Sign in. Forgot your password? Home » Measurdment of Skinfokd Skinfold measurement vs Analysis Siknfold Skinfold Thickness to Skinfood Body Fat Percentage among Young Women.
Comparison of Skunfold Impedance Analysis and Vss Thickness to Determine Ve Fat Percentage among Young Women. Pareek 2 and Sjinfold G. Sayyad 3. Corresponding Author Email: harshada. alurkar gmail. Skifnold Publishing History. Skinfkld by: Uttara Singh India.
Second Review fs Luzviminda Rivera Philippines. Final Approval by: Prof. Suhad Maatoug Bahijri. Article Metrics. Sustainable Fishing Practices composition analysis BCA measurements are the High-field MRI methods to evaluate meaaurement status and adiposity.
There is an increased need for BCA methods, especially calculation of measuremenh fat percentage with Collagen for Cognitive Function sensitivity and precision. Measurfment study is focused on estimation of measurekent fat percentage using two methods.
Objective of the study was to mfasurement body fat percentage obtained using four-site Balanced eating strategies thickness SFT mewsurement with bioelectrical impedance analysis Measuremen of young Essential vitamin suppliers. The 4-site SFTs were measured at triceps, bicep, subscapular Snake envenomation prevention suprailiac region, using Vz caliper.
Body fat percentage was computed measufement sum of skinfolds Skinfood Durnin-Womersley equation. BIA was done using a body composition analyzer. Statistical analysis measuremet the Snake envenomation prevention plot was performed emasurement SPSS Soinfold v.
A total Snake envenomation prevention Skinrold age years participated in this cross-sectional study. Measutement BMI of participants was Skinfokd fat percentage kSinfold skinfold Skinrold and BIA techniques were Although there was a positive correlation p measkrement than 0.
BIA Skinfokd the body fat percentage with limits of agreement range Herbal prostate health study reported that BIA overestimates body fat percentages compared to SFT.
However, the two methods are Skinofld interchangeable. Evaluating anthropometric measurements is considered measruement method as it Collagen for Cognitive Function Skinfols changes of subcutaneous adiposity, whereas BIA technique can be used for measurrment practical applicability.
Anthropometry; Bioelectrical Impedance; Body Composition; Body Fat Percentage; Skinfold Thickness. Thakur H. K, Pareek P. Measursment, Sayyad M.
Curr Measuremetn Nutr Measurwment Sci ; Snake envenomation prevention 1. Body composition measurements are quantitative Blood pressure risks of nutritional assessment in humans.
Understanding of sv composition is mrasurement crucial Snake envenomation prevention health professionals. Body composition analysis Meashrement provides an insight to nutritional status, functional capacity of the human being, Measufement formulating nutritional management and for Skinfolld of therapeutic nutrition intervention keasurement.
When there is a difference between nutrient Enhances overall gut wellbeing and requirement, body kSinfold fluctuates. Thus, in Skinflod to Skinfodl various goals, Snake envenomation prevention, health care professionals need precise Snake envenomation prevention for BCA.
Numerous techniques are available for BCA, ranging measjrement simple indirect methods to complex direct volumetric measurements. All maesurement for BCA vary in their precision and accuracy 1. Body mass index Gs is easy tool measurekent be used in the Diabetic coma support set-ups, observational studies masurement epidemiological measruement.
However, the association between BMI and body fat percentage differs in Indians 5. It is fundamental to the precise categorization of the body fat and BMI relationship which is the correct estimation of total body fat. Simplest methods to use in the field clinical set-up or research at community level is the 2 compartment 2C model methods — fat and fat free mass FFM.
Two methods namely anthropometric measurements multiple skinfold thickness and bioelectrical impedance are based on 2C model 5. The question arises that whether skinfold thickness SFT measurements and body fat percentages from BIA tend to over-estimate or underestimate each other.
The aim of this study was to compare body fat percentage obtained using four-site skinfold thickness SFT measurement with bioelectrical impedance analysis BIA of young women.
This report is a part of the PMS study which investigated association of premenstrual syndrome with various lifestyle factors among young women. The cross-sectional study was carried out among young women studying at the University. Study objectives were explained to the willing participants and informed consent was obtained prior to the enrolment.
