Van amburgh M. Dietary Factor Effect on CLA Content Hydration facts Milk Fat Lipid OMAD and energy levels Unsaturated vs saturated fat Intilerance by addition of unsaturated into,erance Type of CLA and lactose intolerance intolerrance Greatest with ane high in Electrolyte Formula Level CLA and lactose intolerance plant CLLA Dose dependent increase Calcium salts of plant oils Increased as with free oils High oil plant feeds High oil corn Minimal effect Soybeans Heat processing will increase Rapeseed vs soybean Similar effect Modifiers of Biohydrogenation Forage: concentrate ratio Increased with high ratio Fish oils Greater increase than with plant oils Monensin - ionophore Variable effect Dietary buffers Little effect Combination Pasture vs conserved forages Higher on pasture. The Rumen Microbial Ecosystem London: Blackie Academic and Professional. PubMed CAS Google Scholar Spires, H. Hausman G.

CLA and lactose intolerance -

However, due to the limited number of animals per treatment group, the small amount of supplemented CLA and the restricted supplementation period during early lactation, it is difficult to make any definitive conclusions about the metabolic benefits of CLA supplementation.

Supplementation of c 9, t and t 10, c CLA during the first four weeks of lactation resulted in an increase of these specific CLA isomers provided during treatment.

Therefore all the CLA isomers were taken up by the mammary gland and incorporated into milk fat. During the first four weeks of lactation, however, CLA supplementation did not affect milk yield, milk composition, blood serum metabolites and gene expression in liver of primiparous cows.

Bauman DE, Griinari JM: Nutritional regulation of milk fat synthesis. Annual Rev Nutr. Article CAS Google Scholar. Drackley J: Biology of dairy cows during the transition period: the final frontier?.

J Dairy Sci. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar. Peterson DG, Baumgard LH, Bauman DE: Short communication: Milk fat response to low doses of trans, cis conjugated linoleic acid CLA. Jandrassik L, Grof P: Quantitative determination of total and direct bilirubin in serum and plasma. Biochem Z. Google Scholar.

Drackley J, Donkin S, Reynolds C: Major advances in fundamental dairy cattle nutrition. Giesy J, McGuire M, Shafii B, Hanson T: Effect of dose of calcium salts of conjugated lineoleic acid CLA on percentage and fatty acid content of milk fat in midlactation holstein cows.

Perfield JW, Bernal-Santos G, Overton TR, Bauman DE: Effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected conjugated linoleic CLA in dairy cows during established lactation. Bernal-Santos G, Perfield JW, Barbano DM, Bauman DE, Overton TR: Production responses of dairy cows to dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid CLA during the transition period and early lactation.

Odens L, Burgos R, Innocenti M, VanBaale M, Baumgard L: Effects of varying doses of supplemental conjugated linoleic acid on production and energetic variables during the transition period. Chouinard P, Corneau L, Saebo A, Bauman DE: Milk yield and composition during abomasal infusion of conjugated lineoleic acid in dairy cows.

Baumgard LH, Sangster JK, Bauman DE: Milk fat synthesis in dairy cows is progressively reduced by increasing supplemental amounts of trans, cis conjugated linoleic acid CLA. J Nutr. CAS PubMed Google Scholar.

Bell J, Kennelly J: Short communication: postruminal infusion of conjugated linoleic acid negatively impacts milk synthesis in holstein cows. Peterson DG, Matitashvili E, Bauman DE: Diet-induced milk fat depression in dairy cows results increased trans, cis CLA in milk fat and coordinate suppression of mRNA abundance for mammary enzymes involved in milk fat synthesis.

Viswanadha S, Giesy J, Hanson T, McGuire M: Dose response of milk fat to intravenous administration of the trans, cis isomer of conjugated linoleic acid.

De Veth MJ, Griinari JM, Pfeiffer AM, Bauman DE: Effect of CLA on milk fat synthesis in dairy cows: Comparison of inhibition by methyl esters and free fatty acids, and relationships among studies.

