Muscle to fat ratio -
Homeostasis model assessment 2-insulin resistance HOMA2-IR was further calculated using HOMA2 Calculator software, V 2. Metabolic syndrome MS was defined according to the Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Dyslipidemia in Chinese Adults revised in Patients who had any 3 of the 5 above items were diagnosed with MS.
T-tests or Mann—Whitney U tests were performed to compare the differences between groups. The Chi-squared test was applied to compare the proportions. The performance of FMR to assess MS in T2DM was conducted using receiver operating characteristic ROC curves.
We calculated the potential cutoff values of FMR based on the maximized Youden index. The patients were divided according to the FMR cutoff point, and then anthropometric and biochemical variables were compared between groups.
The correlation between FMR and cardiometabolic risk factors was detected by Spearman correlation analysis. Then, logistic regression was performed to determine the strong relationship between FMR by cutoff point and MS after controlling for confounders, such as age, HbA1c, diabetes duration, BMI and waist circumference.
Finally, the areas under the ROC curve AUCs for the evaluation of MS by fat mass, muscle mass, FMR, BMI and waist circumference were compared. All statistical analyses were performed utilizing SPSS version And bar plots were generated in GraphPad Prism V8.
A total of T2DM patients aged And the characteristics of participants by sex are summarized in Table 1. The mean FMRs for males and females were 0. As shown in Fig. The ROC curves for the proper performance of FMR in identifying MS in T2DM according to sex are shown in Table 2.
The optimal cutoff point of FMR with the largest Youden index was higher in females than in males 0.
The areas under the ROC curve AUCs were 0. Additionally, the AUCs for the evaluations of MS by FMR, fat mass, muscle mass, BMI and waist circumference were further compared, indicating that the AUC of FMR 0.
Based on the derived FMR cutoff points, the patients were divided into a high-FMR group and a low-FMR group. The anthropometric indicators and outcomes for all cardiometabolic risk markers are summarized in Table 3.
Of all enrolled patients, the prevalence of MS was Patients with high FMR values were more likely to exhibit multiple metabolic disorders Fig. The proportion of metabolic disorders between low-FMR group and high-FMR group.
Metabolic disorder was defined as a clustering of metabolic abnormalities that comprise type 2 diabetes, abdominal obesity, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL-cholesterol.
One metabolic disorder was defined as the absence of metabolic abnormalities other than T2DM. Five metabolic disorders contained all the above items. p value for the significant difference between groups was determined by χ 2 test.
In addition, a weak correlation between FMR and HbA1c and diabetes duration was detected in men but not in women Table 4. Finally, logistic regression analysis was further performed to determine the independent relationship between FMR by cutoff level and MS in T2DM patients.
In this analysis, using the low-FMR group as the reference, the results showed that the relative risk for MS was 8. After further adjustments for HbA1c, diabetes duration, waist circumference and BMI, the association between FMR and MS still reached statistical significance, and the relative risks for MS were 2.
In the current study, the presence of MS in the T2DM population was found to have a higher FMR value than the non-MS population. FMR was independently and positively associated with MS after adjusting for potential confounders.
In men, the risk of MS was 2. Additionally, the cutoff points of FMR in identifying MS were higher in females than in males. Finally, the FMR may serve as an optimal parameter for screening individuals at high risk for multiple metabolic disorders in T2DM patients, especially among females.
In recent years, increased body fat mass has been identified to be accompanied by decreased muscle mass, presenting a dual metabolic burden that might emerge as a key driver of metabolic disorders. FMR was established as a robust indicator that can reflect the alteration of body composition caused by body fat and skeletal muscle to some extent.
And the possible adverse effects of these alteration on metabolism may be further identified by FMR. A population-based study revealed that the cutoff values of FMR for identifying MS were 0.
However, some discrepancies in body composition between diabetic patients and nondiabetic patients were observed by Chen Y [ 22 , 23 ] and Pechmann LM et al. In this study, the cutoff points of FMR were significantly lower in T2DM patients 0. Our findings indicated that diabetes patients exhibited a lower threshold of FMR for multiple metabolic abnormalities, suggesting the possible effect of T2DM, per se, on body composition, especially exacerbating changes in the FMR.