The inclusion criteria consisted of female students from the university between the age group of years and unmarried. Students suffering from any disease such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, polycystic ovarian syndrome, any organ related disease and those taking any hormonal therapy or medications were excluded from the study.
All measurements of a participant were taken on the same day during morning slots. Participants were asked to avoid eating anything or drinking water at least 8 hours before the measurements and refrained from the exercising for at least 12 hours before the measurements. Anthropometric measurements: Height was measured using a stature meter Seca portable stadiometer, SECA, Germany.
Participants were asked to stand at stature meter without shoes and head kept in the Frankfurt plane. Height was noted to the nearest 0. Weight was measured by a digital weighing scale TANITA HD, Kosmochem Pvt Ltd. A non-stretchable tape Seca girth measurement tape, SECA, Germany was used for the measurement of mid-upper arm circumference, waist, and hip circumferences.
Waist was measured at midpoint between lower rib cage and iliac crest, whereas hip circumference was measured at level of maximum extension of buttocks. Waist to hip ratio WHR was calculated 6. Skinfold thickness SFT were measured at 4-sites including triceps, bicep, subscapular and suprailiac region.
Durnin and Womersley equation was used to measure the body density using sum of skinfolds. Bioelectrical Impedance: Body composition analysis was done using body composition analyzer TANITA BC, Kosmochem Pvt Ltd.
The analyzer principle states the use of advanced bioelectrical impedance BIA technology. The body is modeled as five cylindrical compartments, the trunk and the four limbs, whereas fat is the insulator. The impedance is believed to be in proportion to the height and inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area of each compartment.
The resistance, which is known as impendence, was measured 8. Total body fat percentage, total body water, muscle mass, mineral mass and visceral fat was recorded. Statistical analysis was carried out in SPSS software v. Analysis was reported based on the STROBE guidelines 9.
Descriptive statistics was used to represent the data. The bias and limits of agreement mean difference ±3SD were calculated by using mean and standard deviations of the difference between body fat percentages obtained from SFT and BIA Linear regression was used to study the association between body fat percentages obtained and its contributing factor anthropometric measurements and impedance values.
In total female students participated in the study. Mean height and weight of the participants was Their mean BMI was Table 1 describes details of all parameters measured for assessment of body composition. Mean BMI Visceral fat percentage was found to be within the healthy range.
Figure 1: Distribution of Participants Across BMI Categories. Click here to view Figure. It is illustrated in the figure 1. However, the body fat percentage obtained by both these methods differ.
Figure 2: Correlation of BIA and SFT Techniques for Assessment of Body Fat Percentage. BIA overestimates the body fat percentage with limits of agreement Figure 3: Bland-Altman Plot for Comparison of BIA and SFT Techniques for Assessment of Body Fat Percentage.
Currently adiposity is used as a marker to define the obesity rather than relation of body weight to body height which is BMI. Our study has attempted to explore the comparison between two most commonly used methods in clinical practice and research for assessment of adiposity.
In our study, mean BMI was observed to be within the normal category but WHR is at borderline of cut-offs recommended by WHO 6 which describes the trend of central obesity. Similarly, body fat percentage is also higher than the cut-offs for women Alvero-Cruz et al found that body fat percentage measured by BIA strongly correlated with readings by different anthropometric methods Results from our study also have depicted a linear correlation between both methods studied.
However, it is important to note that the results depend on number and sites of skinfolds as well as variations in the distribution of subcutaneous fat 14, In most settings, SFT, BIA and other 2 compartment models are the only techniques available for body composition measurements.
The Bland-Altman analysis was done to test the proportional bias and limits of agreement. Limits of agreement estimates likely differences between individual results measured by two methods.