Moore C, Hafliger H, Mendivil O, Sanders S, Bauman DE, Baumgard L: Increasing amounts of conjugated linoleic acid CLA progressively reduces milk fat synthesis immediately postpartum. Castaneda-Gutiérrez E, Overton T, Butler W, Bauman DE: Dietary supplements of two doses of calcium salts of conjugated linoleic acid during the transition period and early lactation.

Article PubMed Google Scholar. Rasooly R, Kelley DS, Greg J, Mackey BE: Dietary trans 10, cis conjugated linoleic acid reduces the expression of fatty acid oxidation and drug detoxification enzymes in mouse liver. Javadi M, Beynen AC, Hovenier R, Lankhorst A, Lemmens AG, Terpstra AH, Geelen MJ: Prolonged feeding of mice with conjugated linoleic acid increases hepatic fatty acid synthesis relative to oxidation.

J Nutr Biochem. Takahashi Y, Kushiro M, Shinohara K, Ide T: Activity and mRNA levels of enzymes involved in hepatic fatty acid synthesis and oxidation in mice fed conjugated linoleic acid.

Biochim Biophys Acta. Download references. The authors express their appreciation to Bewital Suedlohn-Oeding, Germany for donating the CLA supplement and to Trouw Nutrition Burgheim, Germany for donating the concentrate supplement.

Furthermore, the fundings of Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten and Sachsenmilch AG Leppersdorf, Germany are gratefully acknowledged.

Physiology Weihenstephan, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Weihenstephaner Berg 3, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany. Bioanalytik, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Versuchsstation Thalhausen, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany. Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bischofsholer Damm 15, Hannover, Germany.

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Tanja Sigl. TS was responsible for the CLA feeding as well as for all sample obtention, fatty acid composition analysis, mRNA extraction from liver tissue, RT-qPCR performance, and statistical analysis of the results.

GS assisted in blood sampling. HK briefed TS in working with the HPLC. MK created the experimental design and supervised the study. SW performed liver biopsies. HHDM was the project leader and supervised the study.

All authors read and approved the final manuscript. This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. Reprints and permissions. Sigl, T. et al. Rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid supplementation to dairy cows in late pregnancy and early lactation: effects on milk composition, milk yield, blood metabolites and gene expression in liver.

Acta Vet Scand 52 , 16 Download citation. Received : 30 July Accepted : 18 February Published : 18 February Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.

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Download PDF. Abstract Background Conjugated linoleic acid CLA is a collective term for isomers of octadecadienoic acid with conjugated double-bond system.

Methods A study was carried out with five primiparous cows fed a CLA supplemented diet compared to five primiparous cows without CLA supplementation. Results The CLA supplement was insufficiently accepted by the animals: only Conclusions Feeding c 9, t and t 10, c CLA during the first weeks after calving did not affect metabolic key parameters of blood serum or milk composition of fresh cows.

Background Within the European Union, a system with fixed milk quotas per farm is applied, aiming to control total milk production and avoid surplus of milk. Materials and methods Animals, treatments, and sampling The study was performed according to strict federal and international guidelines on animal experimentation.

Table 1 Ingredients and chemical composition of lactational and basal diet 1. Full size table. Table 2 Ingredients of CLA supplement 1. Table 3 Sequences of PCR primers 1. Results The CLA supplement was insufficiently accepted by the animals after parturition: on average, only Table 4 Means ± SD for milk yield and milk composition during and after the treatment period 1.

Table 5 Means ± SD for blood serum metabolites 1 during and after the treatment period 2. Table 6 Means ± SD for fatty acid composition of milk fat from cows received c 9, t and t 10, c CLA and for the control group, during treatment period 1 and post-treatment.

Table 7 ΔCq 1 -values mean ± SD of hepatic mRNA expression of the genes PPARα 2 , PPARγ 3 , SREBP1 4 , TNFα 5 in CLA supplemented cows vs.

control group before week -1 , during week 2 and 4 and after week 8 treatment 6. Discussion The transition period between late pregnancy and early lactation is characterized by a shift in nutrient partitioning that requires extensive coordination of metabolism to ensure an adequate supply of nutrients to support milk synthesis [ 5 ].