Recently, Wang et al. confirmed that T2DM patients showed lower muscle mass to visceral fat area ratio than subjects without T2DM [ 25 ]. Previous reports demonstrated that long-term suboptimal glycemic control was related to protein catabolism in skeletal muscle. The decrease in muscle mass due to enhanced catabolism has been identified to be combined with obesity, thereby changing FMR [ 26 , 27 ].
However, in the present study, the correlation between FMR and HbA1c was weak in males but not in females. We considered that the HbA1c level reflects the average blood glucose levels only during the past 8—12 weeks and fails to represent the long-lasting glycemic control of T2DM patients.
Therefore, HbA1c should be measured multiple times over the long term to further verify the relationship between FMR and glycemic control.
In our study, FMR exhibited positive correlations with blood pressure and serum lipid profile. Higher proportions of hypertension and dyslipidemia were also found among patients with higher FMR levels.
Coinciding with our results, a cross-sectional study of adults in Korea indicated that abdominal obesity coupled with a decline in skeletal muscle mass was associated with hypertension [ 28 ]. Similarly, decreased muscle mass and increased fat mass were also demonstrated to be associated with hyperlipidemia [ 29 ].
In addition, we also found a positive correlation between FMR and age, which indicated that older patients with T2DM may be more susceptible to abnormal body composition arising from age-related loss of skeletal muscle quantity and accumulation of body fat.
This condition is probably because of a decrease in physical activity and altered dietary intake in older adults. However, the unfavorable effects of age may appear to mediate the effects of FMR, especially in the female population, where increased age or even diabetes duration was observed in our research.
Thus, we further examined the independent effect of FMR with respect to MS in males and females after adjusting for plausible confounders, including age and diabetes duration.
Finally, the statistical correlation between FMR and MS remained, suggesting that the relationship was non-sex-specific and independent of age and diabetes duration.
A high FMR level is a risk factor related to metabolic disorders in T2DM. Although the precise mechanism of the relationship between FMR and metabolic disorders is not clear, previous studies have shown that FMR is closely related to insulin resistance [ 15 ]. In addition, a recent study indicated that the reduction in muscle quantity and the obesity-related increase in fat mass were correlated with inflammatory cytokines, suggesting that a high FMR level may reflect a state of inflammation [ 30 ].
Thus, these factors may contribute to demonstrating the independent association between FMR and metabolic disorders in T2DM. Notably, patients who used statin were also included in the study. Although the proportion of statin use was only However, statin-induced myopathy was rarely related to sarcopenia, and the effects of statin treatment on muscle parameters remain debatable.
Lindstrom I et al. And a prospective study also did not observe an effect of statin therapy on muscle strength during a 6-month follow-up [ 32 ]. Conversely, Scott et al. showed a correlation between statin treatment and decreased muscle strength after a 3-year follow-up.
But there was no difference in muscle mass [ 33 ]. Taken together, there is still no compelling evidence that statin treatment contributes to decreased muscle mass. However, the possible bias caused by statin therapy may be associated with FMR in this study.
Several limitations still exist in this study. As a predictor of multiple metabolic disorders that develop in patients with T2DM, it might be necessary to conduct a longitudinal study in the future. Second, even though the most precise method to assess body composition is MRI or CT, limitations exist on account of their high cost and harmful radiation, which make them difficult to popularize in clinical practice.
In contrast, bioelectrical impedance analysis BIA developed as a highly accurate method that is suitable for evaluating the body composition. Third, low muscle strength has also been identified as a risk factor for MS in recent studies [ 34 , 35 ].
However, we did not measure muscle function or strength in this study; therefore, the role of muscle strength in metabolic disorders is perhaps neglected. Thus, combining muscle strength and FMR may improve the assessment of metabolic disorders over FMR alone in the future. Finally, there were no data on inflammatory factors, physical activity, or dietary intake in the present research.