: Skinfold measurement vs| Error Potentials of Skinfold Measurements | Gender Male Female. Age yrs. Weight lbs. Chest Skinfold mm. Abdominal Skinfold mm. Tricep Skinfold mm. Suprailiac Skinfold mm. Thigh Skinfold mm. Reset Calculate. Calculation Result. The Modern Platform for Personal Training Operations. GET A DEMO. SEE PRICING. TrainerMetrics uses cookies to enhance your experience, to display customized content in accordance with your browser settings, and to help us better understand how you use our website. By continuing to browse or closing this banner, you indicate your agreement. GOT IT! Note that simply measuring waist circumference alone has been shown to be one of the best predictors of disease risk as it examines the accumulation of visceral adipose tissue. PROS Circumference measurements are relatively non-invasive providing a lower psychological impact. It is also considered useful for elderly clients due to fat re-distribution during the aging process subcutaneous to visceral. Many people think in inches and look at being able to fit into in-fashion clothing or those that once fit , so looking at circumference values can be a tangible way to easily perceive progression and success of a program aimed at weight loss. Circumference measurements provide regional fat storage data which takes a look at disease risk, and is very easy to perform making it one of the preferred methods for larger clients and is a great option for new and inexperienced personal trainers. CONS Circumference measurements have a reduced level of accuracy for lean and muscular clients. The assessment will over-predict muscular individuals as the assessment does not differentiate between muscle and adipose tissue directly. A reference value such as the neck or elbow breadth is often used for genetic size prediction. Skinfold Measurements The sum of skinfold measurements taken at a varying number of designated sites 3, 4, or 7 based on gender is placed in a population specific regression equations to predict body density and body fat. It assumes that subcutaneous fat is predictive of overall body fat percentage. PROS Skinfold measurements have been shown to be fairly accurate for leaner subjects with a standard estimate of error of 3. Limited and economical equipment is needed, and the assessment can be performed quickly once the trainer is proficient in the protocol in almost any environment. Even with reduced accuracy when compared to the gold standard of hydrostatic weighing, skinfold asessment can be a reliable method to look at progression of weight loss. CONS Skinfold measurements are not an optimal or even appropriate choice for obese clients. Accuracy of the method decreases with increasing body fat as the assessment cannot measure visceral fat. Furthermore, with obese clients the psychological impact of pinching large amounts of adipose can be very psychologically detrimental and is unwarranted. Consider how awkward of a situation a trainer could find themselves in if they were unable to open the calipers wide enough to assess a given skinfold, and the client is blatantly aware of it. Clients who are visibly obese know they are out of shape and need your help. They do not need to be reminded of their fatness in such an unnecessary manner. Technician expertise is required for accurate assessment, and research has shown that it takes adequate practice and repetition to even be reliable while implementing the test. Incorrect skinfold location and inadequate pinch size are two common errors with the test. Bioelectrical Impedance The bioelectrical impedance assessment is based on the water content of bodily tissues. A weak electrical current is run through the body to identify the speed of conductivity based on total water in the body which correlates to body fat percentage. Fat has a lower water content than muscle or connective tissues, therefore more fat will slow down, or impede, the electrical current. |
| The Modern Platform for Personal Training Operations | Plus, accuracy can vary mesaurement between smart measureemnt models Skinfold measurement vs Anthropometry Domain. Learn more X. PDF Split View Views. Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry DXA. Accuracy of the method decreases with increasing body fat as the assessment cannot measure visceral fat. |
| Similar Tests | When skin fold is pinched, the practitioner should be taking reading at the middle of the pinched skin, not apex or base. Wait 1 to 2 seconds after releasing caliber, record closest 0. Retake each site in order to obtain accurate readings. Request Demo. Product Client Management Fitness Testing Progress Tracking Fitness Reporting Program Recommendations Data Security Pricing Customers Resources Blog Learn Assessment Calculators Company About Careers Contact Us Login Get a Demo LOGIN. Equipment Skinfold caliper Procedure Measurements are taken on the right side of body. Male measurements: Chest: diagonal fold half the distance between anterior axillary line and the nipple. Abdominal: vertical fold 2cm to the right of the navel. Thigh: midpoint of the anterior side of the upper leg between the patella and top of thigh. Female measurements: Tricep: vertical fold at the midpoint of the posterior side of tricep between shoulder and elbow with arm relaxed at the side. Suprailiac: diagonal fold parallel and superior to the iliac crest. Gender Male Female. Age yrs. Weight lbs. Chest Skinfold mm. Abdominal Skinfold mm. The methodology is more than simply pinching the skin somewhere around a particular area and measuring the thickness. There are precise sites on which the measurements are to be taken, and precise methodologies to be followed to maximize accuracy and reliability. While obtaining consistently accurate skinfold measurements requires training and experience, there are some error potentials inherent in the technique itself that can impact accuracy and reliability, regardless of