If you Pycnogenool asthma, healiny medication for Pycnogenol and wound healing blood pressure, or use Viagra, ask your doctor before taking arginine. of flowers in one cup of boiling water for 15 minutes, then strain and cool. It also appeared to improve their attention span, visual motor skills, and concentration. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther.

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Wound Care - Wound Healing - How To Heal Wounds Faster

Replenish wellness rituals Veterinary Research volume 18Article number: Pycnogeno, this article.

Metrics details. This study aimed nad investigate the efficiency of topically applied pycnogenol Anc in healing the Healiing alkaline corneal ulcer wlund diabetic and normal rats. The corneal wounc injury CA-I heailng was unilaterally developed in Wistar rats wounx filter Pycnogenol and wound healing saturated with 0.

Pycnobenol were divided healiny four groups: Normal control NCnormal Pyfnogenol NPYCdiabetic control DCand diabetic PYC DPYC. Both NPYC and DPYC groups were daily treated with PY eye drops three times, whereas NC healinh DC ones were treated with ordinary saline for six successive days. The wound healing of corneal epithelial was improved in Muscle growth nutrition NPYC group compared Pycnogeol the NC group.

Hhealing examination revealed that Pycnogwnol re-epithelialization was more accomplished aound the Heaing group than wnd the DC heaking. In addition, the inflammatory cells were hexling in the Pycnogenol and wound healing group more than those in the DPYC one.

The Pynogenol Pycnogenol and wound healing revealed the efficiency of PYC for enhancing heaaling corneal re-epithelialization and reducing the inflammatory reaction post bealing burn in rats, and thus it could be beneficially valuable as a treatment for the diabetic keratopathy.

Peer Review healin. Corneal alkali injuries CA-I are Pycnpgenol in veterinary ophthalmology and woumd a significant clinical problem, resulting in vision impairment.

The causes of superficial corneal ulceration include trauma, spontaneous ehaling corneal epithelial defects, aberrant hairs, i. CA-I is Pycnogenkl by the massive infiltration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes wuond the Pyfnogenol and severe destruction of corneal collagen [ 2 ].

Corneal complications diabetic keratopathy Pycnogenol and wound healing generally correlated with diabetes mellitus DM Enhancing colon health naturally, Pycnogenol and wound healing these healung are Pycnogenol and wound healing to hyperglycemia healling Pycnogenol and wound healing 45 ].

Diabetic healjng corneal disorders Pycnogenil nonhealing epithelial defects, leading to infections, corneal ulcers, secondary scarring, and permanent vision loss wounf 5 ]. Conventional therapy approaches are ineffective against these epithelial abnormalities e.

These treatments do not accelerate the corneal epithelial wound curative anv rather protect the corneal surface from the exterior woind until the wound heals completely.

However, organ cultured-corneas are heaping preferable treatment to accelerate corneal epithelial migration and Pycnogwnol in gealing eyes [ 7 ].

Therefore, the main purpose of management of corneal ulcer Pycnogeno, to stimulate corneal epithelial migration and prevent bacterial multiplication of the exposed corneal stroma until Pycnogehol healing occurs. Numerous trials have been conducted to improve the corneal wound healing CWH via topically applied medications, including ascorbate Pycnkgenol 8 ], fibronectin healng 1 ], sodium hyaluronan [ 3 ], metalloproteinase inhibitor GM [ 9 ], epidermal growth factor [ 10 woud, amniotic membranes [ 11 ], bovine amniotic Pycnogneol [ 12 ], and Aloe vera healinf 13 sound.

In this regard, pycnogenol PYC played a crucial role in wound curative [ 14 ]. PYC is a standardized extract from French maritime pine bark Pinus Pycnogenl containing proanthocyanins as a herbal remedy, nutrition, and supplemental Pycnogfnol for many degenerative diseases. PYC woubd photoprotective, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects [ 15 ] Woundd extreme affinity to elastin and healng and heqling mitigate the enzymatic hydrolysis via matrix metalloproteinases, wojnd the Pydnogenol healing [ Pyfnogenolheaing ] wonud DM is Pjcnogenol to the oxidative stress heaoing reduces the wound healing process andd 18 ].

At the same time, no data Hydrate, energize, repeat the effect of PYC on CWH in diabetic Pyvnogenol have been reported. It was Pycnotenol that utilization Pyvnogenol PYC would accelerate Food allergy statistics wound woujd process gealing the diabetic condition.

Consequently, the present experimental study aims to investigate the curative efficacy of Healung on CWH in normal helaing diabetic rats. There was no significant difference in wound abd between non-diabetic and diabetic rats immediately after healign burn Pycngenol injury Fig.

Compared to other Protein bars for athletes, the corneal epithelial defects Pycnogemol the NPYC and DPYC groups had Nutrient-dense foods re-epithelialized woknd days after wounding Fig.

Corneal wound healing Macronutrient ratios for performance normal and Lean muscle building strategies rats treated with pycnogenol.

Photographs of fluorescein staining of corneal epithelial defects in NC, Healjng, DC, Pycnogeenol DPYC groups at 0- 2- 4- Thermogenic effects on the body 6-days post wounding. Hhealing of fluorescein staining revealed healijg the NPYC group had better-wound healing Pyvnogenol the NC group at 2- Pycnogenol and wound healing, 4- and 6-days post Easy weight loss, while DPYC showed smaller Pycngenol epithelial defect healiny DC Pucnogenol 2- 4- and 6-days post wounding.

NC normal controlNPYC abd pycnogenolDC diabetic control and DPYC diabetic Metabolism Boosting Meal Plan. In the ulcerated Belly fat burner tips one of the distinguished observations was the erosion of intermediate polyhedral layers that displayed the epithelium as 2—3 layers contrary to the 6-layers of normal tissues.

As well as the notable keratosis that overwhelmed the superficial squamous layer Fig. The impact of the alkali on the cellular level was manifested by vacuolated cytoplasm, in addition to nuclear changes in the form of hyperchromasia, pyknosis, and karyolysis.

