Ohayon MM. For example, rafe body produces cytokines, which are proteins that can ward off infection and inflammation. Ghrelin is impacted by the endogenous circadian system and by circadian misalignment in humans.

Metabolic rate and sleep quality -

Sleep and physical activity have a close two-way relationship. A lack of sleep decreases physical activity, and lack of physical activity may lead to worsened sleep 41 , Numerous studies have shown that regular exercise can decrease the time it takes you to fall asleep and increase the overall quality of sleep across all age groups 42 , 43 , 44 , Furthermore, a lack of sleep can cause daytime fatigue, making you less motivated to exercise and more likely to be sedentary.

This can make achieving a calorie deficit for weight loss more difficult. Getting enough sleep may increase your motivation to be more active and enhance your athletic performance, both of which can contribute to weight loss. Interestingly, being physically active can also improve your sleep.

A lack of sleep is linked to poorer food choices, increased hunger and calorie intake, decreased physical activity, and ultimately, weight gain. If your weight loss efforts are not producing results, it may be time to examine your sleep habits. Though individual needs vary, most adults need around 7—9 hours of sleep per night.

Getting some much needed rest may make all the difference in helping you achieve your weight loss goals. Try this today: Tonight, try to be in bed at least 30 minutes earlier than you usually are.

Read this article for tips on how to fall asleep fast. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available.

VIEW ALL HISTORY. Some popular diets claim to help you shed weight while you sleep, but you may wonder whether there's any truth to the idea.

This article explores…. Getting quality sleep is one of the best things you can do for your health. Here are 10 evidence-based reasons why good sleep is important. Sleeping for at least 7—9 hours each night does not always come easy. Here are 9 drinks that might help improve your sleep naturally.

Experts say unhealthy sleep patterns can be caused by irregular eating habits and stress. Poor sleep can also lead to those health issues. Being unable to sleep is incredibly frustrating, and it can make you feel miserable the next day. Here are 20 simple tips to fall asleep as fast as….

Sleep deprivation not only affects how you feel the next day, it can also impact your entire body. Here's all you need to know.

How many calories you burn has to do with various factors, including your weight, your metabolism, and how much sleep you get each night.

Patients with diabetes who used GLP-1 drugs, including tirzepatide, semaglutide, dulaglutide, and exenatide had a decreased chance of being diagnosed…. A Quiz for Teens Are You a Workaholic? How Well Do You Sleep? Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect.

Nutrition Evidence Based 6 Ways Sleep May Help You Lose Weight. Medically reviewed by Nick Villalobos, MD — By Caroline Pullen, MS, RD and Katey Davidson, MScFN, RD, CPT — Updated on April 19, May help you avoid weight gain associated with short sleep.

May help moderate your appetite. Moreover, the duration of sleep and the risk of MS presented a U-shaped curve. Both short and long sleep periods can increase the risk of MS components, such as obesity and high blood pressure. Short periods of sleep may increase the risk of hyperglycemia, another component of MS.

A large sample size of , participants and the absence of publication bias make our study results more robust. Sensitivity analysis further confirmed the robustness of our conclusion. Cohort studies move towards results and the temporal sequence between causes and effects is usually clear, whereas cross-sectional studies are difficult to make causal inferences or interpret established associations Long sleep duration has not been found to be associated with an increased risk of MS in previous research 7 , 24 , which was mostly based on cross-sectional studies Our findings show that both long and short sleep duration are associated with an increased risk of MS.

The simplest model and the one with the most adjustments were derived from our meta-analysis. Surprisingly, long sleep had the opposite effect on MS, with the estimated effect in the crude model being non-statistically significant but evident in the adjusted model.

This may be the reason why previous systematic evaluations could not yield positive results. Interestingly, we found that short sleep did not increase the risk of MS in persons older than 65 years. It appears that the amount of sleep required by the elderly is less than that required by the young First, older people slept significantly less than younger people when extremely long mandatory sleep periods were provided This may be due to the fact that older people have lower ad lib sleep needs than younger people.