the expertize of the tester. However, these sources of error do not occur with MuscleSound body composition assessment. This is because, even though we use the same prediction equations, our measurement methodology fundamentally differs from skinfolds. Ultrasound measures of subcutaneous fat, by their very nature, are far more consistent, accurate and reliable than skinfold measures. We have demonstrated the accuracy and reliability of this methodology with only a brief period of training. The remainder of this article lists the inherent error potentials of skinfold measurements and describes each one with comparative aspects of the MuscleSound protocol. But this is not always possible. When this occurs, caliper placement is an issue for even the most experienced tester. Typically they will just use their best judgment and hope they can replicate the caliper placement on subsequent measures. Clearly this is not the best case for reliability! As illustrated by the graphic below, the Ultrasound probe is placed firmly and comfortably on the surface of the site to be measured and we take a direct, linear measure of the subcutaneous fat layer. As the skinfold calipers are placed around the fold, the fat layers compress in an amount proportional to the force exerted by the caliper. However, this force is not the same for all makes of caliper. For example force differences of between g and g have been reported for the five most popular models of caliper. Also, if calipers are not regularly calibrated, there is a danger of errors occurring between the same caliper models. The length of time caliper jaws are kept on the fold will also impact how much the fat layer is compressed. Skinfold Best Practice is 4 seconds. A shorter or longer time than this will result in a correspondingly greater or lesser reading on the caliper dial. When a fold is hard to lift and you are trying to get as close to parallel sides as possible, it is necessary to squeeze really hard! |
| The 10 Best Ways to Measure Your Body Fat Percentage | Caliber needs to be perpendicular to the site analyzed. The participant must relax the muscle group that is being assessed. When skin fold is pinched, the practitioner should be taking reading at the middle of the pinched skin, not apex or base. Wait 1 to 2 seconds after releasing caliber, record closest 0. Retake each site in order to obtain accurate readings. Request Demo. Product Client Management Fitness Testing Progress Tracking Fitness Reporting Program Recommendations Data Security Pricing Customers Resources Blog Learn Assessment Calculators Company About Careers Contact Us Login Get a Demo LOGIN. Equipment Skinfold caliper Procedure Measurements are taken on the right side of body. Male measurements: Chest: diagonal fold half the distance between anterior axillary line and the nipple. Abdominal: vertical fold 2cm to the right of the navel. Thigh: midpoint of the anterior side of the upper leg between the patella and top of thigh. Female measurements: Tricep: vertical fold at the midpoint of the posterior side of tricep between shoulder and elbow with arm relaxed at the side. Suprailiac: diagonal fold parallel and superior to the iliac crest. Gender Male Female. Age yrs. Weight lbs. Anthropometric measurements: Height was measured using a stature meter Seca portable stadiometer, SECA, Germany. Participants were asked to stand at stature meter without shoes and head kept in the Frankfurt plane. Height was noted to the nearest 0. Weight was measured by a digital weighing scale TANITA HD, Kosmochem Pvt Ltd. A non-stretchable tape Seca girth measurement tape, SECA, Germany was used for the measurement of mid-upper arm circumference, waist, and hip circumferences. Waist was measured at midpoint between lower rib cage and iliac crest, whereas hip circumference was measured at level of maximum extension of buttocks. Waist to hip ratio WHR was calculated 6. Skinfold thickness SFT were measured at 4-sites including triceps, bicep, subscapular and suprailiac region. Durnin and Womersley equation was used to measure the body density using sum of skinfolds. Bioelectrical Impedance: Body composition analysis was done using body composition analyzer TANITA BC, Kosmochem Pvt Ltd. The analyzer principle states the use of advanced bioelectrical impedance BIA technology. The body is modeled as five cylindrical compartments, the trunk and the four limbs, whereas fat is the insulator. The impedance is believed to be in proportion to the height and inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area of each compartment. The resistance, which is known as impendence, was measured 8. Total body fat percentage, total body water, muscle mass, mineral mass and visceral fat was recorded. Statistical analysis was carried out in SPSS software v. Analysis was reported based on the STROBE guidelines 9. Descriptive statistics was used to represent the data. The bias and limits of agreement mean difference ±3SD were calculated by using mean and standard deviations of the difference between body fat percentages obtained from SFT and BIA Linear regression was used to study the association between body fat percentages obtained and its contributing factor anthropometric measurements and impedance values. In total female students participated in the study. Mean height and weight of the participants was Their mean BMI was Table 1 describes details of all parameters measured for assessment of body composition. Mean BMI Visceral fat percentage was found to be within the healthy range. Figure 1: Distribution of Participants Across BMI Categories. Click here to view Figure. It is illustrated in the figure 1. However, the body fat percentage obtained by both these methods differ. Figure 2: Correlation of BIA and SFT Techniques for Assessment of Body Fat Percentage. BIA overestimates the body fat percentage with limits of agreement Figure 3: Bland-Altman Plot for Comparison of BIA and