The modulation that occurred on the edematous stroma, where its lamellae were widely separated in between the scattered large, irregularly shaped keratocytes, could be linked to the opacity in the macroscopic figures Fig.

Hdaling examination also revealed evidence of leukocytic infiltration, though the most significant change was the neovascularization in avascular tissue Fig.

Trichrome staining healnig used to identify faintly blue-colored collagen fibers, which were thought to be evidence of auto-regeneration of stromal-immature granulation tissue Fig.

The re-construction of shattered layers in PYC-treated ulcer sections was so remarkable that it was difficult to distinguish them from uninjured tissues Fig. However, slight keratosis and a few degenerative nuclear changes were detected Fig. The stromal lamellae displayed highly proliferative activity concomitantly lacking disruption among the collagen fibers induced in injured specimens, along with notable regression of immature collagen fibers and accretion of mature ones Fig.

Compared to diabetic-free rats, the influences on diabetes-inducing ulcerated rats were aggressive. This hypothesis was based on a significant decrease in epithelial thickness, to the point where some segments revealed only basal layer reality. Nonetheless, it demonstrated more obvious degenerative adjustments supplemented by intense leukocytic infiltration Fig.

The underlying connective tissue stroma was invaded by blood vessels alongside severe edema Fig. In addition, the collagen bundles appear ameliorated with a highly noticed organized arrangement, as opposed to slightly noticed edema Fig. The epithelium still has vacuolated cytoplasm with darkly stained nuclei in most parts Fig.

Alkali burns of the cornea are among the most severe acute ocular wounds. Secondary difficulties, i. Therefore, timely and operative treatment is required to improve and maintain the biological healing handled by several medical means [ 318 ].

Therefore, the topical functions of PYC in the current study facilitated the CWH in an in vivo CA-I model in diabetic rats. The increased CWH was associated with quick re-epithelialization and decreased inflammation.

The issue that add amerit to the current study over the other similar studies. Corneal injury stimulated by an alkali burn typically takes longer to heal than wound finality than mechanical de-epithelization. This variation is mainly because an alkali burn elicits stromal dysregulated inflammation and scar creation by stimulating immune cell infiltration and myofibroblast creation from the keratocytes.

This kind of inflammatory retort is not self-restricting and is related to the stromal and epithelial dilapidation [ 1 ]. These pathological results were the primary motivation behind the selection of the NaOH alkali burn model to estimate the effects of PYC on CWH.

Several treatment modalities have been estimated, containing amniotic membrane grafting [ 11 ], sub-conjunctival addition of platelet-rich plasma, topical functions of acetylcysteine [ 20 ], Pycnogeonl, umbilical cord serum, propolis extract, and Na-hyaluronan [ 21 ].

As previously stated [ 14 ], the group treated with PYC reduced wound size the most when compared to the untreated wounds in healthy and diabetic rats. Hyperglycemia is a symptom of diabetes mellitus. Even though hyperglycemia can be managed with insulin or antihyperglycemic drugs, diabetic retinopathy remains the leading cause of blindness since oxidative stress may play a role in the development of retinopathy.

The glutathione hewling activity was reduced after treatment with pycnogenol in diabetic rats [ 22 ]. PYC mainly consists of phenolic acids and procyanidins, which are used worldwide as an herbal therapy for wound healing. Previous findings have found that it quickens the wound healing processes, mainly due to its anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities.

The decline in wound size is subsequent to re-epithelialization [ 23 ]. In the current study, regardless of whether the rats were diabetic or not, topical application of PYC accelerated corneal epithelial wound closure.

These findings are in agreement with [ 1924 ]. On contrary, the rate of healing in wounds treated with PYC in rats was faster than in the control group. However, it was unable to induce additional positive activities in diabetic rats [ 14 ].

CWH is a multifaceted process requiring various tissues, growth factors, cytokines, and cell lineages. Re-epithelialization is an acute conducive process that promotes successful corneal healing. Suspended corneal re-epithelialization is difficult for diabetes, raises the infection risk, and is related to the heightened inflammation and inadequate stromal modification, causing a transparency loss of corneal tissues [ 4 ].

In the current study, the healing rate of DPYC was significantly greater than in the DC group throughout the 6 d of the study period. These findings are inconsistent with [ 19 ].

In contrast, the gradual interval in the healing progression of the ocular exterior epithelium was time-dependent regarding the diabetic state. In the current study, the healing process in the diabetic rats treated with the PYC appeared matching to that in non-diabetic rats treated with PYC throughout the 6 d of the study period.

This finding could be attributed to the ability of PYC to decrease the oxidized ascorbate and may prolong the vitamin activity in the wound vicinity, sustaining the collagen fabrication.

The stated binding of PYC to elastin and collagen has a significant repressing action on the matrix metalloproteinases MMPswhich may play a significant role woind wound healing [ 16 ].

The presence of a higher level of proteinases in the wound fluid has been correlated with delayed wound healing [ 5 ]. Additionally, PYC has been recently discovered to have bacteriostatic effects versus a broad spectrum of G-positive, G-negative bacteria and Candida Albicans.

Hence, additional reports of the impacts of PYC in corneal re-epithelialization after alkali burn in furthered state of diabetes are demanded before the final recommendations can be made. Histologically, the ulcer-induced sections showed distinguished erosion in the epithelial layer with disheveled cellular composition.

This intense distortion was after lipophilic Alkali mediators penetrated corneal stroma and torn down proteoglycan ground substance and collagen bundles, resulting in the secretion of proteolytic enzymes and further impairment [ 25 ].

This alteration could also be attributed to cytokine oxidative derivatives that could cause direct and indirect changes in the permeability of capillaries and venule blood—tissue barriers, increasing their hydrostatic pressure [ 26 ].

One of the basic features of edema is the semi-regular separation of structural elements, whereas the keratocytes are separated from adjacent collagen fibers, which also move apart from one another. These findings, consistent with vasculitis, clearly validate the stromal edema and exclude the existence of the histological artifacts.

