Organization WH. Wang L, Song Y, Manson JE, Pilz S, Marz W, Michaelsson K, et al. Nutrktional hydroxyvitamin Insklin Endurance nutrition tips be Endurance nutrition tips associated with hyperuricemia in U. Hénaut L, Massy ZA. Zhou C, Lu F, Cao K, Xu D, Goltzman D, Miao D. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Zhang Z, Zhang Z: Comment on vitamin D deficiency is the cause of common obesity.

Insulin resistance and nutritional deficiencies -

The study included people aged 60 to 90 who were in the hospital with type 2 diabetes, with and without foot ulcers. But vitamin D deficiency was more common among those with a diabetic foot ulcer compared with those without.

The study also showed that how long someone had diabetes and having high systolic blood pressure the top number also increased risk of foot ulcers. Researchers found that the chance of developing insulin resistance went down with each additional amount of vitamin D supplement taken.

Researchers say this might indicate that vitamin D3 is a protective factor in the occurrence of insulin resistance because it helps lower inflammation and inflammation raises your risk for insulin resistance.

Molecular mechanisms of chromium in alleviating insulin resistance. J Nutr Biochem ; 23 4 : Wang J, Yuen VG, McNeill JH. Effect of vanadium on insulin and leptin in Zucker diabetic fatty rats.

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Increased concentration of serum MDA, decreased antioxidants and altered trace elements and macro-minerals are linked to obesity among Bangladeshi population. Diabetes Metab Syndr ; 13 2 : Anderson EJP, Ghamari-Langroudi M, Cakir I, et al.

Late onset obesity in mice with targeted deletion of potassium inward rectifier Kir7. J Neuroendocrinol ; 31 1 : e Cai X, Li X, Fan W, et al.

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J Diabetes Complications ; 14 5 : Lima MdeL, Cruz T, Rodrigues LE, et al. Serum and intracellular magnesium deficiency in patients with metabolic syndrome-evidences for its relation to insulin resistance. Diabetes Res Clin Pract ; 83 2 : Mooren FC, Krüger K, Völker K, Golf SW, Wadepuhl M, Kraus A.

Oral magnesium supplementation reduces insulin resistance in non-diabetic subjects - a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Diabetes Obes Metab ; 13 3 : Shi H, Dirienzo D, Zemel MB. Effects of dietary calcium on adipocyte lipid metabolism and body weight regulation in energy-restricted aP2-agouti transgenic mice.

FASEB J ; 15 2 : Zemel MB, Thompson W, Milstead A, Morris K, Campbell P. Calcium and dairy acceleration of weight and fat loss during energy restriction in obese adults. Obes Res ; 12 4 : Schrager S. Dietary calcium intake and obesity.

J Am Board Fam Pract ; 18 3 : Zemel MB, Shi H, Greer B, Dirienzo D, Zemel PC. Regulation of adiposity by dietary calcium. FASEB J ; 14 9 : Astrup A. The role of calcium in energy balance and obesity: The search for mechanisms.

Am J Clin Nutr ; 88 4 : García-Delgado N, Velasco M, Sánchez-Soto C, Díaz-García CM, Hiriart M. Calcium channels in postnatal development of rat pancreatic beta cells and their role in insulin secretion.

Front Endocrinol Lausanne ; 9: Gomes JMG, Costa JA, Alfenas RC. Could the beneficial effects of dietary calcium on obesity and diabetes control be mediated by changes in intestinal microbiota and integrity? Br J Nutr ; 11 : Rieusset J, Fauconnier J, Paillard M, et al.

Disruption of calcium transfer from ER to mitochondria links alterations of mitochondria-associated ER membrane integrity to hepatic insulin resistance. Diabetologia ; 59 3 : Ayoub JJ, Samra MJA, Hlais SA, Bassil MS, Obeid OA.

Nutr Diabetes ; 5: e Obeid OA. Low phosphorus status might contribute to the onset of obesity. Obes Rev ; 14 8 : Celik N, Andiran N. The relationship between serum phosphate levels with childhood obesity and insulin resistance.

J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab ; 24 : Lin YI, Berger L, Sun Z. Regulation of insulin sensitivity by phosphorus. Diabetes ; Bassil MS, Obeid OA. Phosphorus supplementation recovers the blunted diet-induced thermogenesis of overweight and obese adults: A pilot study.