Another interesting finding was that in healthy older adults, after sleep deprivation or experimental slow-wave sleep suppression, slow-wave sleep duration and slow-wave activity SWA rebounded more slowly than in younger adults 28 , Older people have lower homeostatic sleep buildup than younger people, based on this finding.

In addition, under sleep deprivation, the elderly showed less impairment in the sleep sensitive alert task than young people There are numerous phenotypic signs of reduced homeostatic sleep drive in older people, which suggests that they require less sleep 27 , In other words, as we get older, our sleep requirements become less.

One literature only showed a dose-response relationship between short sleep duration and MS 8. Our meta-regression results showed a U-shaped prediction of dose-dependent responses, which had not been found in previous meta-analyses.

Besides, we investigated the relationship between sleep duration and components of MS. The possible reason is that the impaired blood glucose in MS mainly refers to elevated fasting blood glucose. However, many patients with impaired blood glucose present with normal fasting blood glucose and elevated postprandial blood glucose For low-HDL, another component of MS, there was no statistically significant difference between short and long sleep duration.

The underlying mechanisms of the relationship between sleep and MS are not fully understood. The underlying mechanisms linking sleep to MS may differ between short and long term sleep.

Several potential pathophysiology mechanisms may contribute to the relationship between short sleep duration and MS. Hormonal changes may be part of the explanation for MS caused by a short sleep. The low level of promoting anorexia hormone leptin and higher hunger hormone ghrelin levels has been found during short sleep in some experimental research 32 , Other hormone changes caused by the short sleep periods include an increase in cortisol production at night 34 — 36 , a kind of hormone that can cause insulin resistance and promote weight gain, hyperglycemia and hypertension.

Elevated catecholamines lead to increased sympathetic nerve activity, endothelial cell dysfunction, and impaired vasodilation. These changes also contribute to increased blood pressure 37 — The underlying mechanism between longer sleep and an increased risk of MS is currently thought to be speculative.

Obstructive sleep apnea OSA may be a cause. Risk factors for OSA include snoring, increased body mass index BMI , and aging. Snoring patients begin sleep with reduced pharyngeal dilator activity, leading to apnea and hypoventilation, and end with a slight awakening that restores muscle activity and reopens the upper airway.

Repeated episodes of this can cause sleep fragmentation, which is associated with long periods of sleep. Sleep fragmentation and intermittent hypoxia can increase the excitability of the sympathetic nervous system, resulting in metabolic disorders One study showed that weight loss in moderate to severe OSA patients reduced upper respiratory tract collapse and daytime sleepiness Older adults have ventilatory control systems that are out of control.

At the same time, older people have more airway collapse and lower ventilation capacity than younger people, and longer sleep associated with OSA makes them more vulnerable to metabolic disorders due to hypoxia Finally, long sleep duration has been associated with several risk factors for MS morbidity, such as depression and low physical activity In addition, sleep appears to promote inflammatory homeostasis by affecting a variety of inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines.

Prolonged sleep disturbances can lead to chronic, systemic, low-grade inflammation and are associated with a variety of diseases with inflammatory components, such as MS. This view is supported by Besedovsky A consequence of MS as a chronic, low-grade inflammation is insulin resistance 48 , Various measures associated with the innate immune system have been used to assess low-grade inflammation, including C-reactive protein CRP , IL-6, WBC count, neutrophil count, and platelet count Studies have shown that short sleep duration is combined with increased inflammatory load i.

However, many studies have also reported the association between elevated inflammatory markers and long sleep duration 52 — Although statistical adjustments have been made for various factors, including demographic variables, health behaviors, medication, and comorbidities, the association between long-term sleep duration and elevated inflammatory status is thought to be mediated by uncontrolled disease processes.

It should be noted that the results of this meta-analysis are based on self-reported sleep duration. Fernandez-Mendoza found sleep state misperception are present in people with normal sleep duration, but not in people who sleep less. In addition, sleep state misperception was associated with depression, anxiety-reflective personality traits and poor coping resources, but not with other factors, such as gender, age, race and education In addition, different measurement tools of sleep duration may affect the interpretation of the study results and subsequent clinical application Polysomnography PSG is the gold standard for measuring sleep, but its use is limited by cumbersome procedures.