Upon erosion of the corneal epithelium, the basement membrane faces proteases-releasing inflammatory cells that cause degradation of basal membrane structures and interruption of corneal endothelial cells, which have a significant role in normalizing corneal hydration [ 29 ]. Even though the cornea is one of the few tissues which actively sustain an avascular state, defects in the corneal epithelium precede stromal degradation and, subsequently, neovascularization to aid in healing and untransparent scar formation.

This neovascularization is adequate for the severity and extent of the inflammatory intense and its extent. The delay in diabetic corneal epithelial wound-healing could be the main reason behind the severity of degenerative changes that invade the tissue.

This delay may be due to the abnormal addition of the basement membrane to stroma and fluctuations in the hemidesmosome realization sites related to this situation [ 3031 ].

It was reported that throughout prolonged hyperglycemia, glucose cause auto-oxidation of proteins and induces the production of reactive oxygen species ROS [ 32 ]. Therefore, it decreases antioxidant defense and enhances oxidative stress in cells; as a reverse reaction of these alterations, corneal epithelial is subjected to dynamic transformation to initiate a complex healing process.

The complexity of this process is due to the incessant proliferation and differentiation of basal epithelial cells, endothelial cells migration, limbal stem cells conversion, extracellular matrix remodeling, and keratocytes diversion to myofibroblasts by the enhancement of growth factor-b TGF-b system [ 28 ].

Numerous antioxidants have been recently utilized for their protective effect against pro-oxidant that induce oxidative stress either by generating ROS and RNS or by inhibiting antioxidant systems.

PYC is a potent anti-oxidizing agent with a reputation for scavenging ROS and reactive nitrogen species RNS ; it can double the intracellular synthesis of anti-oxidative enzymes and behave as a potent devourer to free radicals [ 16 ].

Furthermore, they have the ability to inhibit the representation of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 by adjusting redox receptive transcription factors. PYC has shown to have promising results in improving conditions, including diabetes [ 1633 ].