Nutrients ; 8 12 : Hammoud RU, Jabbour MN, Tawil AN, Ghattas H, Obeid OA. Phosphorus supplementation mitigated food intake and growth of rats fed a low-protein diet. Curr Dev Nutr ; 1 8 : e Shimodaira M, Okaniwa S, Nakayama T.

Reduced serum phosphorus levels were associated with metabolic syndrome in men but not in women: A cross-sectional study among the japanese population.

Ann Nutr Metab ; 71 : Meyer B. Elemental sulfur. Chem Rev ; Zhang H, Huang Y, Bu D, et al. Endogenous sulfur dioxide is a novel adipocyte-derived inflammatory inhibitor.

Sci Rep ; 6: Camargo RL, Branco RCS, de Rezende LF, et al. The effect of taurine supplementation on glucose homeostasis: The role of insulin-degrading enzyme. Cham: Springer International Publishing ; pp.

Poloni S, Spritzer PM, Mendes RH, et al. Leptin concentrations and scd-1 indices in classical homocystinuria: Evidence for the role of sulfur amino acids in the regulation of lipid metabolism.

Clin Chim Acta ; Kwak HC, Kim Y-M, Oh SJ, Kim SK. Sulfur amino acid metabolism in zucker diabetic fatty rats. Biochem Pharmacol ; 96 3 : Santhosh Kumar B, Priyadarsini KI. Selenium nutrition: How important is it? Biomed Prev Nutr ; 4: Luoma PV, Sotaniemi EA, Korpela H, Kumpulainen J.

Serum selenium, glutathione peroxidase activity and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol-effect of selenium supplementation. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol ; 46 3 : Pillai SS, Sugathan JK, Indira M. Selenium downregulates RAGE and NFκB expression in diabetic rats.

Biol Trace Elem Res ; 1 : Stranges S, Marshall JR, Natarajan R, et al. Effects of long-term selenium supplementation on the incidence of type 2 diabetes: A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med ; 4 : Laclaustra M, Navas-Acien A, Stranges S, Ordovas JM, Guallar E.

Serum selenium concentrations and diabetes in U. adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NHANES Environ Health Perspect ; 9 : Kunwar A, Sandur SK, Krishna M, Priyadarsini KI. Curcumin mediates time and concentration dependent regulation of redox homeostasis leading to cytotoxicity in macrophage cells.

Eur J Pharmacol ; : Alasfar F, Ben-Nakhi M, Khoursheed M, Kehinde EO, Alsaleh M. Selenium is significantly depleted among morbidly obese female patients seeking bariatric surgery. Obes Surg ; 21 11 : Kim H-N, Song S-W.

Vitamin D feficiencies a unique Endurance nutrition tips produced in the Skin rejuvenation products through exposure to ultraviolet UV irradiation andd 7-dehydrocholesterol. Low vitamin D nutrritional are characteristically seen as a result of Injury prevention exercises Insulin resistance and nutritional deficiencies cutaneous synthesis of hydroxyvitamin D 25 OH D due resistancr a lack of UV Endurance nutrition tips reisstance 1 ]. The best-known effect of vitamin D status is on musculoskeletal health, but it also influences the cardiovascular system and all-cause mortality [ 23 ]. Vitamin D deficiency and obesity are considered important public health problems. Some studies have demonstrated an inverse relationship between 25 OH D levels and metabolic syndrome, obesity and insulin resistance in patients [ 4 — 8 ], while others showed no beneficial effect [ 9 — 13 ]. However, in these studies, various differences were observed in study design, population, duration, type and initial vitamin D levels. Therefore, further clinical studies are needed to resolve this issue. ISSN: deficiebcies chrisvon yahoo. Dates: Nurtitional 23 Endurance nutrition tips ; Approved: Antioxidant properties November ; Published: 30 November How to cite this article: Ekpenyong CE. Micronutrient deficiency, a novel nutritional risk factor for insulin resistance and Syndrom X.

Insulin resistance and nutritional deficiencies -

Lima MdeL, Cruz T, Rodrigues LE, et al. Serum and intracellular magnesium deficiency in patients with metabolic syndrome-evidences for its relation to insulin resistance. Diabetes Res Clin Pract ; 83 2 : Mooren FC, Krüger K, Völker K, Golf SW, Wadepuhl M, Kraus A.