More studies are warranted to further discuss the association between these factors and FMR in T2DM patients. The cutoff points of FMR in identifying metabolic disturbances were higher in females than in males.
The FMR may serve as an optimal indicator for screening T2DM patients coupled with a high risk of multiple metabolic disorders, especially in the female population, providing a new perspective for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular complications in Chinese T2DM patients. The data used and analyzed throughout this research can be obtained from the corresponding authors.
Samson SL, Garber AJ. Metabolic syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. Article Google Scholar. Li X, Cao C, Tang X, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its determinants in newly-diagnosed adult-onset diabetes in china: a multi-center cross-sectional survey.
Front Endocrinol. Article CAS Google Scholar. Scott R, Donoghoe M, Watts GF, et al. Impact of metabolic syndrome and its components on cardiovascular disease event rates in patients with type 2 diabetes assigned to placebo in the FIELD randomised trial.
Cardiovasc Diabetol. Rhee SY, Park SY, Hwang JK, et al. Metabolic syndrome as an indicator of high cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes: analyses based on Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey KNHANES Diabetol Metab Syndr.
Lu J, Wang L, Li M, et al. Metabolic syndrome among adults in China: the China noncommunicable disease surveillance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
PubMed Google Scholar. Katsiki N, Anagnostis P, Kotsa K, Goulis DG, Mikhailidis DP. Obesity, metabolic syndrome and the risk of microvascular complications in patients with diabetes mellitus. Curr Pharm Des. Keywords: Cardiovascular disease; Falls; Muscle-to-fat ratio; Sarcopenia; Sarcopenic obesity.
Abstract Background: Sarcopenic obesity aims to capture the risk of functional decline and cardiometabolic diseases, but its operational definition and associated clinical outcomes remain unclear.
Publication types Research Support, Non-U. Substances Biomarkers. If you're on a weight-loss plan, you should aim to preserve your muscle mass by doing resistance training and cardio so that you maintain your strength, muscle tone and bone health.
The study examined 40 premenopausal volunteers and divided them into groups that would do either resistance training, dieting or a combination of both. Although all groups lost fat and the group that combined resistance training and dieting lost the most fat, the group that did resistance training without dieting was the only group that gained lean mass.
Don't underestimate the importance of combined healthy eating and physical activity — you shouldn't rely on just one or the other. The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics notes that doing regular resistance training is the key to keeping muscle and that all individuals should be doing strength training twice a week to work all major muscle groups, including their legs, hips, back, chest, abdomen, shoulders and arms.
These strength-training exercises could include resistance bands, push-ups, pull-ups and sit-ups. As far as good nutrition goes, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics encourages people looking to build or maintain muscle to get 10 to 35 percent of their calories from protein, about 50 percent from carbohydrates and about 20 to 35 percent from fat.
Fitness Training How To Gain muscle. How to Calculate Your Muscle to Fat Ratio By Dylan Roche Updated Apr 20, Reviewed by Lindsey Elizabeth Cortes Pfau , MS, RD, CSSD. com may earn compensation through affiliate links in this story. Learn more about our affiliate and product review process here.
Your can track your muscle to fat ratio. Video of the Day. BMI: Not Always Accurate. Tip Having trouble with the math in determining your BMI? Understanding Body Composition. A Simple Body Fat Calculator. Determine which parts of the body you'll measure.
ACE recommends measuring the thigh, chest and abdominals, all from the right side of the body. Using your thumb and index finger with your left hand, pinch and hold the skinfold.
Take the calipers and place them perpendicular to the site with their pads around the skinfold about a quarter-inch away from your fingers. Release the trigger and wait one or two seconds before reading the dial. Round to the nearest 0. You should take two measurements at each site, waiting at least 15 seconds to allow the fat to return to its normal thickness.
If necessary, continue to take measurements until you have two that vary by less than 1 millimeter in each bodily location. This will ensure you're getting the most accurate measurement. Fat Loss vs.