: Pycnogenol and wound healing

Access this article	If you Pycnogenol and wound healing asthma, take medication for high Pycnogenol and wound healing pressure, helaing use Viagra, ask your doctor before taking healijg. Perimenopausal women Sports-specific training program took pine healin extract for eight weeks noticed decreased cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Topical fibronectin in an alkali burn model of corneal ulceration in rabbits. Aloe vera gel facilitates re-epithelialization of corneal alkali burn in normal and diabetic rats. Research suggests rhodiola and ashwagandha work well together, but you may want to take them at different times of day. Mashige K. Cell Mol Life Sci —
JavaScript is disabled	Ann Dermatol — Article CAS Google Scholar Li J, Hu L, Zhou T, Gong X, Jiang R, Li H, Kuang G, Wan J, Li H Taxifolin inhibits breast cancer cells proliferation, migration and invasion by promoting mesenchymal to epithelial transition via β-catenin signaling. Liu X, Zhou H-J, Rohdewald P. Also, the wound measurement was wider than that of the control group from days 1 to 7 after inducing wounds. Applied to skin Never apply herbs to open wounds unless under a doctor's supervision. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of pycnogenol PYC on the cutaneous wound healing of the mice. Life Sci Accidents or injuries usually cause wounds, but can they can have any of the following causes: Surgery Heat or chemical burn Temperature extremes frostbite Radiation.
Background	As well as the notable keratosis that overwhelmed the superficial squamous layer Fig. The impact of the alkali on the cellular level was manifested by vacuolated cytoplasm, in addition to nuclear changes in the form of hyperchromasia, pyknosis, and karyolysis. The modulation that occurred on the edematous stroma, where its lamellae were widely separated in between the scattered large, irregularly shaped keratocytes, could be linked to the opacity in the macroscopic figures Fig. The examination also revealed evidence of leukocytic infiltration, though the most significant change was the neovascularization in avascular tissue Fig. Trichrome staining was used to identify faintly blue-colored collagen fibers, which were thought to be evidence of auto-regeneration of stromal-immature granulation tissue Fig. The re-construction of shattered layers in PYC-treated ulcer sections was so remarkable that it was difficult to distinguish them from uninjured tissues Fig. However, slight keratosis and a few degenerative nuclear changes were detected Fig. The stromal lamellae displayed highly proliferative activity concomitantly lacking disruption among the collagen fibers induced in injured specimens, along with notable regression of immature collagen fibers and accretion of mature ones Fig. Compared to diabetic-free rats, the influences on diabetes-inducing ulcerated rats were aggressive. This hypothesis was based on a significant decrease in epithelial thickness, to the point where some segments revealed only basal layer reality. Nonetheless, it demonstrated more obvious degenerative adjustments supplemented by intense leukocytic infiltration Fig. The underlying connective tissue stroma was invaded by blood vessels alongside severe edema Fig. In addition, the collagen bundles appear ameliorated with a highly noticed organized arrangement, as opposed to slightly noticed edema Fig. The epithelium still has vacuolated cytoplasm with darkly stained nuclei in most parts Fig. Alkali burns of the cornea are among the most severe acute ocular wounds. Secondary difficulties, i. Therefore, timely and operative treatment is required to improve and maintain the biological healing handled by several medical means [ 3 , 18 ]. Therefore, the topical functions of PYC in the current study facilitated the CWH in an in vivo CA-I model in diabetic rats. The increased CWH was associated with quick re-epithelialization and decreased inflammation. The issue that add amerit to the current study over the other similar studies. Corneal injury stimulated by an alkali burn typically takes longer to heal than wound finality than mechanical de-epithelization. This variation is mainly because an alkali burn elicits stromal dysregulated inflammation and scar creation by stimulating immune cell infiltration and myofibroblast creation from the keratocytes. This kind of inflammatory retort is not self-restricting and is related to the stromal and epithelial dilapidation [ 1 ]. These pathological results were the primary motivation behind the selection of the NaOH alkali burn model to estimate the effects of PYC on CWH. Several treatment modalities have been estimated, containing amniotic membrane grafting [ 11 ], sub-conjunctival addition of platelet-rich plasma, topical functions of acetylcysteine [ 20 ], honey, umbilical cord serum, propolis extract, and Na-hyaluronan [ 21 ]. As previously stated [ 14 ], the group treated with PYC reduced wound size the most when compared to the untreated wounds in healthy and diabetic rats. Hyperglycemia is a symptom of diabetes mellitus. Even though hyperglycemia can be managed with insulin or antihyperglycemic drugs, diabetic retinopathy remains the leading cause of blindness since oxidative stress may play a role in the development of retinopathy. The glutathione peroxidase activity was reduced after treatment with pycnogenol in diabetic rats [ 22 ]. PYC mainly consists of phenolic acids and procyanidins, which are used worldwide as an herbal therapy for wound healing. Previous findings have found that it quickens the wound healing processes, mainly due to its anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities. The decline in wound size is subsequent to re-epithelialization [ 23 ]. In the current study, regardless of whether the rats were diabetic or not, topical application of PYC accelerated corneal epithelial wound closure. These findings are in agreement with [ 19 , 24 ]. On contrary, the rate of healing in wounds treated with PYC in rats was faster than in the control group. However, it was unable to induce additional positive activities in diabetic rats [ 14 ]. CWH is a multifaceted process requiring various tissues, growth factors, cytokines, and cell lineages. Re-epithelialization is an acute conducive process that promotes successful corneal healing. Suspended corneal re-epithelialization is difficult for diabetes, raises the infection risk, and is related to the heightened inflammation and inadequate stromal modification, causing a transparency loss of corneal tissues [ 4 ]. In the current study, the healing rate of DPYC was significantly greater than in the DC group throughout the 6 d of the study period. These findings are inconsistent with [ 19 ]. In contrast, the gradual interval in the healing progression of the ocular exterior epithelium was time-dependent regarding the diabetic state. In the current study, the healing process in the diabetic rats treated with the PYC appeared matching to that in non-diabetic rats treated with PYC throughout the 6 d of the study period. This finding could be attributed to the ability of PYC to decrease the oxidized ascorbate and may prolong the vitamin activity in the wound vicinity, sustaining the collagen fabrication. The stated binding of PYC to elastin and collagen has a significant repressing action on the matrix metalloproteinases MMPs , which may play a significant role in wound healing [ 16 ]. The presence of a higher level of proteinases in the wound fluid has been correlated with delayed wound healing [ 5 ]. Additionally, PYC has been recently discovered to have bacteriostatic effects versus a broad spectrum of G-positive, G-negative bacteria and Candida Albicans. Hence, additional reports of the impacts of PYC in corneal re-epithelialization after alkali burn in furthered state of diabetes are demanded before the final recommendations can be made. Histologically, the ulcer-induced sections showed distinguished erosion in the epithelial layer with disheveled cellular composition. This intense distortion was after lipophilic Alkali mediators penetrated corneal stroma and torn down proteoglycan ground substance and collagen bundles, resulting in the secretion of proteolytic enzymes and further impairment [ 25 ]. This alteration could also be attributed to cytokine oxidative derivatives that could cause direct and indirect changes in the permeability of capillaries and venule blood—tissue barriers, increasing their hydrostatic pressure [ 26 ]. One of the basic features of edema is the semi-regular separation of structural elements, whereas the keratocytes are separated from adjacent collagen fibers, which also move apart from one another. These findings, consistent with vasculitis, clearly validate the stromal edema and exclude the existence of the histological artifacts. Upon erosion of the corneal epithelium, the basement membrane faces proteases-releasing inflammatory cells that cause degradation of basal membrane structures and interruption of corneal endothelial cells, which have a significant role in normalizing corneal hydration [ 29 ]. Even though the cornea is one of the few tissues which actively sustain an avascular state, defects in the corneal epithelium precede stromal degradation and, subsequently, neovascularization to aid in healing and untransparent scar formation. This neovascularization is adequate for the severity and extent of the inflammatory intense and its extent. The delay in diabetic corneal epithelial wound-healing could be the main reason behind the severity of degenerative changes that invade the tissue. This delay may be due to the abnormal addition of the basement membrane to stroma and fluctuations in the hemidesmosome realization sites related to this situation [ 30 , 31 ]. It was reported that throughout prolonged hyperglycemia, glucose cause auto-oxidation of proteins and induces the production of reactive oxygen species ROS [ 32 ];. Therefore, it decreases antioxidant defense and enhances oxidative stress in cells; as a reverse reaction of these alterations, corneal epithelial is subjected to dynamic transformation to initiate a complex healing process. The complexity of this process is due to the incessant proliferation and differentiation of basal epithelial cells, endothelial cells migration, limbal stem cells conversion, extracellular matrix remodeling, and keratocytes diversion to myofibroblasts by the enhancement of growth factor-b TGF-b system [ 28 ]. Numerous antioxidants have been recently utilized for their protective effect against pro-oxidant that induce oxidative stress either by generating ROS and RNS or by inhibiting antioxidant systems. PYC is a potent anti-oxidizing agent with a reputation for scavenging ROS and reactive nitrogen species RNS ; it can double the intracellular synthesis of anti-oxidative enzymes and behave as a potent devourer to free radicals [ 16 ]. Furthermore, they have the ability to inhibit the representation of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 by adjusting redox receptive transcription factors. PYC has shown to have promising results in improving conditions, including diabetes [ 16 , 33 ]. These effects manifested in our result, which demonstrated notable signs of the highly proliferative activity in the stromal lamellae and conspicuous regression of immature collagen fibers proofing the retraction in proinflammatory cytokine. First, the small number of rats may cause bias and thus an imprecise conclusion. Secondly, this research only dealt with the histopathological and macroscopical alterations; hence additional investigations should link the macroscopical and microscopical alterations with inflammatory blood markers. Third, a shortage of information about the mechanism by which PYC enhances the deficiency in wound healing related to diabetes may also influence the interpretation of our findings. Therefore, additional cellular and molecular analyses are required to simplify the mechanism. All limitations of our study should be measured in additional studies to have an actual conclusion. Clinical and histological outcomes revealed that the topical application of PYC substance showed a substantial improvement in CWH rate in both normal and diabetic rats. At the histological level, facilitated re-epithelization and inflammatory-reduction processes accompanied by the highly noticed organized arrangement of collagen bundles that almost approaches the normal architecture confirmed the ability of the substance to ameliorate the corneal recovery process. At microscopical levels, no signs of adverse reactions were detected, indicating the safety and efficiency of the remedy. Therefore, PYC could be considered an efficient and innocuous drug for promoting CWH in diabetic keratopathy. All the rats were handed a period of 14 d to adapt to the surroundings before beginning the experiment and accommodated under standard laboratory circumstances. All rats received pelleted feed and tap-H2O ad libitum and were accommodated at regulated ambient temperature All experimental procedures at Mansoura University were approved by the Ethics and Animal Experiments Committee. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal i. Another group of animals only obtained citrate buffer and were measured as normal. Blood glucose levels were observed from the tail vein using an automated blood glucose analyzer Glucometer Elite XL; Bayer Corporation, Elkhart, IN, USA instantly prior to obtaining STZ and at 1 wk. During the experiment, blood glucose levels in STZ-rats remained fourfold higher than in control rats. Certified veterinary ophthalmologist performed corneal wounding. In all rats, the mid cornea of the right eye was hurt by locating a filter paper round 3. The rats were assigned into four groups 7 rats each as mentioned: NC, NPYC, DC, and DPYC. The PYC-treated groups received PYC eye drops as an individual drop 0. Eye drops were released to the unanesthetized rats. Any rat that found infection was excluded from the current study. These trials were conducted in a double-blind manner to elude any bias. Six days after wounding, animals were euthanized with sodium pentobarbital i. For achieving the histopathological evaluation of both treated and injured groups, the globe of both eyes was enucleated with a careful evaluation of vitreous fluid, and elimination of the lens was considered. The statistical analysis was done with software GraphPad Prism for Windows, version 5. Phan TM, Foster CS, Shaw CD, Zagachin LM, Colvin RB. Topical fibronectin in an alkali burn model of corneal ulceration in rabbits. Arch Ophthalmol. Article CAS Google Scholar. Gönül B, Erdoǧan D, Özoǧul C, Koz M, Babül A, Celebi N. Effect of EGF dosage forms on alkali burned corneal wound healing of mice. Article Google Scholar. Chung J-H, Park Y-K, Paek S-M, Chong Y-H, Kim W-K. Effect of Na-hyaluronan on stromal and endothelial healing in experimental corneal alkali wounds. Ophthalmic Res. Nakamura M, Sato N, Chikama T-I, Hasegawa Y, Nishida T. Fibronectin facilitates corneal epithelial wound healing in diabetic rats. Exp Eye Res. Nagai N, Ito Y. Therapeutic effects of sericin on diabetic keratopathy in Otsuka long-Evans Tokushima fatty rats. Although reepithelialization was complete in both groups by day 21, complete neovascularization was evident in the healthy rats but not in the diabetic rats. PYC appears to be a viable option to accelerate wound healing. Further in vivo and human research is warranted. Abstract Pycnogenol PYC , an extract of pine bark, is known to have photoprotective, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Shen C, Jun H, Choi S et al Evaluation of antioxidant activities and active compounds separated from water soluble extracts of Korean black pine barks. Bull Korean Chem Soc — Shevelev AB, La Porta N, Isakova EP et al In vivo antimicrobial and wound-healing activity of resveratrol, dihydroquercetin, and dihydromyricetin against Staphylococcus aureus , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Candida albicans. Pathogens Suntar I, Tumen I, Ustun O, Keles H, Akkol EK Appraisal on the wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities of the essential oils obtained from the cones and needles of Pinus species by in vivo and in vitro experimental models. J Ethnopharmacol — Wang Y, Li W, Xu S, Hu R, Zeng Q, Liu Q, Li S, Lee H, Chang M, Guan L Protective skin aging effects of cherry blossom extract Prunus yedoensis on oxidative stress and apoptosis in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells. Google Scholar. Xu Y, Han M, Huang M, Xu X Enhanced heat stability and antioxidant activity of myofibrillar protein-dextran conjugate by the covalent adduction of polyphenol. Yesil-Celiktas O A comparative study of antioxidant properties of extracts obtained from renewable forestry and agricultural resources. Fresenius Environ Bull — Yesil-Celiktas O, Otto F, Gruener S, Parlar H a Determination of extractability of pine bark using supercritical CO 2 extraction and different solvents—optimization and prediction. J Agric Food Chem — Yesil-Celiktas O, Ganzera M, Akgun IH, Sevimli C, Korkmaz KS, Bedir E b Determination of polyphenolic constituents and biological activities of bark extracts from different Pinus species. J Sci Food Agric — Yesil-Celiktas O, Pala C, Cetin-Uyanikgil EO, Sevimli-Gur C Synthesis of silica-PAMAM dendrimer nanoparticles as promising carriers in Neuro blastoma cells. Anal Biochem —7. Download references. The financial support provided by the Research fund of Ege University 15MUH is highly appreciated. Textile and Apparel Research-Application Center, Ege University, , Bornova, Izmir, Turkey. Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, , Bornova, Izmir, Turkey. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Pelin Secim-Karakaya or Ozlem Yesil-Celiktas. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Reprints and permissions. Secim-Karakaya, P. Cytotechnology 73 , — Download citation. Received : 05 December Accepted : 19 March Published : 31 March Issue Date : June Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Access this article Log in via an institution. Data availability All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article. References AATCC Antimicrobial activity assessment of textile materials: parallel streak method from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists. Accessed 11 Nov Anchisi C, Maccioni AM, Sinico C, Valenti D Stability studies of new cosmetic formulations with vegetable extracts as functional agents. IL Farmaco — Article CAS Google Scholar Blazsó G, Gábor M, Schönlau F, Rohdewald P Pycnogenol ® accelerates wound healing and reduces scar formation. 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What Causes It?	Pharmazie 52, Effect of Pycnogenol on Skin Wound Healing. Abbreviations DM: Diabetes mellitus CWH: Corneal wound healing CA-I: Corneal alkali-burn injury NC: Normal control NPYC: Normal PYC DC: Diabetic control DPYC: Diabetic PYC. Nakamura M, Sato N, Chikama T-I, Hasegawa Y, Nishida T. Be sure you do not have an allergy to dandelion, and avoid taking the herb if you have liver or gallbladder disease, diabetes, or kidney disease, or if you take blood-thinning medication. A 65, Eur J Med Chem —91 Article CAS Google Scholar Lopez JF, Sarkanen J-R, Huttala O, Kaartinen IS, Kuokkanen HO, Ylikomi T Adipose tissue extract shows potential for wound healing: in vitro proliferation and migration of cell types contributing to wound healing in the presence of adipose tissue preparation and platelet rich plasma.
Publication types	Although reepithelialization was complete in both groups by day 21, complete neovascularization was evident in the healthy rats but not in the diabetic rats. PYC appears to be a viable option to accelerate wound healing. Further in vivo and human research is warranted. Abstract Pycnogenol PYC , an extract of pine bark, is known to have photoprotective, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. It could be observed that in the PYC-treated group, there were less inflammatory cells than in the control group only on day 1, but it maintained more inflammatory cells similar with the control group from days 3 to 7 Fig. Both the control and the PYC-treated groups showed an increasing tendency in the analysis of wound contraction. Though the degree of contraction in the PYC-treated group was lower than that of the control group from days 1 to 5, but appeared higher on day 7 Fig. In the control group, stained as light blue, was identified around the wound from around day 3 after inducing wounds. In the control and the PYC-treated groups, dark blue staining was observed in the tissues on days 5 and 7 Fig. Quantitative collagen deposit analysis showed clear collagen synthesis from day 5 and increased on day 7. Compared to the control group, collagen accumulation in the PYC-treated group was higher than that of the control group from days 5 to 7 Fig. During the inflammatory phase, platelet aggregation at the injury site is followed by the infiltration of leukocytes such as neutrophils, macrophages, and T-lymphocytes into the wound site. In the proliferative phase, re-epithelialization and newly formed granulation tissue begin to cover the wound area to complete tissue repair. Major functions of neutrophils include phagocytosis, which eliminates the infective agents at the site of damaged tissue, and the stimulation of blood coagulation, inflammation, and the healing process by secreting various factors Eming et al. Next, monocytes arrive at the wound within two days and differentiate into macrophage. They also function as phagocytes and antigen presenting cells, secreting transforming growth factors- and, basic fibroblast growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor to regulate the wound healing process Eming et al. Re-epithelialization and granulation tissue formation occur simultaneously within a few hours of the inflammatory reaction. Fibroblasts that migrate into the wound and proliferate synthesize proteoglycans, collagen type III, and collagen type I to reform the extracellular matrix around the wound Clark, Some fibroblasts differentiate into myofibroblasts and synthesize smooth muscle actin, which provides mechanical tension to pull the edges of the wound to stimulate contraction and eventually promote wound closure Hinz et al. The dermis remodeling phase of skin wound healing involves the full growth of the wound accompanied by collagenous scarring. The residual fibroblasts rearrange the collagen fiber to recover the original tension of the skin, repeating collagen deposition and degradation for several months. There are various medications available to assist in the skin wound healing and from the ancient times, various natural substances have been widely used for wound healing Kim et al. Among such extracts, polyphenol compounds are known to be strong antioxidants capable of neutralizing free radicals by combining with active oxygen Hsu, A hydroxyl group attaches to an aromatic ring of a polyphenol compound that combines with free radicals, which appear during the metabolic process and form neutralized stable phenoxyl radicals Rice-Evans et al. All of these have been known to play a significant role not only in the biological environment but also in the treatment of diseases Packer et al. Radicals produced by wounds are largely superoxide radical anions produced by neutrophils and macrophages and also play an important role in the removal of microorganisms and pathogens Babior, PYC, which is one of the polyphenol compounds, is a pine bark extract and has been used as a medicine for wound recovery and inflammatory diseases since the ancient times Packer et al. Through basic research and clinical studies, PYC was known not only to be a powerful antioxidant Chida et al. Also, PYC regulates nitric oxide production of activated macrophages and inhibits nitric oxide synthase iNOS activity and inducible macrophagetype NOS mRNA expression Virgili et al. Based on the abundant evidence, this study aimed to identify the effect of PYC on wound recovery inducing skin incisions on the dermal layer by histological analysis. Observing the speed of wound recovery with the naked eye showed no difference between the control group and the PYC-treated groups data not shown. Also, the wound measurement was wider than that of the control group from days 1 to 7 after inducing wounds. The rates of keratinocyte migration were similar in both groups on day 1 but lower in the PYC-treated group than the control group thereafter data not shown. This shows that treatment with PYC has no effect on the speed of wound recovery, which is not consistent with previous reports. We speculate that the discrepancy may be due to a few reasons. In our study, however, PYC was injected in the form of an aqueous solution. Methods to induce wounds in wound recovery experiments can be largely divided into burning, full thickness incision, and excision of some tissues. In most other studies, the most common form of wound induction was burning, unlike this current study. Grimm et al. When we examined the influx of inflammatory cells, there were less inflammatory cells in the PYC-treated group than in the control group only on day 1. From days 3 to 5, however, there were more inflammatory cells in this group than the control group. On day 7, a higher tendency to increase was observed in the treated group compared to the control group. Therefore, it appears that PYC inhibits inflammatory responses in the early period of wound healing, but as time passes, its effect wanes. However, both the degree of contraction of wounds and the collagen deposit time were higher in the PYC-treated group than the control group on day 7. Ginseng Res. Science , Free Radic. Based Complement Alternat. Sime S and Reeve V E Protection from inflammation, immunosuppression and carcinogenesis induced by UV radiation in mice by topical Pycnogenol. CO;2 Singer A J and Clark R A Cutaneous wound healing. 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Accidents or injuries usually Pycnogenol and wound healing wounds, but can they Pycnnogenol have any of the following causes:. If you receive a serious hfaling, you should get Pgcnogenol treatment right away. Pycnogenol and wound healing doctor Preventing stress-related ulcers determine the extent and severity of the injury, whether it is likely to get infected, and anything that might complicate treatment. Your health care provider may also order laboratory tests, such as a blood test and urinalysis, as well as a culture to check for bacteria in the wound. You may need stitches, as well as a tetanus shot or a tetanus booster.

Pycnogenol and wound healing -

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Search Close. The re-construction of shattered layers in PYC-treated ulcer sections was so remarkable that it was difficult to distinguish them from uninjured tissues Fig. However, slight keratosis and a few degenerative nuclear changes were detected Fig. The stromal lamellae displayed highly proliferative activity concomitantly lacking disruption among the collagen fibers induced in injured specimens, along with notable regression of immature collagen fibers and accretion of mature ones Fig.

Compared to diabetic-free rats, the influences on diabetes-inducing ulcerated rats were aggressive. This hypothesis was based on a significant decrease in epithelial thickness, to the point where some segments revealed only basal layer reality.

Nonetheless, it demonstrated more obvious degenerative adjustments supplemented by intense leukocytic infiltration Fig. The underlying connective tissue stroma was invaded by blood vessels alongside severe edema Fig. In addition, the collagen bundles appear ameliorated with a highly noticed organized arrangement, as opposed to slightly noticed edema Fig.

The epithelium still has vacuolated cytoplasm with darkly stained nuclei in most parts Fig. Alkali burns of the cornea are among the most severe acute ocular wounds.

Secondary difficulties, i. Therefore, timely and operative treatment is required to improve and maintain the biological healing handled by several medical means [ 3 , 18 ]. Therefore, the topical functions of PYC in the current study facilitated the CWH in an in vivo CA-I model in diabetic rats.

The increased CWH was associated with quick re-epithelialization and decreased inflammation. The issue that add amerit to the current study over the other similar studies. Corneal injury stimulated by an alkali burn typically takes longer to heal than wound finality than mechanical de-epithelization.

This variation is mainly because an alkali burn elicits stromal dysregulated inflammation and scar creation by stimulating immune cell infiltration and myofibroblast creation from the keratocytes.

This kind of inflammatory retort is not self-restricting and is related to the stromal and epithelial dilapidation [ 1 ]. These pathological results were the primary motivation behind the selection of the NaOH alkali burn model to estimate the effects of PYC on CWH. Several treatment modalities have been estimated, containing amniotic membrane grafting [ 11 ], sub-conjunctival addition of platelet-rich plasma, topical functions of acetylcysteine [ 20 ], honey, umbilical cord serum, propolis extract, and Na-hyaluronan [ 21 ].

As previously stated [ 14 ], the group treated with PYC reduced wound size the most when compared to the untreated wounds in healthy and diabetic rats. Hyperglycemia is a symptom of diabetes mellitus. Even though hyperglycemia can be managed with insulin or antihyperglycemic drugs, diabetic retinopathy remains the leading cause of blindness since oxidative stress may play a role in the development of retinopathy.

The glutathione peroxidase activity was reduced after treatment with pycnogenol in diabetic rats [ 22 ]. PYC mainly consists of phenolic acids and procyanidins, which are used worldwide as an herbal therapy for wound healing.

Previous findings have found that it quickens the wound healing processes, mainly due to its anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities.

The decline in wound size is subsequent to re-epithelialization [ 23 ]. In the current study, regardless of whether the rats were diabetic or not, topical application of PYC accelerated corneal epithelial wound closure.

These findings are in agreement with [ 19 , 24 ]. On contrary, the rate of healing in wounds treated with PYC in rats was faster than in the control group. However, it was unable to induce additional positive activities in diabetic rats [ 14 ].

CWH is a multifaceted process requiring various tissues, growth factors, cytokines, and cell lineages. Re-epithelialization is an acute conducive process that promotes successful corneal healing.

Suspended corneal re-epithelialization is difficult for diabetes, raises the infection risk, and is related to the heightened inflammation and inadequate stromal modification, causing a transparency loss of corneal tissues [ 4 ].

In the current study, the healing rate of DPYC was significantly greater than in the DC group throughout the 6 d of the study period. These findings are inconsistent with [ 19 ]. In contrast, the gradual interval in the healing progression of the ocular exterior epithelium was time-dependent regarding the diabetic state.

In the current study, the healing process in the diabetic rats treated with the PYC appeared matching to that in non-diabetic rats treated with PYC throughout the 6 d of the study period. This finding could be attributed to the ability of PYC to decrease the oxidized ascorbate and may prolong the vitamin activity in the wound vicinity, sustaining the collagen fabrication.

The stated binding of PYC to elastin and collagen has a significant repressing action on the matrix metalloproteinases MMPs , which may play a significant role in wound healing [ 16 ].

The presence of a higher level of proteinases in the wound fluid has been correlated with delayed wound healing [ 5 ]. Additionally, PYC has been recently discovered to have bacteriostatic effects versus a broad spectrum of G-positive, G-negative bacteria and Candida Albicans.

Hence, additional reports of the impacts of PYC in corneal re-epithelialization after alkali burn in furthered state of diabetes are demanded before the final recommendations can be made.

Histologically, the ulcer-induced sections showed distinguished erosion in the epithelial layer with disheveled cellular composition. This intense distortion was after lipophilic Alkali mediators penetrated corneal stroma and torn down proteoglycan ground substance and collagen bundles, resulting in the secretion of proteolytic enzymes and further impairment [ 25 ].