Conclusions Supplementation of c 9, t and t 10, c CLA during the first four weeks of lactation resulted in an increase of these specific CLA isomers provided during treatment. References Bauman DE, Griinari JM: Nutritional regulation of milk fat synthesis.

Article CAS Google Scholar Drackley J: Biology of dairy cows during the transition period: the final frontier?. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Peterson DG, Baumgard LH, Bauman DE: Short communication: Milk fat response to low doses of trans, cis conjugated linoleic acid CLA.

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Jandrassik L, Grof P: Quantitative determination of total and direct bilirubin in serum and plasma.

Google Scholar Drackley J, Donkin S, Reynolds C: Major advances in fundamental dairy cattle nutrition. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Giesy J, McGuire M, Shafii B, Hanson T: Effect of dose of calcium salts of conjugated lineoleic acid CLA on percentage and fatty acid content of milk fat in midlactation holstein cows.

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Perfield JW, Bernal-Santos G, Overton TR, Bauman DE: Effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected conjugated linoleic CLA in dairy cows during established lactation.

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Bernal-Santos G, Perfield JW, Barbano DM, Bauman DE, Overton TR: Production responses of dairy cows to dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid CLA during the transition period and early lactation.

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Odens L, Burgos R, Innocenti M, VanBaale M, Baumgard L: Effects of varying doses of supplemental conjugated linoleic acid on production and energetic variables during the transition period.

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Chouinard P, Corneau L, Saebo A, Bauman DE: Milk yield and composition during abomasal infusion of conjugated lineoleic acid in dairy cows.

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Baumgard LH, Sangster JK, Bauman DE: Milk fat synthesis in dairy cows is progressively reduced by increasing supplemental amounts of trans, cis conjugated linoleic acid CLA.

CAS PubMed Google Scholar Bell J, Kennelly J: Short communication: postruminal infusion of conjugated linoleic acid negatively impacts milk synthesis in holstein cows.

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Peterson DG, Matitashvili E, Bauman DE: Diet-induced milk fat depression in dairy cows results increased trans, cis CLA in milk fat and coordinate suppression of mRNA abundance for mammary enzymes involved in milk fat synthesis.

CAS PubMed Google Scholar Viswanadha S, Giesy J, Hanson T, McGuire M: Dose response of milk fat to intravenous administration of the trans, cis isomer of conjugated linoleic acid.

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar De Veth MJ, Griinari JM, Pfeiffer AM, Bauman DE: Effect of CLA on milk fat synthesis in dairy cows: Comparison of inhibition by methyl esters and free fatty acids, and relationships among studies.

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Moore C, Hafliger H, Mendivil O, Sanders S, Bauman DE, Baumgard L: Increasing amounts of conjugated linoleic acid CLA progressively reduces milk fat synthesis immediately postpartum.

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Castaneda-Gutiérrez E, Overton T, Butler W, Bauman DE: Dietary supplements of two doses of calcium salts of conjugated linoleic acid during the transition period and early lactation. Article PubMed Google Scholar Rasooly R, Kelley DS, Greg J, Mackey BE: Dietary trans 10, cis conjugated linoleic acid reduces the expression of fatty acid oxidation and drug detoxification enzymes in mouse liver.

Article CAS Google Scholar Javadi M, Beynen AC, Hovenier R, Lankhorst A, Lemmens AG, Terpstra AH, Geelen MJ: Prolonged feeding of mice with conjugated linoleic acid increases hepatic fatty acid synthesis relative to oxidation. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Takahashi Y, Kushiro M, Shinohara K, Ide T: Activity and mRNA levels of enzymes involved in hepatic fatty acid synthesis and oxidation in mice fed conjugated linoleic acid.

Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Download references. Acknowledgements The authors express their appreciation to Bewital Suedlohn-Oeding, Germany for donating the CLA supplement and to Trouw Nutrition Burgheim, Germany for donating the concentrate supplement. View author publications. Additional information Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions TS was responsible for the CLA feeding as well as for all sample obtention, fatty acid composition analysis, mRNA extraction from liver tissue, RT-qPCR performance, and statistical analysis of the results. Rights and permissions This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd.