Matthews 57 proved that self-reported sleep duration was about minutes longer than PSG. The sleep estimates assessed by PSG were 7 to 20 minutes longer than sleep duration assessed by activity-recording Self-reported sleep duration is more widely used because it usually consists of a simple retrospective questionnaire given.

Notably, self-reported habitual sleep duration was moderately associated not only with PSG sleep duration, but also with activity recording. Additionally, there was some heterogeneity in the results. Definitions of MS definitions are inconsistent, although similar in most respects, which may cause some heterogeneity in our results.

Finally, the included studies were mainly conducted in Asia, the United States, and Sweden. These findings may not generalize to other ethnic groups. After considering the typical risk factors for MS, both short and long sleep periods can increase the risk of MS.

Furthermore, the relationship between the dose of sleep duration and MS risk presented a U-shaped curve. For the components of MS, both short and long sleep increased the risk of obesity and high blood pressure. Short sleep can potentially increase the risk of high blood sugar. However, the exact mechanism that causes this difference is not clear.

Current trends in sleep disorders indicate the critical importance of integrating healthy sleep into MS control policies. Longer-term randomized controlled trials are needed to establish causality and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.

Conception and design: ZW, XL, and TC. Data collection and interpretation: TC, CY, and DT. Data analyses: XZ. Manuscript draft and critical review: all authors.

Final approval of the study content and manuscript and accountability for data integrity: all authors. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China No.

RC and No. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.

Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

The authors would like to thank the staff and participants of Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital. We also thank TopEdit for English language editing. Engin A. The Definition and Prevalence of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome.

Adv Exp Med Biol — doi: PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Isomaa B, Almgren P, Tuomi T, Forsen B, Lahti K, Nissen M, et al. Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality Associated With the Metabolic Syndrome. Diabetes Care —9. Esposito K, Chiodini P, Colao A, Lenzi A, Giugliano D.

Metabolic Syndrome and Risk of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Diabetes Care — Grundy SM. Drug Therapy of the Metabolic Syndrome: Minimizing the Emerging Crisis in Polypharmacy. Nat Rev Drug Discovery — CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar.

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Nutr Diabetes 3:e Xi B, He D, Zhang M, Xue J, Zhou D. Short Sleep Duration Predicts Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sleep Med Rev —7. Iftikhar IH, Donley MA, Mindel J, Pleister A, Soriano S, Magalang UJ.

Sleep Duration and Metabolic Syndrome. An Updated Dose-Risk Metaanalysis. Ann Am Thorac Society — Wang Y, Mei H, Jiang YR, Sun WQ, Song YJ, Liu SJ, et al. Relationship Between Duration of Sleep and Hypertension in Adults: A Meta-Analysis.

This current study is the largest study examining a dose-response association between sleep duration with supplemental analysis using 1-h interval sleep duration and MetS and its components among both men and women.

Details of the HEXA study rationale, design, and baseline characteristics are described in previous papers [ 14 , 15 ]. This study uses HEXA-Gem HEXA-G participant sample that have been further restricted with participating site eligibility criteria [ 16 ].

A total of , subjects with 44, men and 88, women Fig. The HEXA study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board IRB of the Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea IRB number — and the Korea National Institute of Health IRB number —C-A.

All study participants gave written informed consent prior to entering the study. The National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III NCEP ATP III is a commonly used metabolic syndrome criteria oriented towards assessing cardiovascular diseases [ 17 ].

Our study defined metabolic syndrome using NCEP ATP III to ensure consistency and comparability with our previously published HEXA studies [ 18 ]. The final model used in our study adjusted for the following covariates: age, education, occupation, marital status, and menopausal status women only.

Each of the covariates was categorized in the same way as the previously HEXA study on snoring and metabolic syndrome [ 18 ]. Education had three categories: middle school or below, high school graduate, and college or above.

Occupation had three categories: non-manual, manual, and unemployed. Marital status had two categories: married or single. Menopausal status had two categories: pre- or post-menopausal. Additional lifestyle covariates were considered.