Oral magnesium supplementation reduces insulin resistance in non-diabetic subjects - a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Diabetes Obes Metab ; 13 3 : Shi H, Dirienzo D, Zemel MB. Effects of dietary calcium on adipocyte lipid metabolism and body weight regulation in energy-restricted aP2-agouti transgenic mice.

FASEB J ; 15 2 : Zemel MB, Thompson W, Milstead A, Morris K, Campbell P. Calcium and dairy acceleration of weight and fat loss during energy restriction in obese adults. Obes Res ; 12 4 : Schrager S.

Dietary calcium intake and obesity. J Am Board Fam Pract ; 18 3 : Zemel MB, Shi H, Greer B, Dirienzo D, Zemel PC. Regulation of adiposity by dietary calcium. FASEB J ; 14 9 : Astrup A. The role of calcium in energy balance and obesity: The search for mechanisms.

Am J Clin Nutr ; 88 4 : García-Delgado N, Velasco M, Sánchez-Soto C, Díaz-García CM, Hiriart M. Calcium channels in postnatal development of rat pancreatic beta cells and their role in insulin secretion. Front Endocrinol Lausanne ; 9: Gomes JMG, Costa JA, Alfenas RC.

Could the beneficial effects of dietary calcium on obesity and diabetes control be mediated by changes in intestinal microbiota and integrity? Br J Nutr ; 11 : Rieusset J, Fauconnier J, Paillard M, et al.

Disruption of calcium transfer from ER to mitochondria links alterations of mitochondria-associated ER membrane integrity to hepatic insulin resistance. Diabetologia ; 59 3 : Ayoub JJ, Samra MJA, Hlais SA, Bassil MS, Obeid OA. Nutr Diabetes ; 5: e Obeid OA.

Low phosphorus status might contribute to the onset of obesity. Obes Rev ; 14 8 : Celik N, Andiran N. The relationship between serum phosphate levels with childhood obesity and insulin resistance.

J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab ; 24 : Lin YI, Berger L, Sun Z. Regulation of insulin sensitivity by phosphorus. Diabetes ; Bassil MS, Obeid OA. Phosphorus supplementation recovers the blunted diet-induced thermogenesis of overweight and obese adults: A pilot study.

Nutrients ; 8 12 : Hammoud RU, Jabbour MN, Tawil AN, Ghattas H, Obeid OA. Phosphorus supplementation mitigated food intake and growth of rats fed a low-protein diet. Curr Dev Nutr ; 1 8 : e Shimodaira M, Okaniwa S, Nakayama T.

Reduced serum phosphorus levels were associated with metabolic syndrome in men but not in women: A cross-sectional study among the japanese population. Ann Nutr Metab ; 71 : Meyer B. Elemental sulfur. Chem Rev ; Zhang H, Huang Y, Bu D, et al. Endogenous sulfur dioxide is a novel adipocyte-derived inflammatory inhibitor.

Sci Rep ; 6: Camargo RL, Branco RCS, de Rezende LF, et al. The effect of taurine supplementation on glucose homeostasis: The role of insulin-degrading enzyme.

Cham: Springer International Publishing ; pp. Poloni S, Spritzer PM, Mendes RH, et al. Leptin concentrations and scd-1 indices in classical homocystinuria: Evidence for the role of sulfur amino acids in the regulation of lipid metabolism. Clin Chim Acta ; Kwak HC, Kim Y-M, Oh SJ, Kim SK.

Sulfur amino acid metabolism in zucker diabetic fatty rats. Biochem Pharmacol ; 96 3 : Santhosh Kumar B, Priyadarsini KI. Selenium nutrition: How important is it?

Biomed Prev Nutr ; 4: Luoma PV, Sotaniemi EA, Korpela H, Kumpulainen J. Serum selenium, glutathione peroxidase activity and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol-effect of selenium supplementation. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol ; 46 3 : Pillai SS, Sugathan JK, Indira M.

Selenium downregulates RAGE and NFκB expression in diabetic rats. Biol Trace Elem Res ; 1 : Stranges S, Marshall JR, Natarajan R, et al.