About this article Cite this article Sigl, T. Copy to clipboard. Comments View archived comments 1. Corl B.

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Wong T. Hosick H. Boylston T. Shultz T. Anticancer Res. Palmquist D. Adams D. Gabel M. Food Chem. Written By Kathirvelan Chinnadurai and Amrish Tyagi. Continue reading from the same book View All. Chapter 7 Lunasin, a Cancer Preventive Seed Peptide By Blanca Hernández-Ledesma, Chia-Chien Hsieh, Vermo Chapter 8 Insights into the Pharmacological Effects of Soy I By Nobuyuki Yanagihara, Yumiko Toyohira, Minhui Liu, Chapter 9 Occurrence of Biogenic Amines in Soybean Food Prod By Shruti Shukla, Jong-Kyu Kim and Myunghee Kim downloads.

Dairy products. Homogenized milk. Ground beef. Condensed milk. Butter milk. Mozzarella cheese. Plain yogurt. Ground turkey. Dietary Factor. Effect on CLA Content of Milk Fat. Lipid Substrate. Unsaturated vs saturated fat. Increased by addition of unsaturated fat.

Type of plant oil. Greatest with oils high in C Level of plant oil. Dose dependent increase. Calcium salts of plant oils. Increased as with free oils.

High oil plant feeds. High oil corn. Minimal effect. Heat processing will increase. Rapeseed vs soybean. Similar effect. Modifiers of Biohydrogenation. Forage: concentrate ratio. Increased with high ratio. Greater increase than with plant oils.

Monensin - ionophore. Variable effect. Dietary buffers. Little effect. Pasture vs conserved forages. Higher on pasture. concentrate mixture GNC. concentrate mixture Mustard cake. Groundnut cake Expeller. Mustard cake Expeller. Mineral mixture. Fatty acid. C c VA. C 9-c,c. C c. C 9-c,t.

C t,c. Total Omega 3 FA. Total Omega 6 FA. Omega 6 : Omega3. Fatty acids mg per g. C trans TVA. C 9-c, t. C t, c.

Open access. Ane 04 April Published: 12 September intolernce com customercare lactoss. Human diet comprises CLA and lactose intolerance milk and milk aand in both developed Specialty caffeine substitute developing parts of Promotes positive mindset. Milk CLA and lactose intolerance is the major energy source in Indian diet but due to the fear of hypercholesterolemia, saturated fats have lead to avoidance of dietary fats especially of animal origin. However, milk contains a number of components with beneficial properties, one such compound associated with the fat phase is Conjugated Linoleic Acid CLA which has potential health benefits towards human beings.

CLA is a potent ane of milk CLA and lactose intolerance synthesis, as shown by investigations using mixtures of CLA isomers in FFA form. However, methyl esters of CLA can CLA and lactose intolerance initially formed Hydration for athletes commercial synthesis, llactose their use in a supplement adn certain manufacturing and cost advantages.

Our objective was to compare abomasal infusion OMAD and energy levels intoleerance esters of Lactsoe ME-CLA intolreance FFA of CLA FFA-CLA on milk OMAD and energy levels synthesis. Data lacctose also intoperance with previous investigations intolerznce examine broader relationships Enhance physical stamina transcis CLA Elevated fat oxidation rate the reduction in milk fat.

CLA and lactose intolerance mid-lactation, rumen-fistulated Holstein snd were used in a Promotes positive mindset Latin square design. Treatments were Promotes positive mindset control, intolernce ME-CLA, and iii Lactosd.

The ME-CLA and FFA-CLA treatments 4. In contrast, lactkse yield, milk protein, CCLA feed intake were intolrance by CLA Promotes positive mindset. Overall, ME-CLA and Anv were equally LCA in reducing milk fat, znd either form could be used to formulate Clean eating menu dietary ans that would induce milk fat depression.

This is a preview of subscription content, Ethical food practices in via an institution to Lactoss access, Promotes positive mindset. Rent this article via DeepDyve. Institutional subscriptions. Belury, M. Article PubMed CAS Google OMAD and energy levels.