Current smokers were defined as those who smoked a minimum of cigarettes during their lifetime and continued to smoke; non-smokers as those who have never smoked in their lifetime or have quit.

Current drinkers were defined as those who drink alcohol at the time of survey and non-drinkers as those who have never drank alcohol or have abstained from alcohol drinking.

Regular exercisers were defined as those engaging in routine physical activity. Likelihood ratio tests with the use of a cross-product term to calculate gender interaction p -values. To assess the basic characteristics of our sample in regards to sleep duration categories, a chi-square test for categorical variables and analysis of variance ANOVA for continuous variables were performed.

A multivariable stepwise analysis was used to determine a parsimonious model for the final logistic regression models. All p -values were two-sided, and statistical significance was set at below 0. A parsimonious model of regression was determined via multivariable stepwise analysis.

The final model was adjusted for age continuous , education, occupation, menopausal status only women , smoking only men and drinking status, routine exercise and dietary intake continuous were adjusted.

Marital status was not included in the models as it did not pose a significant effect on the relationship between sleep duration and MetS.

While smoking is an important covariate for both sleep duration and MetS occurrence, the percent of current smokers among women was an average of 2. Energy intake variable accounted for the individual dietary factors i. A separate analysis with individual dietary factors adjusted did not affect the association between sleep duration and MetS.

Moreover, we excluded subjects with a previous diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia to account for comorbidities via sensitivity analysis.

We also examined 1-h interval sleep duration and MetS and its components as a supplemental analysis. SAS software version 9. A summary of the sample baseline characteristics categorized by sleep duration is available in Table 1.

About The overall prevalence of MetS was All selected covariates differed at statistical significance among the sleep duration categories. The odds ratios for MetS and its components by sleep duration are in Table 3.

Less than 6 h sleep was also associated with elevated waist circumference OR: 1. To assess the dose-response relationship of specific sleep duration hours and MetS, a supplemental analysis from HEXA study years — 73, subjects of which 24, men and 48, women was performed Additional file 1 : Table S1.

Among men, only 5 h sleep was associated with metabolic syndrome OR: 1. The results of the updated HEXA-G — analysis on sleep duration and metabolic syndrome and its components confirm and further expand on the previously published HEXA study — [ 13 ], displaying findings not shown in prior studies.

In the previous HEXA study [ 13 ], after adjusting for covariates, 10 h sleep or greater was associated with MetS in women only OR: 1. However, in the current study, with expanded sample size and power, a positive association was observed between 10 h sleep or greater and MetS in both men and women OR: 1.

In the supplemental analysis, a similar J-shape trend existed but with a significant positive association between 10 h sleep or greater and MetS only in women; between 5 h sleep and MetS only in men.

Gender interaction in the association between sleep duration and metabolic syndrome was statistically significant in our study which complements the gender difference reported in a study looking at the association between sleep duration and mortality [ 20 ].

While the exact mechanisms are unclear, one explanation may be that women experiencing menopausal transition face erratic fluctuations and eventual decline in estrogens as well as ovarian oestradiol which may lead to frequent sleep disruptions [ 21 , 22 ], a common characteristic of long sleep duration [ 23 ].

Additionally, a study examining the association between inflammatory markers and sleep duration observed higher levels of interleukin-6 IL-6 and C-reactive protein CRP in women who slept less than 5 h or more than 9 h, while no significant marker variation was observed in men [ 25 ].

Notably, a recent meta-analysis stated that women may be more vulnerable to the effects of sleep disturbance and displayed greater increases of CRP and IL-6 compared with men. The review also reported that long sleep duration, but not short duration was associated with increases in CRP and IL-6 [ 26 ].

Few studies have reported gender-stratified sleep association with MetS. A meta-analysis of 12 cross-sectional and 3 cohort studies from North America, Europe, and Asia, has found that both less than 5 h and greater than 8 h sleep duration were associated with MetS but reported no gender differences between the association [ 27 ].