Effects of long-term selenium supplementation on the incidence of type 2 diabetes: A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med ; 4 : Laclaustra M, Navas-Acien A, Stranges S, Ordovas JM, Guallar E. Serum selenium concentrations and diabetes in U.

adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NHANES Environ Health Perspect ; 9 : Kunwar A, Sandur SK, Krishna M, Priyadarsini KI. Curcumin mediates time and concentration dependent regulation of redox homeostasis leading to cytotoxicity in macrophage cells. Eur J Pharmacol ; : Alasfar F, Ben-Nakhi M, Khoursheed M, Kehinde EO, Alsaleh M.

Selenium is significantly depleted among morbidly obese female patients seeking bariatric surgery. Obes Surg ; 21 11 : Kim H-N, Song S-W. Concentrations of chromium, selenium, and copper in the hair of viscerally obese adults are associated with insulin resistance.

Biol Trace Elem Res ; 2 : Prasad AS. Zinc is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent: Its role in human health. Front Nutr ; 1: Khalid N, Ahmed A, Bhatti MS, Randhawa MA, Ahmad A, Rafaqat R.

A question mark on zinc deficiency in million people in Pakistan-possible way out. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr ; 54 9 : Akhtar S, Ismail T, Atukorala S, Arlappa N. Micronutrient deficiencies in south asia—current status and strategies. Trends Food Sci Technol ; Chabosseau P, Rutter GA.

Zinc and diabetes. Arch Biochem Biophys ; Quraishi I, Collins S, Pestaner JP, Harris T, Bagasra O. Role of zinc and zinc transporters in the molecular pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. Med Hypotheses ; 65 5 : Payahoo L, Ostadrahimi A, Mobasseri M, et al. Effects of zinc supplementation on the anthropometric measurements, lipid profiles and fasting blood glucose in the healthy obese adults.

Adv Pharm Bull ; 3 1 : Aysan E, Sahin F, Telci D, et al. Body weight reducing effect of oral boric acid intake. Int J Med Sci ; 8 8 : Doğan A, Demirci S, Apdik H, et al.

Mechanism of body weight reducing effect of oral boric Acid intake. Int J Endocrinol ; Hunt CD, Halas ES, Eberhardt MJ. Long-term effects of lactational zinc deficiency on bone mineral composition in rats fed a commercially modified Luecke diet.

Biol Trace Elem Res ; 16 2 : López-Cabrera Y, Castillo-García EL, Altamirano-Espino JA, et al. Profile of three boron-containing compounds on the body weight, metabolism and inflammatory markers of diabetic rats.

J Trace Elem Med Biol ; Aydın S, Demirci S, Doğan A, Sağraç D, Kaşıkcı E, Şahin F. Boron containing compounds promote the survival and the maintenance of pancreatic β-cells. Mol Biol Rep ; 46 5 : Charlton K, Skeaff S. Iodine fortification: Why, when, what, how, and who?

Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care ; 14 6 : Herter-Aeberli I, Cherkaoui M, El Ansari N, et al. Iodine supplementation decreases hypercholesterolemia in iodine-deficient, overweight women: A randomized controlled trial.

J Nutr ; 9 : Agbor GA, Taga I, Nguindex DR, et al. Effect of iodine supplementation on antioxidant status of normal and alloxan monohydrate in toxicated rats.

Int J Pharmacol ; 7: Al-Attas OS, Al-Daghri NM, Alkharfy KM, et al. Urinary iodine is associated with insulin resistance in subjects with diabetes mellitus type 2. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes ; 10 : Samadi R, Ghanbari M, Shafiei B, Gheibi S, Azizi F, Ghasemi A.

High dose of radioactive iodine per se has no effect on glucose metabolism in thyroidectomized rats. Endocrine ; 56 2 : Mancini FR, Rajaobelina K, Dow C, et al. High iodine dietary intake is associated with type 2 diabetes among women of the E3N-EPIC cohort study. Clin Nutr ; 38 4 : Lukaski HC.

Lessons from micronutrient studies in patients with glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus: Chromium and vanadium. Huang H, Chen G, Dong Y, Zhu Y, Chen H. Chromium supplementation for adjuvant treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Results from a pooled analysis.

Mol Nutr Food Res ; 62 1 : Panchal SK, Wanyonyi S, Brown L. Selenium, vanadium, and chromium as micronutrients to improve metabolic syndrome. Curr Hypertens Rep ; 19 3 : Tinkov AA, Gatiatulina ER, Popova EV, et al. Early high-fat feeding induces alteration of trace element content in tissues of juvenile male Wistar rats.