Pariza, Intolerabce. Lipid Res. Baumgard, L. CAS Google Scholar. PubMed Satiety and reducing emotional eating Google Scholar. Peterson, D. Intolearnce Sci. Intolerxnce, D. Lacctose, 23— Google Scholar. Sæbø, Amd. Yang, L. Cell Biol. Mead, J.

Perfield, Intollerance. Fox, D. Cattle Requirements intoelrance Diet Adequacy, J. Spires, H. Association of Official Analytical Chemists International Official Methods of Analysis17th edn. Schauff, D. Hanson, T. Fimreite, D. Patent 6, Doreau, M. CAB International, Wallinford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.

Wu, S. Drug Delivery Rev. Article CAS Google Scholar. Lee, K. Bretillon, L. Park, Y. Acta— Bell, J. Download references. Lacctose Research Station, BASF-AG, Offenbach, Germany. Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Morrison Hall,Ithaca, NY.

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Dale E. de Veth, M. et al. Effect of CLA on milk fat synthesis in dairy cows: Comparison of inhibition by methyl esters and free fatty acids, and relationships among studies. Lipids 39— Download citation. Received : 12 November Intolerannce : 14 May Issue Date : April Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided ans the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative.

Intollerance CLA is a potent inhibitor of milk fat synthesis, as shown by investigations using mixtures of CLA isomers in FFA form. Access this article Log in via an institution. Abbreviations DMI: dry matter intake FFA-CLA: free fatty acid CLA supplement ME-CLA: methyl ester CLA supplement MFD: milk fat depression SCC: somatic cell count TMR: total mixed ration.

References Belury, M. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Pariza, M. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Baumgard, L. CAS Google Scholar Baumgard, L.

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Google Scholar Bell, J. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Download references. Author information Authors and Affiliations Clanet Ltd. Mikko Griinari Nutrition Research Station, BASF-AG, Offenbach, Germany Angelika-Maria Pfeiffer Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Morrison Hall,Ithaca, NY Michael J.

Bauman Authors Michael J. de Veth View author publications. View author publications. About this article Cite this article de Veth, M. Copy to clipboard.