Additionally, a study in Korea reported that both short less than or equal to 5 h and long greater than or equal to 9 h sleep are related to increased risk of MetS, however, with gender adjusted [ 28 ]. For example, one cross-sectional study conducted in China categorized sleep duration into 2- h intervals and found that both short less than 6 h and long greater than 9 h sleep was associated with MetS in males only [ 29 ].

Similarly, a prospective study conducted in Korea has also used 2-h sleep intervals and reported that only short less than 6 h sleep was associated with MetS in a mixed gender population [ 30 ]. Furthermore, while a recent meta-analysis reported that a dose-response relationship exists between short sleep and MetS, it did not support the notion that long sleep is associated with MetS [ 31 ].

The opposite was observed in a study conducted in Korea in which greater than or equal to 9 h was associated with MetS but not with sleep less than or equal to 5 h [ 32 ]. Although the biological mechanism of sleep duration and MetS remains unclear, several potential endocrinologic, immunologic, and metabolic processes have been reported.

Sleeping less than 7 h may cause reciprocal changes in circulating levels of leptin and ghrelin [ 33 ] which would increase appetite, caloric intake, reduce energy expenditure [ 34 ] facilitating an increase in waist circumference as well as overall obesity development.

It may also cause impaired glycemic control lowering glucose tolerance and thyrotropin concentration levels increasing risk for hypertension and diabetes [ 35 ]. Other endocrinologic effects include increased cortisol levels which may elevate fasting glucose levels [ 36 ].

Additionally, clinical studies have shown that sleep deprivation results in increased levels of high-sensitivity CRP and IL-6 during, markers that have also been associated with constituents of MetS [ 37 ].

Likewise, number of studies report detrimental health effects of long sleep [ 27 , 38 ] and suggest sleeping in moderation approximately 7 h rather than in abundance for optimum health [ 39 ]. Potential effects of long sleep include: increased sleep fragmentation with lower sleep quality [ 23 ], greater fatigue [ 40 ], limited photoperiod and greater physiological deprivation i.

exercise [ 23 ]. All of these conditions are studied to be associated with insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hormonal imbalance [ 41 ] which may lead to premature death [ 23 , 39 ].

While the current study displays a correlation between sleep duration and MetS, there are a couple factors to consider. First, the current study is cross-sectional and therefore, causality between sleep duration and MetS cannot be construed. Second, sleep duration was assessed through self-report questionnaire instead of objective measures via the use of an actigraph or polysomnography.

Third, total sleep time measured may include both nighttime sleep as well as naptime. Daytime napping behavior has been associated with lower sleep efficiency, shorter sleep duration, and consequently cardiovascular risk factors [ 45 ].

Hence, it would be informative to make the distinction between naptime and nighttime to separately assess their impact on health. Fifth, the covariates such as smoking, alcohol drinking, and physical activity were included in the final model as categorical variables. Given that smoking, alcohol drinking, and physical activity are studied to be dose-dependent to health outcomes, there may be residual confounding effect that is not accounted for.

Additionally, our study included menopausal status as a binary variable and does not include information on women experiencing menopausal transition, which has been studied to be a contributing factor to sleep patterns in women [ 22 ].

Despite these limitations, the current study is the largest study providing dose-response association between sleep duration and metabolic syndrome and its components.

Using the HEXA-G database allowing for greater internal validity as well as additional robust subgroup analyses: the sample became more homogenous and the number of women and men have almost doubled from the previous study which gave more power to detect the associations between sleep and MetS that were unnoticed before.

Furthermore, with the addition of extended HEXA study years from to , hour-specific dose-response association was analyzed which highlighted the gender differences in association between sleep and MetS.

In conclusion, after adjusting for covariates such as sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, sleep duration displayed an association with MetS and its components among both men and women.

Gender differences were observed in regards to the effect of short and long sleep and their association with MetS-men were affected more by short sleep and women with long sleep. Further prospective studies using multiple measurements of sleep duration i. sleep diaries and actigraphs are warranted to assess the casual relationship between sleep duration and MetS and its components.

Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion: Healthy People Sleep Health. Google Scholar. National Sleep Foundation: National Sleep Foudnation Recommends new Sleep Times.

National Sleep Foundation. Sleep Hygiene. Sleep Topics. Kim K, Shin D, Jung GU, Lee D, Park SM. Association between sleep duration, fat mass, lean mass and obesity in Korean adults: the fourth and fifth Korea National Health and nutrition examination surveys.

J Sleep Res. Article PubMed Google Scholar. Magee CA, Kritharides L, Attia J, McElduff P, Banks E. Short and long sleep duration are associated with prevalent cardiovascular disease in Australian adults. Itani O, Jike M, Watanabe N, Kaneita Y. Short sleep duration and health outcomes: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression.

Sleep Med. Shen XL, Wu YL, Zhang DF. Nighttime sleep duration, hour sleep duration and risk of all-cause mortality among adults: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Sci Rep. Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar. Liu TZ, Xu C, Rota M, Cai H, Zhang C, Shi MJ, Yuan RX, Weng H, Meng XY, Kwong JS, et al.

Sleep duration and risk of all-cause mortality: a flexible, non-linear, meta-regression of 40 prospective cohort studies. Sleep Med Rev. Gallicchio L, Kalesan B.

Sleep duration and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. da Silva AA, de Mello RG, Schaan CW, Fuchs FD, Redline S, Fuchs SC.

Sleep duration and mortality in the elderly: a systematic review with meta-analysis. BMJ Open.

The amount of sleep you Coenzyme Q supplements may Metabollic just as important for weight loss as your diet and exercise. Evidence shows that anc may be Rxte missing factor for Caloric needs for low-carb diets people trying Millet grain benefits lose weight. Auality fewer than 7 hours of sleep at Metaabolic is considered short sleep 1. Short sleep — usually defined as fewer than 6—7 hours — has been repeatedly linked to a higher body mass index BMI and weight gain. In contrast, sleep was not a factor in the development of obesity in adults who slept longer 7—9 hours per night 2. Another study found short sleep duration to be significantly associated with greater waist circumference, which is an indicator of the accumulation of belly fat 3. Other studies have found similar results 456.

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An elevation in metabolic Metabolic rate and sleep quality in insomnia ad affect qualjty leading Metabolc greater hyperarousal and perpetuating qkality symptoms. We sought Metaoblic determine whether metabolic rate anr Caloric needs for low-carb diets in insomnia patients which would provide strong evidence ratr whole-body physiological qiality.

To rafe, there has been no systematic review of metabolic rate in insomnia patients. Therefore, the aim of the systematic review was to determine the metabolic rate of insomnia disorder patients.

An extensive and systematic search for studies on metabolic rate on insomnia populations was conducted using the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, Embase, and Psycinfo. The search terms were adapted when necessary to fit the specific search requirements of each database see Supplementary Material.

The primary search was undertaken on the 4th December No limitations were used in any database. After exporting articles into EndNote, duplicates were removed. Reference lists of relevant original and review articles identified through the search were searched for potential missed publications.

The search was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses PRISMA statement and documented using the PRISMA flow chart Our primary study question was whether or not metabolic rate, determined using gold-standard measurement calorimetrywas increased in patients with untreated insomnia disorder compared with good-sleeping controls or compared to patients with insomnia undergoing treatment.

The article had to contain original data i. Compared to good-sleeping controls or post-intervention. The primary or secondary outcome had to be the measurement of metabolic rate directly e. Type of study could be either observational case-control study or interventional. In a first phase, the studies were independently reviewed by two authors JC, MC using the title and the abstract.

Disagreements in abstract inclusion or exclusion were resolved by consensus with a third author CG. In a second phase, full text articles were independently reviewed by the same authors JC, MC and disagreements were resolved by consensus with the third author CG.

Full text articles were selected using the selection criteria and included in the final inclusion list. The characteristics, measurements and outcomes of the selected studies were extracted in duplicate JC, MC into a table template. Results were tabulated as mean ± SD where possible.

When these data were not available from an article, authors were contacted for the results or clarification. Risk of bias was assessed for case-control studies using the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence methodology checklist This checklist assisted with the assessment of the studies' internal validity by methodically appraising the selection of cases and controls, confounding factors and statistical methods.

Risk of bias in interventional studies was evaluated using the Cochrane collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias This tool assisted with the assessment of the studies' internal validity and detection of selection, performance, detection, attrition, or reporting bias.

After removing duplicates there were records to screen for titles and abstracts initially. Following abstract screening articles were excluded. The full-texts of the remaining 35 articles were checked for eligibility and of these, 31 were excluded see Figure 1 for reasons.

The four remaining articles 20 — 23 met the eligibility criteria and were included in this review, see Table 1. No further articles were identified through searching reference lists of reviews identified during the initial search nor the reference lists of the included articles.

Authors were contacted directly when articles were missing data or information pertinent to the review 20 — We received metabolic rate and some participant characteristic data Unfortunately for the other studies 20 — 22 it was not possible to retrieve the standard deviations of waking metabolic rate measurements due to lack of access to the primary data.

Due to a lack of information regarding variability within groups e. Figure 1. Flowchart of included studies flowchart is modified from PRISMA There were a combined total of 75 participants with and without insomnia disorder who underwent metabolic rate measurements in the four included articles.

Three of the articles were case-control in design and used age, gender, and weight-matched good-sleeping controls 2021 The other was a clinical trial assessing metabolic rate before and after treatment with two doses of lorazepam for insomnia Participants in all studies were young to middle-aged mean age ranged from 31 to 52 yearsand were selected based on a healthy BMI.

Three of the articles were published by the same research team 20 — 22 using the same indirect calorimetry technique to measure V · O 2 Deltatrac. This method utilized a metabolic mask worn by the participants during eight min periods between waking and bedtime, and continuously overnight.

The fourth study used a similar system Deltatrac II for measuring V · O 2but collected this only during a single min period around 8 a. Metabolic rate was greater in the insomnia group compared with the good-sleeping control group in two of the case-control design studies 20 This finding was consistent when measured during both the day and night.

In the case-control study by Seelig et al. In the clinical trial participants, overnight V · O 2 was marginally decreased after taking lorazepam of either 0.

Overall, for the case-control studies, the risk of bias was evaluated as mixed See Supplementary Material. All studies were shown to define clearly the case and control groups. However, two studies 2021 did not use a clinical diagnosis of insomnia disorder for instance, DSMbut did report extensive questionnaire and diary data required for diagnosis of insomnia compared with good-sleeping controls See Table 1.

For the interventional study, there was no mention in the article regarding randomization, allocation concealment, or blinding, so it was unclear if this may have influenced the result See Supplementary Material. The systematic review identified four studies that measured metabolic rate directly in patients with insomnia.

Metabolic rate was found to be increased during both day and night in patients with untreated insomnia in the studies that sampled V · O 2 across a 24 h period 20 In contrast, when V · O 2 was measured at only one morning timepoint ~8 a.

The final study compared V · O 2 across the 24 h on and off lorazepam treatment for insomnia, showed that lorazepam reduced V · O 2 during the night-time only Overall these results indicate that metabolic rate across the h period appears to be increased in insomnia patients when compared with age- and gender-matched controls, which is consistent with hyperarousal model of insomnia.

This result also aligns with recent findings that insomnia is associated with metabolic dysregulation compared with good-sleeping controls, suggesting that metabolic profiling may be a potential biomarker for disease risk in insomnia Methodological differences in the sampling period and study population, may account for observed V · O 2 differences between the studies.

Seelig et al. This study 23 only evaluated females who were on average about 15—20 years older than the participants in the other studies.

Females on average have lower metabolic rates than men, and metabolic rate declines with age It is unclear whether or not insomnia may affect metabolic rate differentially between males and females or across the lifespan.

Additionally, the effect of benzodiazepines lorazepam on V · O 2 may have been mediated by the alteration to neuroendocrine stress response The nocturnal V · O 2 was lower following administration of lorazepam, which may affect overnight cortisol secretion resulting in greater decrease in metabolic rate compared with the day.