Paiva AN, Lima JG, Medeiros AC, et al. Beneficial effects of oral chromium picolinate supplementation on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized clinical study.

Tuzcu M, Sahin N, Orhan C, et al. Impact of chromium histidinate on high fat diet induced obesity in rats. Nutr Metab Lond ; 8: Guimarães MM, Martins Silva Carvalho AC, Silva MS. Chromium nicotinate has no effect on insulin sensitivity, glycemic control, and lipid profile in subjects with type 2 diabetes.

J Am Coll Nutr ; 32 4 : Tsiani E, Bogdanovic E, Sorisky A, Nagy L, Fantus IG. Tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors, vanadate and pervanadate, stimulate glucose transport and GLUT translocation in muscle cells by a mechanism independent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and protein kinase C.

Diabetes ; 47 11 : Brandt K, Mølgaard JP. Organic agriculture: Does it enhance or reduce the nutritional value of plant foods? J Sci Food Agric ; Hussain A, Larsson H, Kuktaite R, Johansson E. Mineral composition of organically grown wheat genotypes: Contribution to daily minerals intake.

Int J Environ Res Public Health ; 7 9 : Johnson D, Ellington J, Eaton W. Development of soil microbial communities for promoting sustainability in agriculture and a global carbon fix. Bouis HE, Chassy BM, Ochanda JO.

Genetically modified food crops and their contribution to human nutrition and food quality. Mendoza C. Effect of genetically modified low phytic acid plants on mineral absorption. Hunt JR. Bioavailability of iron, zinc, and other trace minerals from vegetarian diets. Am J Clin Nutr ; 78 3 Suppl. Watzke HJ.

Impact of processing on bioavailability examples of minerals in foods. Trends Food Sci Technol ; 9: Gharibzahedi SMT, Jafari SM.

The importance of minerals in human nutrition: Bioavailability, food fortification, processing effects and nanoencapsulation. Blaine J, Chonchol M, Levi M. Renal control of calcium, phosphate, and magnesium homeostasis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol ; 10 7 : Lau WL, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Vaziri ND.

The gut as a source of inflammation in chronic kidney disease. Nephron ; 2 : Morais JBS, Severo JS, Santos LR, et al. Role of magnesium in oxidative stress in individuals with obesity. Felsenfeld AJ, Levine BS, Rodriguez M. Pathophysiology of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium dysregulation in chronic kidney disease.

Seminars in dialysis. Wiley Online Library ; Vol. McClain CJ. Nutrition in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterol Hepatol N Y ; 12 8 : Makki K, Deehan EC, Walter J, Bäckhed F. The impact of dietary fiber on gut microbiota in host health and disease.

Cell Host Microbe ; 23 6 : Homan J, Schijns W, Aarts EO, van Laarhoven CJHM, Janssen IMC, Berends FJ. An optimized multivitamin supplement lowers the number of vitamin and mineral deficiencies three years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: A cohort study.

Surg Obes Relat Dis ; 12 3 : Diet K, Living H. What boosts more growth hormone: Intermittent fasting or HIIT High Intensity Interval Training? Oguwike F, Offor C, Nwadighoha A, Ebede S. Evaluation of efficacy of cabbage juice Brassica oleracea Linne as potential antiulcer aggent and its effect on the haemostatic mechanism of male albino wistar rats.

IOSR J Dent Med Sci ; Sekirov I, Russell SL, Antunes LCM, Finlay BB. Gut microbiota in health and disease. Physiol Rev ; 90 3 : King NA, Horner K, Hills AP, et al. Exercise, appetite and weight management: understanding the compensatory responses in eating behaviour and how they contribute to variability in exercise-induced weight loss.

Br J Sports Med ; 46 5 : Wu D, Zheng N, Qi K, et al. Exogenous hydrogen sulfide mitigates the fatty liver in obese mice through improving lipid metabolism and antioxidant potential.

Med Gas Res ; 5 1 : 1. Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Azizi F. Potential efficacy of broccoli sprouts as a unique supplement for management of type 2 diabetes and its complications.

J Med Food ; 16 5 : Ley SH, Hamdy O, Mohan V, Hu FB. Prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: Dietary components and nutritional strategies. Evert AB, Boucher JL, Cypress M, et al. Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes. In the present study, vitamin D deficient women had higher LDL-C concentrations.