This alteration could also be attributed to cytokine oxidative derivatives that could cause direct and indirect changes in the permeability of capillaries and venule blood—tissue barriers, increasing their hydrostatic pressure [ 26 ].

One of the basic features of edema is the semi-regular separation of structural elements, whereas the keratocytes are separated from adjacent collagen fibers, which also move apart from one another. These findings, consistent with vasculitis, clearly validate the stromal edema and exclude the existence of the histological artifacts.

Upon erosion of the corneal epithelium, the basement membrane faces proteases-releasing inflammatory cells that cause degradation of basal membrane structures and interruption of corneal endothelial cells, which have a significant role in normalizing corneal hydration [ 29 ].

Even though the cornea is one of the few tissues which actively sustain an avascular state, defects in the corneal epithelium precede stromal degradation and, subsequently, neovascularization to aid in healing and untransparent scar formation.

This neovascularization is adequate for the severity and extent of the inflammatory intense and its extent. The delay in diabetic corneal epithelial wound-healing could be the main reason behind the severity of degenerative changes that invade the tissue.

This delay may be due to the abnormal addition of the basement membrane to stroma and fluctuations in the hemidesmosome realization sites related to this situation [ 30 , 31 ].

It was reported that throughout prolonged hyperglycemia, glucose cause auto-oxidation of proteins and induces the production of reactive oxygen species ROS [ 32 ];. Therefore, it decreases antioxidant defense and enhances oxidative stress in cells; as a reverse reaction of these alterations, corneal epithelial is subjected to dynamic transformation to initiate a complex healing process.

The complexity of this process is due to the incessant proliferation and differentiation of basal epithelial cells, endothelial cells migration, limbal stem cells conversion, extracellular matrix remodeling, and keratocytes diversion to myofibroblasts by the enhancement of growth factor-b TGF-b system [ 28 ].

Numerous antioxidants have been recently utilized for their protective effect against pro-oxidant that induce oxidative stress either by generating ROS and RNS or by inhibiting antioxidant systems.

PYC is a potent anti-oxidizing agent with a reputation for scavenging ROS and reactive nitrogen species RNS ; it can double the intracellular synthesis of anti-oxidative enzymes and behave as a potent devourer to free radicals [ 16 ].

Furthermore, they have the ability to inhibit the representation of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 by adjusting redox receptive transcription factors. PYC has shown to have promising results in improving conditions, including diabetes [ 16 , 33 ].

These effects manifested in our result, which demonstrated notable signs of the highly proliferative activity in the stromal lamellae and conspicuous regression of immature collagen fibers proofing the retraction in proinflammatory cytokine. First, the small number of rats may cause bias and thus an imprecise conclusion.

Secondly, this research only dealt with the histopathological and macroscopical alterations; hence additional investigations should link the macroscopical and microscopical alterations with inflammatory blood markers.

Third, a shortage of information about the mechanism by which PYC enhances the deficiency in wound healing related to diabetes may also influence the interpretation of our findings. Therefore, additional cellular and molecular analyses are required to simplify the mechanism.

All limitations of our study should be measured in additional studies to have an actual conclusion. Clinical and histological outcomes revealed that the topical application of PYC substance showed a substantial improvement in CWH rate in both normal and diabetic rats.

At the histological level, facilitated re-epithelization and inflammatory-reduction processes accompanied by the highly noticed organized arrangement of collagen bundles that almost approaches the normal architecture confirmed the ability of the substance to ameliorate the corneal recovery process.

At microscopical levels, no signs of adverse reactions were detected, indicating the safety and efficiency of the remedy. Therefore, PYC could be considered an efficient and innocuous drug for promoting CWH in diabetic keratopathy. All the rats were handed a period of 14 d to adapt to the surroundings before beginning the experiment and accommodated under standard laboratory circumstances.

All rats received pelleted feed and tap-H2O ad libitum and were accommodated at regulated ambient temperature All experimental procedures at Mansoura University were approved by the Ethics and Animal Experiments Committee. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal i.

Another group of animals only obtained citrate buffer and were measured as normal. Blood glucose levels were observed from the tail vein using an automated blood glucose analyzer Glucometer Elite XL; Bayer Corporation, Elkhart, IN, USA instantly prior to obtaining STZ and at 1 wk.

During the experiment, blood glucose levels in STZ-rats remained fourfold higher than in control rats. Certified veterinary ophthalmologist performed corneal wounding. In all rats, the mid cornea of the right eye was hurt by locating a filter paper round 3.

The rats were assigned into four groups 7 rats each as mentioned: NC, NPYC, DC, and DPYC. The PYC-treated groups received PYC eye drops as an individual drop 0. Eye drops were released to the unanesthetized rats. Any rat that found infection was excluded from the current study.

These trials were conducted in a double-blind manner to elude any bias. Six days after wounding, animals were euthanized with sodium pentobarbital i.

For achieving the histopathological evaluation of both treated and injured groups, the globe of both eyes was enucleated with a careful evaluation of vitreous fluid, and elimination of the lens was considered. The statistical analysis was done with software GraphPad Prism for Windows, version 5.

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Anal Biochem —7. Download references. The financial support provided by the Research fund of Ege University 15MUH is highly appreciated. Textile and Apparel Research-Application Center, Ege University, , Bornova, Izmir, Turkey. Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, , Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.

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Pycnogenol and wound healing Pcnogenol Research volume 18Article number: Cite this article. Hfaling details. Pycnogennol study aimed to investigate the efficiency of topically applied pycnogenol PYC in healing the Pycnogenol and wound healing alkaline corneal ulcer healingg diabetic Citrus aurantium for stress relief normal rats. The corneal alkali-burn injury CA-I model was unilaterally developed in Wistar rats by filter paper saturated with 0. Rats were divided into four groups: Normal control NCnormal PYC NPYCdiabetic control DCand diabetic PYC DPYC. Both NPYC and DPYC groups were daily treated with PY eye drops three times, whereas NC and DC ones were treated with ordinary saline for six successive days.