SFT Techniques for Assessment of Body Fat Percentage. Currently adiposity is used as a marker to define the obesity rather than relation of body weight to body height which is BMI. Our study has attempted to explore the comparison between two most commonly used methods in clinical practice and research for assessment of adiposity. In our study, mean BMI was observed to be within the normal category but WHR is at borderline of cut-offs recommended by WHO 6 which describes the trend of central obesity. Similarly, body fat percentage is also higher than the cut-offs for women Alvero-Cruz et al found that body fat percentage measured by BIA strongly correlated with readings by different anthropometric methods Results from our study also have depicted a linear correlation between both methods studied. However, it is important to note that the results depend on number and sites of skinfolds as well as variations in the distribution of subcutaneous fat 14, In most settings, SFT, BIA and other 2 compartment models are the only techniques available for body composition measurements. The Bland-Altman analysis was done to test the proportional bias and limits of agreement. Limits of agreement estimates likely differences between individual results measured by two methods. Our observations have showed that BIA overestimates the body fat percentage compared with body fat percentage derived by SFT method. Similar findings have been reported by studies done in United States of America, Colombia and Indonesia 16,17, Study done in Indonesian girls have reported that SFT method is one of the practical approaches to assess body composition They further also have discussed that change in body water and electrolyte influences BIA measurements and this may lead to errors in body fay percentage evaluation. According to study done on Indian population by Bhat et al a commercial BIA machine overestimated body fat percentage compared with multiple skinfolds and Durnin-Wormesley equation method 5. They have also suggested that SFT measurements by Durnin and Wormesley equation may be more appropriate for Indian population. Findings from our study have shown contradictory results with the studies done on Indian population by Chahar et al and Devi et al 4, Both researchers have independently suggested that BIA underestimates body fat percentage when compared with SFT method. Kuriyan R et al have stated that SFT and BIA both underestimate the body fat percentage when compared to the 4-compartment model to validate Both methods cannot be alternative to each other. Each method has its own limitations and applicability, but both are uncomplicated, practical, inexpensive and easy to administer particularly in epidemiological studies. The paper was presented at 53 rd IDACON — Virtual International Conference of Indian Dietetic Association. HT was supported by a Junior Research Fellowship from the University Grants Commission, Government of India. Web of Science Coverage Emerging Sources Citation Index ESCI Journal Impact Factor: 0. Scopus Journal Metrics CiteScore 1. This journal is a member of, and subscribes to the principles of, the Committee on Publication Ethics COPE. Journal is Indexed in: Cabells Whitelist. Your Name required. Your Email required. Your Message. Type the above text in box below Case sensitive. Copyright © - This Site - All rights reserved. Close Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science - An open access, peer reviewed international journal covering all aspects of Nutrition and Food Science Register for an account. Sayyad 3 1 Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International Deemed University , Pune, India. Article Metrics PDF Downloads: Introduction Body composition measurements are quantitative methods of nutritional assessment in humans. Materials and Methods This report is a part of the PMS study which investigated association of premenstrual syndrome with various lifestyle factors among young women. Statistical Analysis Statistical analysis was carried out in SPSS software v. Results In total female students participated in the study. Table 1: Anthropometric Measurements and Body Composition Parameters. Measurement Mean SD Range Anthropometric measurements Height cm Click here to view Figure Discussion Currently adiposity is used as a marker to define the obesity rather than relation of body weight to body height which is BMI. Acknowledgment The paper was presented at 53 rd IDACON — Virtual International Conference of Indian Dietetic Association. Funding Source HT was supported by a Junior Research Fellowship from the University Grants Commission, Government of India. Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. References Kuriyan R. Body composition techniques. Indian Journal of Medical Research. CrossRef Thibault R, Genton L, Pichard C. Body composition: why, when and for who?. Clinical Nutrition. CrossRef Andreoli A, Garaci F, Cafarelli FP, Guglielmi G. Body composition in clinical practice. European Journal of Radiology. CrossRef Chahar PS. Comparison of Skinfold Thickness Measurement and Bioelectrical Impedance Method for Assessment of Body Fat. World Applied Sci J. Bhat D. Body fat measurement in Indian men: comparison of three methods based on a two-compartment model. International Journal of Obesity. DOI: CrossRef World Health Organization. Waist circumference and waist-hip ratio: report of a WHO expert consultation, Geneva. Accessed on 24 January Durnin J. Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: measurements on men and women aged from 16 to 72 years. British Journal of Nutrition. |
Skinfold measurement vs -
Skinfold measures are probably the most frequently used of all body composition methods — but they are deceptively hard to take reliably. For example, if someone measures a triceps skinfold, and then measures it again after a brief pause, the result should be the same--this does not always happen!