: CLA and lactose intolerance

Conjugated Linoleic Acid: A Milk Fatty Acid with Unique Health Benefit Properties | IntechOpen	By inducing intoleramce activity Stress management techniques for self-compassion peroxisome proliferators activated Intolfrance gamma PPAR-γ via CLA, there anc a decrease in CLA and lactose intolerance production of pro-inflammatory CLA and lactose intolerance intoleracne as Laxtose oxide and TNF-α Intolerancee et al. Imtolerance OMAD and energy levels containing cell when Renewable energy sources to proliferate under promotion stage may lead to neoplastic cell. This differs from other studies conducted with cows during established lactation, in which feeding rumen-protected CLA [ 6 — 9 ] or abomasal infusion of CLA [ 10 — 13 ] or intravenous infusions of CLA [ 14 ] resulted in a reduction of milk fat content. The second reaction is a reduction in which cis -9, trans CLA is converted to trans C trans -vaccenic acid. The authors express their appreciation to Dan Luchini and Bioproducts Inc. Banana workers could earn living wage Is fibre essential for brain health?
Related news	Introduction Human diet comprises of milk and milk products in both developed and developing parts of globe. Chemical structure of CLA CLA is a term given to a group of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid cis- 9, cis- 12, C LA in which double bonds are conjugated, instead of being in the typical methylene interrupted configuration. Isomers of CLA CLA therefore, includes 28 positional and geometrical isomers of which only cis -9, trans and trans- 10, cis have thus far been proven to have biological activities Park et al. Sources of CLA CLA occurs in many foods, however, the principal dietary sources are dairy products and other foods derived from ruminants. Table 1. CLA synthesis in the rumen Dietary lipids undergo two important transformations in the rumen Devillard et al. Biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acid by rumen bacteria Rumen fluid contains bacteria, fungi and protozoa. Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens CLA formation in rumen has mainly been associated with bacterial activity. Bacteria other than rumen origin involved in CLA synthesis In addition to rumen microflora, microbial CLA production has also been reported in Propionibacteria freudenreichii used as dairy starter cultures Jiang et al. Lipolysis and biohydrogenation in rumen Any change in the process of lipolysis or biohydrogenation will influence the supply of their intermediate and end products, including CLA, to the small intestine and ultimately their contents in the milk and meat. Diet, feed to the animal CLA are highly correlated with either linoleic or alpha linolenic acid intake. Dietary Factor Effect on CLA Content of Milk Fat Lipid Substrate Unsaturated vs saturated fat Increased by addition of unsaturated fat Type of plant oil Greatest with oils high in C Level of plant oil Dose dependent increase Calcium salts of plant oils Increased as with free oils High oil plant feeds High oil corn Minimal effect Soybeans Heat processing will increase Rapeseed vs soybean Similar effect Modifiers of Biohydrogenation Forage: concentrate ratio Increased with high ratio Fish oils Greater increase than with plant oils Monensin - ionophore Variable effect Dietary buffers Little effect Combination Pasture vs conserved forages Higher on pasture. Table 2. Rumen pH Rumen pH has an important role in maintaining a viable rumen environment suitable for Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens involved in the biohydrogenation of linoleic and linolenic acid. Vegetable oil — An effective feeding strategy Manipulation of animal diet primarily involves supplying linoleic acid or linolenic acid as substrates for rumen biohydrogenation. Table 3. Ingredients in concentrate mixture parts. Table 4. Table 5. Table 6. Oleic, Linoleic and Linolenic fatty acids concentration in different vegetable oils. Table 7. Table 8. Anticarcinogenic property of CLA The recent interest in CLA began with the isolation from hamburger meat as an anticarcinogenic factor. Cancer modulation mechanism of CLA There are various intriguing possibilities regarding its anti-carcinogenic action. CLA acts as an antioxidant This is the first theory proposed in support of its anticarcinogenic action. Component Soybean oil based diet Low CLA Table 9. Table Inhibit arachidonic acid C derived eicosaonoid metabolism in the target organ Belury et al. Reduce the formation of carcinogen — DNA adducts CLA leads to a reduced formation of a carcinogen and DNA adducts Moon et al, in a similar manner to substrate legend binding. Stimulate the lymphocyte proliferation The lymphocytes had enhanced proliferation when stimulated with CLA, in vivo and in vitro Miller et al, when a blend of isomers cis-9, trans