After vitamin D supplementation, we observed LDL-C reduction in both overweight and obese subjects and TG reduction only in overweight subjects. Despite these reductions, no significant difference was found in TC and HDL-C levels. The mechanisms responsible for dyslipidemia in vitamin D deficient individuals are not fully understood.

A positive relationship between serum 25 OH D level and apolipoprotein AI with HDL-C levels is well known. Vitamin D can influence the formation of HDL-C particles [ 35 ].

Also, vitamin D status may affect the serum lipid levels by the effect of 1,25 OH 2 D 3 , which leads to inhibition of murine bone marrow stromal cell differentiation and regulates adipogenesis; it also leads to increased lipogenesis and lipolysis [ 36 ].

Consistent with our results, an investigation of the effects of hydroxyvitamin D on fasting lipid profile resulted in a negative correlation of 25 OH D concentration with both total cholesterol and LDL-C [ 29 ]. The relationship between vitamin D deficiency and CVD has been investigated in many studies.

Active metabolites of vitamin D bind to the VDR, which regulates many genes in essential processes and has a role in pathways of CVD, including inflammation, thrombosis, and the renin-angiotensin system [ 37 ].

Women with vitamin D deficiency had increased CVD risk biomarkers such as homocysteine, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein CRP , cystatin-C, uric acid, and HbA 1c levels compared to those with sufficient vitamin D levels [ 38 ].

Investigation of the possible role of vitamin D deficiency in statin-associated myalgia shows that low 25 OH D levels are related to myalgia in patients on statin therapy [ 39 ]. In addition, peripheral artery disease patients had significantly higher serum concentrations of trans fatty acids and lower plasma levels of vitamin D [ 40 ].

Vitamin D induces prostacyclin in vascular smooth muscle cells; possibly, it is a vasoactive agent and may play a protective role in the development of atherosclerosis [ 41 ]. Gurses et al. reported that endothelial function is impaired in vitamin D deficient young premenopausal women; 6-month supplementation resulted in amelioration [ 42 ].

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease NAFLD is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide, frequently co-existing with obesity, and has been recognized as an independent risk factor for CVD. Evidence from an increasing number of studies suggests that NAFLD may be a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome [ 43 ].

Lifestyle changes and statin treatment have beneficial effects on NAFLD [ 44 ]. As a result of the correlation between hyperandrogenemia and NAFLD, bioavailable testosterone is independently associated with the fatty liver index in postmenopausal women [ 45 ].

Comparing the effect of orlistat versus metformin on body composition and insulin resistance in obese premenopausal women, it was found that orlistat and metformin produced similar improvement in insulin and glucose homeostasis [ 46 ].

Vitamin D deficiency is also associated with NAFLD and has even been correlated with the severity of the disease [ 47 ]. Vitamin D supplementation has a therapeutic role in vitamin D deficient adults with NAFLD [ 48 ]. Also, low 25 OH D levels are associated with advanced fibrosis and severe inflammation in autoimmune hepatitis.

Vitamin D level was suggested as a biomarker that predicts response to therapy and histological features in autoimmune hepatitis [ 49 ]. In our study, both overweight and obese groups, after 6-month vitamin D supplementation, had a decline in iPTH concentrations and elevation in calcium levels.

Studies showed that patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism have excess body weight and fat tissue [ 50 ]. It is suggested that PTH may cause insulin resistance by reducing glucose uptake by the liver, muscle, and adipose cells [ 51 ].

A recent study revealed that vitamin D supplementation has no effect on CRP, interleukin, or tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations [ 52 ]. The 25 OH D measurement before and after supplementation may not be a mirror of lifetime vitamin D status and progression of subclinical atherosclerosis over several years.

In our opinion, these results may be a partial reflection of the situation of vitamin D deficiency results. The results suggest that vitamin D supplementation may be protective for possible dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, especially in patients above the normal weight. Our study has several limitations.

First, we analyzed baseline and 6-month measurements of parameters; frequent and longitudinal series of measurements may be more effective to evaluate the results.

Second, this study was not a randomized placebo-controlled study. Third, we investigated the parameters in overweight and obese premenopausal women; in heterogeneous groups such as postmenopausal women and the male population, the results might have been different.