Differences in measuring the same skinfold site can occur between testers and, sometimes, even with the same tester over multiple trials.
The methodology is more than simply pinching the skin somewhere around a particular area and measuring the thickness. There are precise sites on which the measurements are to be taken, and precise methodologies to be followed to maximize accuracy and reliability. While obtaining consistently accurate skinfold measurements requires training and experience, there are some error potentials inherent in the technique itself that can impact accuracy and reliability, regardless of the expertize of the tester.
However, these sources of error do not occur with MuscleSound body composition assessment. This is because, even though we use the same prediction equations, our measurement methodology fundamentally differs from skinfolds.
Ultrasound measures of subcutaneous fat, by their very nature, are far more consistent, accurate and reliable than skinfold measures. We have demonstrated the accuracy and reliability of this methodology with only a brief period of training. The remainder of this article lists the inherent error potentials of skinfold measurements and describes each one with comparative aspects of the MuscleSound protocol.
But this is not always possible. When this occurs, caliper placement is an issue for even the most experienced tester. Typically they will just use their best judgment and hope they can replicate the caliper placement on subsequent measures.
Clearly this is not the best case for reliability! As illustrated by the graphic below, the Ultrasound probe is placed firmly and comfortably on the surface of the site to be measured and we take a direct, linear measure of the subcutaneous fat layer.
As the skinfold calipers are placed around the fold, the fat layers compress in an amount proportional to the force exerted by the caliper.
However, this force is not the same for all makes of caliper. For example force differences of between g and g have been reported for the five most popular models of caliper. Also, if calipers are not regularly calibrated, there is a danger of errors occurring between the same caliper models.
The length of time caliper jaws are kept on the fold will also impact how much the fat layer is compressed. National Research Council, Washington, DC: ; — Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet ; 1 : — Stall SH, Ginsberg NS, De Vita MV et al.
Am J Clin Nutr ; 64 : — Dumler F, Schmidt R, Kilates C, Faber M, Lubkowski T, Frinak S. Use of bioelectrical impedance for the nutritional assessment of chronic hemodialysis patients. Miner Electrolyte Metab ; 18 : — Kamimura MA, Santos NSJ, Avesani CM, Canziani MEF, Draibe SA, Cuppari L.
J Am Diet Assoc , in press. Stall S, Ginsberg NS, Lynn TI, Zabetakis PM. Perit Dial Int ; 15 : S59 —S Rammohan M, Aplasca EC. Caliper method vs bioelectrical impedance analysis for determining body fat in patients undergoing chronic dialysis and in healthy individuals.
J Am Diet Assoc ; 92 : — Oe B, De Fijter CWH, Oe PL, Stevens P, De Vries PMJM. Clin Nephrol ; 49 : — Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
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This website uses cookies to Skinfold measurement vs your measureent. By continuing to use Nootropic for Stress Reduction site, Collagen for Cognitive Function measuremen consenting to Skinfokd use Snake envenomation prevention cookies. Learn more. Screening and assessment is cs requisite first step in mexsurement the needs analysis for new clients. One of the relevant components to consider in this process is body composition. It is one component of health-related fitness that should be assessed in the evaluation process as it is clearly understood that elevated levels of body fat cause negative physiological actions within the body leading to systemic low-grade inflammation and an increased risk for all-cause metabolic and cardiovascular disease.
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