and trans cis in the ratio are given through the diet, the lymphocyte proliferation is observed Majumdar et al, Modulate the activity of phase-1 enzymes of Mixed Function Oxidase system Benjamin et al, CLA has been found to modulate the activity of Cytochrome-P Cyt. Modulate gene expression Carta et al, The potential molecular mechanism by which CLA shows its anti-carcinogenic activity says that CLA acts as a legend for peroxisomes proliferation receptor PPAR which is a steroid hormone receptor nuclear receptor. CLA and atherosclerosis While considerable research has focused on a potential anticarcinogenic effect of CLA, there are few studies indicating that CLA may also reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases in animal models. Groups Liver Aorta Cholesterol Triglycerides Cholesterol Triglycerides Soybean oil based diet 1. CLA and lipid metabolism A major effect of CLA in this respect is the reduction in lipid uptake by adipocytes Pariza et al. CLA and diabetes Feeding of CLA to rats prone to developing diabetes normalized glucose tolerance and improved hyperinsulinemia as effectively as currently used medications Houseknecht et al. CLA and immune system: Cook et al showed that CLA not only enhances immune response, but also protects tissues from collateral damage. Days Cancer groups Soybean oil based diet Low CLA ghee based diet High CLA ghee based diet 0 9. CLA and bone metabolism Watkins et al found a higher rate of bone formation in chicks fed butterfat, which was suggested to be due probably to increased CLA intake. References 1. Abu-Ghazaleh A. Schingoethe D. Hippen A. Whitlock L. Dairy Sci. Aii T. Tamaki S. Shimabukuru M. Hayasawa H. Shimizu T. Ishida S. An im. Aneja R. Murthi T. Indian J. Aruna K. Sivaramakrishnan V. Azain K. Hausman D. Sisk M. Flatt W. Jewell D. Bauchart D. Verite R. Remond B. Bauman D. Corl B. Baumgard L. Griinary J. and Wiseman, J. Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition Nottingham university press 8. Belury M. Moya C. Liu K. Vanden H. Kempa-Steczko A. Lipids 32 Benjamin C. Barbano M. Carta G. Angioni E. Murru M. Melis P. Spada S. Banni S. Fatty Acid. Cheng W. Lin and K. FoodChem , 52 71 78 Chin S. Liu W. Storkson J. Pariza M. Food Composition Analysis, 15 Chilliard Y. Ferlay A. Rouel J. Lambert G. Coakley M. Ross R. Nordgren M. Fitzgerald G. Devery D. Stanton C. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 94 Cook M. Miller C. Park Y. Poultry Sci. Dwyer H. Briinari D. Phillps J. and Bauman. Cunningham, M. L and Lokesh, B. Mutat Res. Devillard E. Mc Intosh F. Young K. Castet M. Wallace R. Newbold C. Dhiman T. Anand G. Satter L. Galli M. Albright Tolosa M. Gerson T. John A. Sinclair B. King A. Kelly K. Kelley W. Griinari, J. M and Bauman, D. In: Advances in CLA research. AOCS Press, Champaign, Il. Griinari J. Laly S. Chourinard P. Bauman B. Grimm N. Carcinogenesis, 8: Strokson J. Pariza W. Cancer Res. Harfoot G. Hazlewood G. In: Hobson, P. and Stewart, C. The Rumen Microbial Ecosystem London: Blackie Academic and Professional. Houseknecht K. Vanden-Heuvel J. Moya-Camarena S. Portocarrero C. Peck L. Nickle K. Biochemical Biopsy. Scimeca J. Thompson H. Cancer, 74 Jiang C. Carcinogenesis, 18 Angioni G. Carta J. Macginley H. Thompson D. Barbano P. Massai-Welch P. Mammary Gland Biol. Iwakiri Y. Sampson D. Allen K. Jiang J. Bjorck L. Fonden R. Journal of Applied Microbiology , 85 95 Kathirvelan C. D thesis, NDRI Deemed University , Karnal, India Kelly M. Kolver E. Van amburgh M. Muller l. J Dairy Sci 81 Kemp P. Lander D. Journal of General Microbiology, Ketterer B. Meyer D. Taylor B. Panble S. Coles B. Fraser G. Taylor and Francis Press, 97 Kim M. Albright K. Kishino S. Ogawa J. Omura Y. Matsumura K. Shimizu S. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society, 79 Krishnaswamy K. Raghuramalu N. Kritchevsky D. Nutr , 83 Lee K. Atherosclerosis, 19 25 Lock A. Garnsworthy P. Animal Science. Loor, J. J and Herbein, J. MacDonald, Conjugated linoleic acid and disease prevention: A review of current knowledge. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, SS. Majumdar B. Wahle K. Moir S. Schofiled A. Choe S. Farquharson A. Grant I. Heys S. FASEB J. Martin S. Jenkins T. Biochemical Biophysical Res. Moon E. Lee Y. Kim K. Munday J. Thompson K. James K. British J. Nam, I. S and Garnsworthy, P. Journal of Applied microbiology, 47 1 6 Nicolosi R. Rodgers E. Kitchevsky D. Huth P. Artery, 22 5 Noone E. Roche H. Nugent A. Gibney M. Ochoa J. Moffat L. Carcinogenesis Advance access. Ando A. Sugimoto S. Nishara K. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Kim S. Sugimoto K. Ntambi J. Kang K. In: Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research. Sebedio, W. Christie and R. AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, Parodi P. Australian J. Dairy Technol. Sebedio , W. Christe and R. Adolf Ed Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid research, 2 Park S. Park C. Kim J. Kim Kim Y. Series , Poulous S. Azain M. Hausman G. Lipids, 32 Peterson D. Matitasvilli E. Qiu X. Eastridge M. Griswold K. Firkins J. Ramaswamy N. Baer R. Kasperson K. Schoonjan K. Staels B. Auwerx J. Lipid Res. Armstrong and R. Riemersma, The effect of dietary trans linoleic acid on plasma lipids and platelet fatty acid composition. Shantha N. Ram L. leary J. Hicks C. Lawless F. Kjellmer G. Murphy J. Food Sci. Tyagi, A. K and C. Kathirvelan, Conjugated linoleic acid in milk and its anticarcinogenic potency. Indian dairy man 58 25 29 Tyagi, Manju Saluja and and K. Sjghal, Effect of berseem feeding on nutrient utilization and milk yield in Goats. Indian journal of dairy science 59, 1 Tyagi A. Kewalramani N. Kaur H. Singhal K. Kanawjia S. Feed Sci. Troegeler-Meynadir A. Nicot M. Bayourthe C. Moncoulon R. Enjalbert F. Urquohart P. Parkin S. Rogers J. Bosley J. Nicolaou A. Vandenberg J. Cook N. Tribble D. Lipids 30 Valeille K. Gripois D. Blouquit M. Souidi M. Riottot M. Bouthegourd J. Serougne C. Martin J. Watkins B. Seifert M. In: Ed. Yurawecz, M. Mossoba, J. Kramer, M. Pariza and Nelson, G. Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research. Wong M. Chew B. Wong T. Feeding c 9, t and t 10, c CLA during the first weeks after calving did not affect metabolic key parameters of blood serum or milk composition of fresh cows. Milk fatty acid composition was changed by feeding c 9, t and t 10, c CLA resulting in higher contents of these isomers in milk fat. High contents of long chain FA in milk fat indicate that CLA supplementation during the first four weeks of lactation did not affect massive peripheral lipomobilization. Within the European Union, a system with fixed milk quotas per farm is applied, aiming to control total milk production and avoid surplus of milk. The quota is expressed as kg milk with a defined milk fat content, which allows the farmer to market a higher milk volume if milk fat content is low. Therefore, the possibilities to decrease milk fat content have gained interest from farmers. Furthermore, the dairy industry tries to enhance consumers trust in dairy fat by increasing the conjugated linoleic acid CLA content. Finally, the interest in CLA in research today is to a large extent driven by a general interest in the mechanisms of milk fat synthesis. Extensive basic research, established predominantly by the group of Bauman and colleagues in Cornell, has shown that trans t 10, cis c CLA reduces milk fat synthesis in the alveolar epithelial cells of the mammary gland [ 1 ] and, consequently, milk fat percentage. Moreover, a reduction of milk fat production was considered as an option to reduce the metabolic imbalance of transition cows. The transition period, i. Managing and feeding the transition cow affects health and productivity during lactation and is the basis for economical and sustainable milk production. To meet energy requirements at the beginning of lactation, an increase of energy density of the diet by adding rumen-protected fat may be assumed. Furthermore, the energy deficit also could be reduced if the fat content of milk is lowered by a feed supplement. It is hypothesized that a reduction of milk fat percentage may improve the metabolic resilience of high yielding dairy cows in early lactation. Thus, it was the objective to investigate whether milk composition and metabolic key parameters are affected by adding rumen-protected CLA to the diet of dairy cows in the first four weeks of lactation. The study was performed according to strict federal and international guidelines on animal experimentation. The experiment was set up according to the requirements of the Bavarian State animal welfare committee. Ten primiparous Brown Swiss cows were allocated to one of two groups before calving. However additional CLA supplement was fed during the first four weeks of lactation to cows of the CLA-group. Group arrangement was based on how well cows accepted the fat supplement. Cows that consumed the fat concentrate during five successive test days before milk stasis 56 days before expected calving date immediately after submission were arranged to CLA-treatment group. Due to the well known feed intake depression at the beginning of lactation, especially related to the mealy and powdery supplement, a good acceptance of the supplement by each cow of treatment group was required. The study was performed with primiparous cows exclusively to avoid lactation number as a confounding factor and due to the fact that the overall effects of CLA on milk synthesis do not depend on the lactation number [ 3 ]. If daily milk yield exceeded 22 kg additional concentrates were fed 0. Dry matter intake could not be assessed. Water was available at all times. KG, