mRNA analysis and Dr. Diraison for making and validating the ACC2 competitor.

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Schrauwen, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, P. Box , MD Maastricht, the Netherlands. E-mail: p. schrauwen hb. Sign In or Create an Account.

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Advanced Search. User Tools Dropdown. Sign In. Skip Nav Destination Close navigation menu Article navigation. Volume 51, Issue 7. Previous Article Next Article. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS. Article Information. Article Navigation. Pathophysiology July 01 The Effect of a 3-Month Low-Intensity Endurance Training Program on Fat Oxidation and Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase-2 Expression Patrick Schrauwen ; Patrick Schrauwen.

This Site. Google Scholar. Dorien P. van Aggel-Leijssen ; Dorien P. van Aggel-Leijssen. Gabby Hul ; Gabby Hul. Anton J.

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toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest. View large Download slide. TABLE 1 Subject characteristics. Age years View Large. TABLE 2 Palmitate and breath CO 2 enrichment before and after training.

Time min. Breath 13 CO 2 enrichment TTR × 1, Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Schrauwen P, Westerterp KR: The role of high-fat diets and physical activity in the regulation of body weight. Br J Nutr. Zurlo F, Larson K, Bogardus C, Ravussin E: Skeletal muscle metabolism is a major determinant of resting energy expenditure.

J Clin Invest. Blaak EE, van Aggel-Leijssen DP, Wagenmakers AJ, Saris WH, van Baak MA: Impaired oxidation of plasma-derived fatty acids in type 2 diabetic subjects during moderate-intensity exercise. Colberg SR, Simoneau J-A, Thaete FL, Kelley DE: Skeletal muscle utilization of free fatty acids in women with visceral obesity.

He J, Watkins S, Kelley DE: Skeletal muscle lipid content and oxidative enzyme activity in relation to muscle fiber type in type 2 diabetes and obesity.

Pan DA, Lillioja S, Kriketos AD, Milner MR, Baur LA, Bogardus C, Jenkins AB, Storlien LH: Skeletal muscle triglyceride levels are inversely related to insulin action.

Dobbins RL, Szczepaniak LS, Bentley B, Esser V, Myhill J, McGarry JD: Prolonged inhibition of muscle carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 promotes intramyocellular lipid accumulation and insulin resistance in rats.

Holloszy J, Coyle EF: Adaptations of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise and their metabolic consequences. J Appl Physiol. Turcotte LP, Richter EA, Kiens B: Increased plasma FFA uptake and oxidation during prolonged exercise in trained vs. untrained humans.

Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. van Loon LJ, Jeukendrup AE, Saris WH, Wagenmakers AJ: Effect of training status on fuel selection during submaximal exercise with glucose ingestion.

Klein S, Coyle EF, Wolfe RR: Fat metabolism during low-intensity exercise in endurance-trained and untrained men. Horowitz JF, Leone TC, Feng W, Kelly DP, Klein S: Effect of endurance training on lipid metabolism in women: a potential role for PPARalpha in the metabolic response to training.

Hurley BF, Nemeth PM, Martin WHI, Hagberg JM, Dalsky GP, Holloszy JO: Muscle triglyceride utilization during exercise: effect of training. Martin WH III, Dalsky GP, Hurley BF, Matthews DE, Bier DM, Hagberg JM, Rogers MA, King DS, Holloszy JO: Effect of endurance training on plasma free fatty acid turnover and oxidation during exercise.

Phillips SM, Green HJ, Tarnopolsky MA, Heigenhauser GF, Hill RE, Grant SM: Effects of training duration on substrate turnover and oxidation during exercise. Kiens B, Richter EA: Utilization of skeletal muscle triacylglycerol during postexercise recovery in humans.

Kiens B, Essen-Gustavsson B, Christensen NJ, Saltin B: Skeletal muscle substrate utilization during submaximal exercise in man: effect of endurance training. J Physiol Lond. Sidossis LS, Coggan AR, Gastaldelli A, Wolfe RR: A new correction factor for use in tracer estimations of plasma fatty acid oxidation.

Schrauwen P, Wagenmakers AJM, Marken Lichtenbelt WDv, Saris WHM, Westerterp KR: Increase in fat oxidation on a high-fat diet is accompanied by an increase in triglyceride-derived fatty acid oxidation.

Schrauwen P, Blaak EE, Van Aggel-Leijssen DP, Borghouts LB, Wagenmakers AJ: Determinants of the acetate recovery factor: implications for estimation of [13C]substrate oxidation. Clin Sci Colch.

Levak-Frank S, Radner H, Walsh A, Stollberger R, Knipping G, Hoefler G, Sattler W, Weinstock PH, Breslow JL, Zechner R: Muscle-specific overexpression of lipoprotein lipase causes a severe myopathy characterized by proliferation of mitochondria and peroxisomes in transgenic mice.

Abu-Elheiga L, Matzuk MM, Abo-Hashema KA, Wakil SJ: Continuous fatty acid oxidation and reduced fat storage in mice lacking acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2. Schrauwen P, Saris WH, Hesselink MK: An alternative function for human uncoupling protein 3: protection of mitochondria against accumulation of nonesterified fatty acids inside the mitochondrial matrix.

FASEB J. Schrauwen P, Aggel-Leijssen DPCv, Marken Lichtenbelt WDv, Baak MAv, Gijsen AP, Wagenmakers AJM: Validation of the [1,2- 13 C] -acetate recovery factor for correction of [U- 13 C] -palmitate oxidation rates in humans.

J Physiol. Siri WE: The gross composition of the body. Adv Biol Med Physiol. Bergstrom J, Hermansen L, Hultman E, Saltin B: Diet, muscle glycogen and physical performance. Acta Physiol Scand. Chomozynski P, Sacchi N: Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction.

The high-fat diet resulted in increased total fat oxidation and reduced total carbohydrate oxidation during exercise. Most noteworthy, the high-fat treatment was also associated with improved time trial times. On average, the cyclists completed the km time trial 4.

The problem with this study is that the design of the exercise test was biased to take advantage of improved fat burning. The initial 2. But if this study had instead involved a time trial after a standard warm-up, it is unlikely that the high-fat diet would have been seen to result in better performance.

Indeed, other studies have found that a high-fat diet followed by a carbo-loading phase impairs performance in high-intensity time trials. Perhaps the best-known advocate of this approach was Phil Maffetone, an endurance sports coach who made his name by developing a training philosophy that was characterized by an extreme emphasis on the importance of fat metabolism.

Over time, Maffetone believed, the athlete would be able to swim, bike or run faster and faster at the same, low, fat-burning intensity.

Research has shown that training in the fat-burning zone does improve fat-burning capacity. However, it only improves fat-burning capacity within the fat-burning zone itself—that is, at lower exercise intensities. Indeed, despite being well adapted for fat burning, elite male marathon runners oxidize carbohydrate almost exclusively during competition.

Regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and GLUT4 expression by exercise. Hoppeler, H. Endurance training in humans: aerobic capacity and structure of skeletal muscle. Horowitz, J. Lipolytic suppression following carbohydrate ingestion limits fat oxidation during exercise.

Howald, H. Influences of endurance training on the ultrastructural composition of the different muscle fiber types in humans. Hulston, C. Training with low muscle glycogen enhances fat metabolism in well-trained cyclists.

Hultman, E. Physiological role of muscle glycogen in man, with special reference to exercise. Muscle glycogen synthesis in relation to diet studied in normal subjects. Acta Med. Ipavec-Levasseur, S. Effect of 1-H moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on intramyocellular lipids in obese men before and after a lifestyle intervention.

Isacco, L. Maximal fat oxidation, but not aerobic capacity, is affected by oral contraceptive use in young healthy women.

Jensen, J. The role of skeletal muscle glycogen breakdown for regulation of insulin sensitivity by exercise. Jeukendrup, A. Measurement of substrate oxidation during exercise by means of gas exchange measurements.

Knechtle, B. Fat oxidation in men and women endurance athletes in running and cycling. Lambert, K. Whole-body lipid oxidation during exercise is correlated to insulin sensitivity and mitochondrial function in middle-aged obese men.

Austin Diabetes Res. Lanzi, S. Short-term HIIT and fatmax training increase aerobic and metabolic fitness in men with class II, and III Obesity. Obesity 23, — Fat oxidation, hormonal and plasma metabolite kinetics during a submaximal incremental test in lean and obese adults.

Layden, D. Effects of reduced ambient temperature on fat utilization during submaximal exercise. Lima-Silva, A. Relationship between training status and maximal fat oxidation rate. Marchand, I. Quantitative assessment of human muscle glycogen granules size and number in subcellular locations during recovery from prolonged exercise.

Marzouki, H. Relative and absolute reliability of the crossover and maximum fat oxidation points during treadmill running. Sports 29, e—e McBride, H. Mitochondria: more than just a powerhouse. McCaig, R. Ergonomic and physiological aspects of military operations in a cold wet climate.

Ergonomics 29, — McLaughlin, J. Test of the classic model for predicting endurance running performance. Meyer, C. Role of human liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle in postprandial glucose homeostasis. Meyer, T. The reliability of fatmax. Sports 19, — Mogensen, M.

Maximal lipid oxidation in patients with Type 2 diabetes is normal and shows an adequate increase in response to aerobic training.

Diabetes, Obes. Mohebbi, H. Effects of exercise at individual anaerobic threshold and maximal fat oxidation intensities on plasma levels of nesfatin-1 and metabolic health biomarkers. Montero, D. Haematological rather than skeletal muscle adaptations contribute to the increase in peak oxygen uptake induced by moderate endurance training.

Mora-Rodríguez, R. Aerobic exercise training increases muscle water content in obese middle-age men. Nielsen, J. Human skeletal muscle glycogen utilization in exhaustive exercise: role of subcellular localization and fibre type.

Distinct effects of subcellular glycogen localization on tetanic relaxation time and endurance in mechanically skinned rat skeletal muscle fibres. Nilsson, L. Liver glycogen content in man in the postabsorptive state.

Carbohydrate metabolism of the liver in normal man under varying dietary conditions. Nordby, P. Independent effects of endurance training and weight loss on peak fat oxidation in moderately overweight men: a randomized controlled trial. Whole-body fat oxidation determined by graded exercise and indirect calorimetry: a role for muscle oxidative capacity?

Sports 16, — Ørtenblad, N. Muscle glycogen stores and fatigue. Oosthuyse, T. The effect of the menstrual cycle on exercise metabolism: implications for exercise performance in eumenorrhoeic women.

Muscle glycogen and cell function - location, location, location. Sports 25 Suppl. Orr, R. Reported load carriage injuries of the australian army soldier.

Springer US: — Oz, G. Direct, noninvasive measurement of brain glycogen metabolism in humans. Parkin, J. Effect of ambient temperature on human skeletal muscle metabolism during fatiguing submaximal exercise. Pérez-Martin, A. Balance of substrate oxidation during submaximal exercise in lean and obese people.

Perry, C. High-intensity aerobic interval training increases fat and carbohydrate metabolic capacities in human skeletal muscle. Phinney, S. The human metabolic response to chronic ketosis without caloric restriction: preservation of submaximal exercise capability with reduced carbohydrate oxidation.

Purdom, T. Understanding the factors that effect maximal fat oxidation. Racinais, S. Consensus recommendations on training and competing in the heat. Randell, R. Maximal fat oxidation rates in an athletic population. Rigden, D.

Human adipose tissue glycogen levels and responses to carbohydrate feeding. Robinson, S. Maximal fat oxidation during exercise is positively associated with hour fat oxidation and insulin sensitivity in young, healthy men.

Romijn, J. Relationship between fatty acid delivery and fatty acid oxidation during strenuous exercise. Regulation of endogenous fat and carbohydrate metabolism in relation to exercise intensity and duration. Rosenkilde, M. Fat oxidation at rest predicts peak fat oxidation during exercise and metabolic phenotype in overweight men.

Changes in peak fat oxidation in response to different doses of endurance training. Sports 25, 41— Ross, R. Importance of assessing cardiorespiratory fitness in clinical practice: a case for fitness as a clinical vital sign: a scientific statement from the american heart association.

Circulation Sahlin, K. Lactate Content and pH in muscle samples obtained after dynamic exercise. Pflugers Archiv. The potential for mitochondrial fat oxidation in human skeletal muscle influences whole body fat oxidation during low-intensity exercise.

Scalzo, R. Greater muscle protein synthesis and mitochondrial biogenesis in males compared with females during sprint interval training. Schubert, M.

Impact of 4 weeks of interval training on resting metabolic rate, fitness, and health-related outcomes. Schwindling, S. Limited benefit of fatmax-test to derive training prescriptions.

Sidossis, L. Regulation of Plasma Fatty Acid Oxidation during Low- and High-Intensity Exercise. Snyder, A.

Exercise responses to in-line skating: comparisons to running and cycling. Soenen, S. Protein intake induced an increase in exercise stimulated fat oxidation during stable body weight.

Spina, R. Mitochondrial enzymes increase in muscle in response to days of cycle exercise. Spriet, L. New insights into the interaction of carbohydrate and fat metabolism during exercise.

Starkie, R. Effects of temperature on muscle metabolism during submaximal exercise in humans. Starritt, E. Sensitivity of CPT I to malonyl-CoA in trained and untrained human skeletal muscle. Stisen, A. Maximal fat oxidation rates in endurance trained and untrained women. Talanian, J.

Two weeks of high-intensity aerobic interval training increases the capacity for fat oxidation during exercise in women.

Exercise training increases sarcolemmal and mitochondrial fatty acid transport proteins in human skeletal muscle. Tan, S. Positive effect of exercise training at maximal fat oxidation intensity on body composition and lipid metabolism in overweight middle-aged women.

Imaging 36, — Tolfrey, K. Tsujimoto, T. Effect of weight loss on maximal fat oxidation rate in obese men. Obesity Research and Clinical Practice 6 2. Asia Oceania Assoc. for the Study of Obesity: e— van Loon, L.

The effects of increasing exercise intensity on muscle fuel utilisation in humans. Effect of training status on fuel selection during submaximal exercise with glucose ingestion.

Venables, M. Determinants of fat oxidation during exercise in healthy men and women: a cross-sectional study. Endurance training and obesity: effect on substrate metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Volek, J. Metabolic characteristics of keto-adapted ultra-endurance runners. Metabolism 65, — Wang, C.

Mitochondrial dysfunction in insulin insensitivity: implication of mitochondrial role in type 2 diabetes. Wasserman, D. Four Grams of Glucose. Webster, C. Gluconeogenesis during endurance exercise in cyclists habituated to a long-term low carbohydrate high-fat diet. Wu, Y. Metabolic reprogramming of human cells in response to oxidative stress: implications in the pathophysiology and therapy of mitochondrial diseases.

Yeo, W. Skeletal muscle adaptation and performance responses to once a day versus twice every second day endurance training regimens. Zurlo, F. Low ratio of fat to carbohydrate oxidation as predictor of weight gain: study of H RQ. Citation: Maunder E, Plews DJ and Kilding AE Contextualising Maximal Fat Oxidation During Exercise: Determinants and Normative Values.

Received: 26 February ; Accepted: 03 May ; Published: 23 May Copyright © Maunder, Plews and Kilding. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY.

Endurance training and increased fat consumption are known to increase fat burning during exercise. But is there solid proof that endurance athletes can actually perform better by training and eating to burn more fat?

Several years ago, researchers from the University of Buffalo published an interesting study on the performance effects of various levels of fat consumption in men and women.

Endurance and VO2max tests were performed at the end of four-week periods in which runners consumed diets of 16 percent, 31 percent, and 44 percent fat.

Time to exhaustion in the endurance test was 14 percent greater at the end of the medium-fat diet than it was at the end of the low-fat diet. However, there was no change in VO2max. One major limitation of this study was that the order of the diets was not random, therefore we cannot rule out the possibility that the runners performed better in the second endurance test because they were more familiar with it, or in better shape, not because of their diet.

Also, there was no difference in the rate of fat burning in the second endurance test versus the first. If higher fat intake was the cause of superior endurance, we would expect increased fat burning during exercise to be the mechanism. Other research, however, has found that increased fat intake does result in greater fat oxidation during exercise.

Researchers from New Zealand compared the effects of a day high-carbohydrate diet, a day high-fat diet, and an Performance in the minute test was slightly better after the high-carb diet, but not to a statistically significant degree, while performance in the km test was slightly better, but again not to a statistically significant degree, following the high-fat diet.

Fat oxidation was significantly greater during the km test following the high-fat diet. Like this study, other studies have also suggested that, while increased fat intake may increase endurance, it may also reduce performance in shorter higher-intensity races.

The rationale for this approach is that a couple of weeks on a high-fat diet will stimulate increases in fat oxidation capacity during exercise, and that following this adaptation period with a couple of days of carbo-loading immediately preceding a race or other maximal endurance effort will maximize muscle glycogen stores, so the athlete has the best of both worlds.

A recent study from University of Cape Town, South Africa, suggests that this strategy just might work. Researchers examined the effects of a high-fat diet versus a habitual diet prior to carbohydrate loading on fuel metabolism and cycling time-trial performance.

Five trained cyclists participated in two day randomized cross-over trials during which they consumed either a 65 percent fat diet or their habitual 30 percent fat diet for 10 days, before switching to a 70 percent carbohydrate diet for three days.

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Horowitz, J. Lipolytic suppression following carbohydrate ingestion limits fat oxidation during exercise. Howald, H. Influences of endurance training on the ultrastructural composition of the different muscle fiber types in humans.

Hulston, C. Training with low muscle glycogen enhances fat metabolism in well-trained cyclists. Hultman, E. Physiological role of muscle glycogen in man, with special reference to exercise. Muscle glycogen synthesis in relation to diet studied in normal subjects.

Acta Med. Ipavec-Levasseur, S. Effect of 1-H moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on intramyocellular lipids in obese men before and after a lifestyle intervention. Isacco, L. Maximal fat oxidation, but not aerobic capacity, is affected by oral contraceptive use in young healthy women.

Jensen, J. The role of skeletal muscle glycogen breakdown for regulation of insulin sensitivity by exercise. Jeukendrup, A. Measurement of substrate oxidation during exercise by means of gas exchange measurements. Knechtle, B.

Fat oxidation in men and women endurance athletes in running and cycling. Lambert, K. Whole-body lipid oxidation during exercise is correlated to insulin sensitivity and mitochondrial function in middle-aged obese men.

Austin Diabetes Res. Lanzi, S. Short-term HIIT and fatmax training increase aerobic and metabolic fitness in men with class II, and III Obesity. Obesity 23, — Fat oxidation, hormonal and plasma metabolite kinetics during a submaximal incremental test in lean and obese adults.

Layden, D. Effects of reduced ambient temperature on fat utilization during submaximal exercise. Lima-Silva, A. Relationship between training status and maximal fat oxidation rate. Marchand, I. Quantitative assessment of human muscle glycogen granules size and number in subcellular locations during recovery from prolonged exercise.

Marzouki, H. Relative and absolute reliability of the crossover and maximum fat oxidation points during treadmill running. Sports 29, e—e McBride, H. Mitochondria: more than just a powerhouse. McCaig, R. Ergonomic and physiological aspects of military operations in a cold wet climate.

Ergonomics 29, — McLaughlin, J. Test of the classic model for predicting endurance running performance. Meyer, C. Role of human liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle in postprandial glucose homeostasis. Meyer, T. The reliability of fatmax. Sports 19, — Mogensen, M. Maximal lipid oxidation in patients with Type 2 diabetes is normal and shows an adequate increase in response to aerobic training.

Diabetes, Obes. Mohebbi, H. Effects of exercise at individual anaerobic threshold and maximal fat oxidation intensities on plasma levels of nesfatin-1 and metabolic health biomarkers. Montero, D. Haematological rather than skeletal muscle adaptations contribute to the increase in peak oxygen uptake induced by moderate endurance training.

Mora-Rodríguez, R. Aerobic exercise training increases muscle water content in obese middle-age men. Nielsen, J. Human skeletal muscle glycogen utilization in exhaustive exercise: role of subcellular localization and fibre type. Distinct effects of subcellular glycogen localization on tetanic relaxation time and endurance in mechanically skinned rat skeletal muscle fibres.

Nilsson, L. Liver glycogen content in man in the postabsorptive state. Carbohydrate metabolism of the liver in normal man under varying dietary conditions. Nordby, P. Independent effects of endurance training and weight loss on peak fat oxidation in moderately overweight men: a randomized controlled trial.

Whole-body fat oxidation determined by graded exercise and indirect calorimetry: a role for muscle oxidative capacity? Sports 16, — Ørtenblad, N. Muscle glycogen stores and fatigue. Oosthuyse, T. The effect of the menstrual cycle on exercise metabolism: implications for exercise performance in eumenorrhoeic women.

Muscle glycogen and cell function - location, location, location. Sports 25 Suppl. Orr, R. Reported load carriage injuries of the australian army soldier.

Springer US: — Oz, G. Direct, noninvasive measurement of brain glycogen metabolism in humans. Parkin, J. Effect of ambient temperature on human skeletal muscle metabolism during fatiguing submaximal exercise. Pérez-Martin, A. Balance of substrate oxidation during submaximal exercise in lean and obese people.

Perry, C. High-intensity aerobic interval training increases fat and carbohydrate metabolic capacities in human skeletal muscle. Phinney, S. The human metabolic response to chronic ketosis without caloric restriction: preservation of submaximal exercise capability with reduced carbohydrate oxidation.

Purdom, T. Understanding the factors that effect maximal fat oxidation. Racinais, S. Consensus recommendations on training and competing in the heat. Randell, R. Maximal fat oxidation rates in an athletic population.

Rigden, D. Human adipose tissue glycogen levels and responses to carbohydrate feeding. Robinson, S. Maximal fat oxidation during exercise is positively associated with hour fat oxidation and insulin sensitivity in young, healthy men.

Romijn, J. Relationship between fatty acid delivery and fatty acid oxidation during strenuous exercise. Regulation of endogenous fat and carbohydrate metabolism in relation to exercise intensity and duration. Rosenkilde, M. Fat oxidation at rest predicts peak fat oxidation during exercise and metabolic phenotype in overweight men.

Changes in peak fat oxidation in response to different doses of endurance training. Sports 25, 41— Ross, R. Importance of assessing cardiorespiratory fitness in clinical practice: a case for fitness as a clinical vital sign: a scientific statement from the american heart association.

Circulation Sahlin, K. Lactate Content and pH in muscle samples obtained after dynamic exercise. Pflugers Archiv.

The potential for mitochondrial fat oxidation in human skeletal muscle influences whole body fat oxidation during low-intensity exercise. Scalzo, R. Greater muscle protein synthesis and mitochondrial biogenesis in males compared with females during sprint interval training.

Schubert, M. Impact of 4 weeks of interval training on resting metabolic rate, fitness, and health-related outcomes. Schwindling, S. Limited benefit of fatmax-test to derive training prescriptions. Sidossis, L. Regulation of Plasma Fatty Acid Oxidation during Low- and High-Intensity Exercise.

Snyder, A. Exercise responses to in-line skating: comparisons to running and cycling. Soenen, S. Protein intake induced an increase in exercise stimulated fat oxidation during stable body weight. Spina, R. Mitochondrial enzymes increase in muscle in response to days of cycle exercise.

Spriet, L. New insights into the interaction of carbohydrate and fat metabolism during exercise. Starkie, R. Effects of temperature on muscle metabolism during submaximal exercise in humans.

Starritt, E. Sensitivity of CPT I to malonyl-CoA in trained and untrained human skeletal muscle. Stisen, A. Maximal fat oxidation rates in endurance trained and untrained women.

Talanian, J. Two weeks of high-intensity aerobic interval training increases the capacity for fat oxidation during exercise in women. Exercise training increases sarcolemmal and mitochondrial fatty acid transport proteins in human skeletal muscle.

Tan, S. Positive effect of exercise training at maximal fat oxidation intensity on body composition and lipid metabolism in overweight middle-aged women. Imaging 36, — Tolfrey, K.

Tsujimoto, T. Effect of weight loss on maximal fat oxidation rate in obese men. Obesity Research and Clinical Practice 6 2. Asia Oceania Assoc. for the Study of Obesity: e— van Loon, L. The effects of increasing exercise intensity on muscle fuel utilisation in humans.

Effect of training status on fuel selection during submaximal exercise with glucose ingestion. Venables, M. Determinants of fat oxidation during exercise in healthy men and women: a cross-sectional study. Endurance training and obesity: effect on substrate metabolism and insulin sensitivity.

Volek, J. Metabolic characteristics of keto-adapted ultra-endurance runners. Metabolism 65, — Wang, C. Mitochondrial dysfunction in insulin insensitivity: implication of mitochondrial role in type 2 diabetes. Wasserman, D. Four Grams of Glucose. Webster, C. Gluconeogenesis during endurance exercise in cyclists habituated to a long-term low carbohydrate high-fat diet.

Wu, Y. Metabolic reprogramming of human cells in response to oxidative stress: implications in the pathophysiology and therapy of mitochondrial diseases. Yeo, W.

Skeletal muscle adaptation and performance responses to once a day versus twice every second day endurance training regimens.

Zurlo, F. Low ratio of fat to carbohydrate oxidation as predictor of weight gain: study of H RQ. Citation: Maunder E, Plews DJ and Kilding AE Contextualising Maximal Fat Oxidation During Exercise: Determinants and Normative Values. Received: 26 February ; Accepted: 03 May ; Published: 23 May Copyright © Maunder, Plews and Kilding.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice.

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