Sun exposure and dietary daily vitamin D intake were not assessed, because this information was not available. In conclusion, in healthy vitamin D deficient overweight and obese premenopausal women, 25 OH D levels negatively correlated with HOMA-IR and LDL-C after vitamin D supplementation.

These results may help highlight the importance of vitamin D supplementation to improve insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, thereby indirectly influencing lipid metabolism and eventually prevention of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular mortality.

Further studies are needed to confirm the effects of supplementation with vitamin D in healthy premenopausal overweight and obese women for insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Current issue Archive Manuscripts accepted About the Journal Editorial office Editorial board Abstracting and indexing Subscription Contact Ethical standards and procedures Most read articles Instructions for authors Article Processing Charge APC Regulations of paying article processing charge APC.

Manuscripts accepted. About the Journal Editorial office Editorial board Abstracting and indexing Subscription Contact Ethical standards and procedures Most read articles. Instructions for authors Article Processing Charge APC Regulations of paying article processing charge APC.

Current issue. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in overweight and obese premenopausal women. Narin Nasiroglu Imga. Alper Cagri Karci. Dilek Oztas. Dilek Berker. Serdar Guler. Endocrinology and metabolic disorders.

Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency is a common problem, and it is related to increased risk of obesity, metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. Vitamin D has a beneficial effect on dyslipidemia and insulin secretion.

We aimed to investigate the impact of vitamin D 3 supplementation on anthropometric and laboratory parameters in overweight and obese premenopausal women. Material and methods: Seventy-two overweight and 50 obese vitamin-D-deficient premenopausal women mean age: Baseline mean hydroxyvitamin D [25 OH D] level was 6.

At baseline and at the sixth month of supplementation, serum 25 OH D, intact parathormone iPTH , calcium, phosphorus, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance HOMA-IR , and lipid profiles were assessed. Results: Following vitamin D 3 supplementation in overweight and obese subjects, serum 25 OH D increased from 6.

Further studies focused on low serum 25 OH D levels with insulin resistance and dyslipidemia are needed. Introduction Vitamin D is a unique hormone produced in the skin through exposure to ultraviolet UV irradiation of 7-dehydrocholesterol.

Material and methods Subjects The medical records of patients admitted to Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Endocrinology and Metabolism Department, between September and May , were retrospectively evaluated.

Figure 1 Flow chart of the number of patients identified and included into the study. Statistical analysis Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows 20 IBM SPSS Inc.

Results Baseline demographic, anthropometric and laboratory characteristics of the groups are shown in Table I. Table I Baseline demographic, anthropometric and laboratory characteristics of all cases of overweight and obese patients.

Overweight vs. obese patients. Table II Effects of vitamin D supplementation on anthropometric and laboratory parameters in overweight and obese subjects. Table III Relative changes in variables over the course of vitamin D supplementation. Comparison of relative change of variables between overweight and obese groups.

Table IV Correlation of change in 25 OH D and HOMA-IR levels with the change in anthropometric and laboratory parameters in overweight and obese subjects. Figure 2 Correlation between changes baseline vs. Discussion Vitamin D deficiency and obesity are nutritional disorders that affect people worldwide.

Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. DeLuca HF. Overview of general physiologic features and functions of vitamin D Am J Clin Nutr. Google Scholar. Autier P , Gandini S.

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ACE and type 2 diabetes risk: a mendelian randomization study.

Vitamin D is a Skin rejuvenation products hormone Insukin plays a key role resistamce the regulation of body nutritonal including cardiovascular resistanxe. Although the chronic Blood sugar and workouts of vitamin Resistancr is associated with cardiovascular tesistance factors, as Skin rejuvenation products as with an adverse prognosis, randomized controlled Skin rejuvenation products have failed in demonstrating that dietary vitamin D supplementation could ameliorate the prognosis of patients with cardiovascular diseases, and suggested that vitamin D deficiency is the expression of the effects of other determinants of cardiovascular risk. Thus, the supplementation of vitamin D is not sufficient to improve the cardiovascular risk profile and prognosis. Insulin resistance is a complex phenomenon that plays a key role in the pathogenesis of conventional cardiovascular risk factors. Interestingly, defects of vitamin D and insulin resistance have a superimposable epidemiological distribution. According to the common view, Insulin resistance is considered the direct or indirect consequence of vitamin D deficiency.