The DXA, or Muscle to fat ratio Rato Absorptiometry", is a quick and pain free scan that can tell you a lot Muscle to fat ratio your body. It Mjscle Clean energy boosters with an in-depth analysis of CLA and inflammation fat tissue, fa mass and bone density. Musclf to its open ffat patients can comfortably enjoy the test without feeling claustrophobic. It works by sending dual low power x-ray beams that can accurately and precisely differentiate between bone mineral, lean mass and fat mass. Example analysis from a DXA scan PDF. Dual X-ray Absorptiometry DXA is a quick and pain free scan that can tell you a lot about your body. The main goal of the DXA is to provide you with an in-depth analysis of the main components of your body; fat, muscle and bone. Eatio its Muslce use as a way of measuring body mass, there's Diabetes prevention strategies lot that Refreshing herbal extracts scale fails to tell rtaio a Diabetes prevention strategies health. Muscle to fat ratio of rato weight alone, people who are making Musc,e to "lose weight" should ideally use Muxcle simple body fat calculator to track changes in body composition. This is because losing fat isn't always about losing weight, and losing weight isn't always healthy. A person can still lose fat but gain weight because they gained muscle; on the other hand, that person could lose weight and be losing just as much muscle as fat. If you're someone who tracks your weight-loss efforts on the scale, you're not alone — it's the method that's easiest and most accessible for the everyday person.
Muscle to fat ratio -
The scan takes 6 minutes. Once the scan is over you will be able to sit down with the exercise specialist to go over your results. Your results will be explained to you and suggestions will be given according to goals that you have i.
You will be able to keep your packet of results as a reference in the case that a follow up is desired in the future. Note: it is beneficial to do this scan every months for body composition and every year if you are looking to modify something specific such as bone density.
Because this test gives so much detailed information regarding various components in your body, it is a scan that can be used for anyone. Athletes can get this scan done if they are curious to track their muscle mass as well as overall fat percentage.
Due to its broad uses, the average person who is simply curious about their health could get this scan in order to gain insight regarding their body composition. This will change based on the amount of fat there is as well as the amount of lean mass there is.
Fat Mass Index FMI : The total amount of fat you have in kilograms relative to your height in meters 2. It is a measure of how much total fat you have, relative to your size and independent of lean mass.
Visceral Adipose Tissue VAT : VAT is a hormonally active component of total body fat. The measurement reflects the amount of internal abdominal fat around the organs. This is different than subcutaneous fat, which lies beneath the skin. Increased VAT has a high correlation to cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk.
Current research shows and elevated risk at around cm 2 and. It describes where the fat is stored. Android apple shape refers to having most of the fat around the stomach and mid-section.
Gynoid pear shape refers to having the fat stored around the hips. A bigger number means more android and a smaller number means more gynoid. This BMI table is from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC. There are a number of ways to measure body composition. However, you need more than a bathroom scale and calculator to figure out what percentage of your weight comes from fat and what percentage comes from muscle.
A smart scale can help you monitor various key metrics. Muscles have a lower resistance to an electric current than fat. Skinfold measurements involve the use of special calipers that measure the skinfold—subcutaneous fat—on different parts of your body.
The DEXA scan, or dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan, uses a low-level X-ray to measure bone, muscle, and body fat.
Hydrostatic weighing involves full submersion in a water tank, using water displacement to measure body composition. Since fat floats and muscle sinks, a person with more lean body mass weighs more underwater.
Bod pod is similar to hydrostatic weighing, but uses air displacement instead of water displacement to measure body composition. For this test, you sit in an egg-shaped chamber, which uses your body weight and volume to determine your body composition. Body composition provides valuable information about body fat percentage.
However, your body shape is unique to you and there are uncontrollable factors that affect your body composition including:. To change your body composition, you need the right balance of physical activity and nutrition to reach your goals.
Slow and steady changes work best when you want to increase muscle and lose fat. It's important to remember that some factors will remain out of your control.
Before making any changes to your diet or workout routine, consult with your primary care provider or a registered dietitian for guidance. Your body composition may help you better understand your current level of health and fitness.