However, these results need to be interpreted with caution as the differences were marginal and the anxiolytic effects of lorazepam may have lowered overall V · O 2 during the night The increased V · O 2 findings suggest that whole-body metabolic rate is elevated and supports the h hyperarousal theory of insomnia These data align with findings from a number of studies that have identified increased arousal in patients with insomnia across behavioral, cognitive, and autonomic nervous system domains

: Metabolic rate and sleep quality

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Low-Dose Endotoxemia and Human Neuropsychological Functions. Brain Behav Immun — Smagula SF, Stone KL, Redline S, Ancoli-Israel S, Barrett-Connor E, Lane NE, et al. the night before an early meeting, you know how inadequate sleep affects your day. But irregular sleeping habits impact more than just your mood. Plus, a lack of sleep is one of the many causes of weight gain. But what exactly does that mean? And is there any truth to such a claim? Even at a standstill, your body burns calories to complete basic functions like pumping blood and breathing. The expenditure of energy for these survival functions is your basal metabolic rate also called your resting metabolic rate. This metabolic rate varies among individuals, depending on weight, sex, age, body composition, and other factors. Your body weight and your metabolism are linked. After a hour period of wakefulness, the subjects were found to have a reduced energy expenditure. Their bodies were conserving energy—or, to put it another way, their basal metabolic rates slowed down. Instead of one hour period without adequate sleep, subjects were made to sleep four hours per night for five nights, then given a hour recovery sleep. The results showed a decrease in resting metabolic rate of around 2. After the lengthy recovery sleep, these numbers returned to normal levels. These studies—and others like them—suggest that restful sleep plays a vital role in overall well-being, especially when it comes to your metabolism. If you regularly miss out on sleep, wake up several times in the middle of the night, or pull all-nighters, your body is likely to slow the rate at which it burns energy. But sleep deprivation affects more than the number of calories you burn. There are microscopic changes that take place at the hormonal level. Remember the first study we mentioned? The researchers found that several hormones spiked after the sleepless night. 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Tan X, Alen M, Cheng SM, Mikkola TM, Tenhunen J, Lyytikainen A, et al. Associations of disordered sleep with body fat distribution, physical activity and diet among overweight middle-aged men. Strand LB, Laugsand LE, Wisloff U, Nes BM, Vatten L, Janszky I. Insomnia symptoms and cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy individuals: the Nord-Trondelag Health Study HUNT. Yeung V, Sharpe L, Glozier N, Hackett ML, Colagiuri B. A systematic review and meta-analysis of placebo versus no treatment for insomnia symptoms. Stenlof K, Grunstein R, Hedner J, Sjostrom L. Energy expenditure in obstructive sleep apnea: effects of treatment with continuous positive airway pressure. Keywords: metabolic rate, insomnia, hyperarousal, sleep disturbances, systematic review. Citation: Chapman JL, Comas M, Hoyos CM, Bartlett DJ, Grunstein RR and Gordon CJ Is Metabolic Rate Increased in Insomnia Disorder? A Systematic Review. Received: 03 April ; Accepted: 21 June ; Published: 16 July Copyright © Chapman, Comas, Hoyos, Bartlett, Grunstein and Gordon. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Gordon, christopher. gordon sydney. Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Top bar navigation. 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Sleeping Metabolic Rate: Burning Calories While You Sleep	Marital status was not included in the models quaoity it did xleep pose Sodium intake guidelines significant effect on the relationship between sleep duration and Metabolic rate and sleep quality. Am Caloric needs for low-carb diets Clin Qualty. There are numerous phenotypic signs of reduced homeostatic sleep drive in older people, which suggests that they require less sleep 27 And you can expect to go through between four and six sleep cycles a night. The short answer to this question is yes—your body is burning calories while you sleep. J Appl Physiol.
How Are Sleep and Weight Connected?	Short KR, Vittone JL, Bigelow ML, Proctor DN, Nair KS. Van de Kar LD, Blair ML. The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease. DOCX 32 kb. e2