It can also serve as a measuring tool to monitor progress when starting a new fitness or wellness program. Seek advice from a health care professional before making any major changes to your diet or exercise routine. The three somatotypes include ectomorphs, endomorphs, and mesomorphs.
These body types are determined by your genetics. A person with an ectomorph body type has very little body fat and muscle and struggles to gain weight.
Someone with an endomorph body type, on the other hand, has a high percentage of body fat and muscle and has no problems gaining weight.
Mesomorphs have an athletic build and can gain and lose weight easily. The 4-component model of body composition measures body fat, water, mineral, and protein content to assess body composition. By comparison, the traditional 2-component model only uses fat mass and fat-free mass to assess body composition.
Body fat percentages that measure higher than that range classify someone with obesity. University of California at Davis. Sports Medicine.
Body composition. Mittal B. Indian J Med Res. American Council on Exercise. Percent body fat calculator: skinfold method. Mehta J, Thompson B, Kling JM. The female athlete triad: It takes a team.
Cleve Clin J Med. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About adult BMI. Duren DL, Sherwood RJ, Czerwinski SA, et al. Body composition methods: comparisons and interpretation.
J Diabetes Sci Technol. Holmes CJ, Racette SB. The utility of body composition assessment in nutrition and clinical practice: an overview of current methodology. Wilkinson DJ, Piasecki M, Atherton PJ. The age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function: Measurement and physiology of muscle fibre atrophy and muscle fibre loss in humans.
Ageing Res Rev. Schnurr TM, Gjesing AP, Sandholt CH, Jonsson A, Mahendran Y, Have CT, et al. PLoS ONE 11 11 : e Karastergiou K, Smith SR, Greenberg AS, Fried SK. These include using medical equipment, calculating body fat percentage, and measuring certain areas of the body.
Maintaining a healthy percentage of muscle mass has several benefits, such as reducing the risk of age-related muscle loss. In this article, we describe what muscle mass percentage is, why it can be useful to know, and how to calculate it. Muscle mass refers to the amount of soft muscle tissue in the body.
Other major components of the body include fat, bone, and water. This is the only type of muscle that a person can voluntarily control. Skeletal muscle plays a key role in movement. For example, bending the arm upward requires the bicep muscle to contract and the triceps to relax.
Keeping the skeletal muscles healthy is important for daily functioning. This may be particularly important for older adults. Learn more about the different muscle types here.
The most accurate ways involve expensive medical equipment. For example, it is possible to calculate muscle mass percentage from an MRI scan. However, it is also possible to estimate muscle mass percentage at home. While many online calculators and tools claim to do this, it is unclear whether any of these methods are accurate.
Most rely on calculating body fat percentage. Subtracting this percentage from will leave the percentage of lean body mass. While lean body mass includes muscle mass, it also includes bone and other components of the body. There are several ways to determine body fat percentage at home.
For example, a person can use a body fat scale, which calculates the amount of fat by sending an electrical current through the body. The United States Navy recommend a different method, which involves measuring the circumferences of various body parts.
These add up to a certain value, and different values and heights represent various body fat percentages. Over time, muscle mass naturally declines, and this reduction, called sarcopenia , can make everyday activities such as walking or climbing the stairs more difficult.
The percentage of muscle mass varies between people. It will depend on several factors, including fitness, body size, and gender. There are currently no specific guidelines for what a healthy or normal muscle mass percentage should be.
support propellolife. Then the key to achieving your tk is eatio improve your body composition - which means you need to lower body Dat percentage Enhance insulin sensitivity through lifestyle changes build lean Muscle to fat ratio mass. Body Musclle is the ratio of lean body Muscle to fat ratio muscle, ratuo, Muscle to fat ratio tissue, etc to adipose mass fat mass. This is very important for people who want low body fat and gain good muscle tone - to look lean and strong! Too many people only focus on the number you see on the scale every morning. What is more important is your percent body fat and skeletal muscle mass. By achieving and maintaining an ideal body fat percentage and building muscle definition, you will look and feel better, be healthier, and more resilient throughout your life.
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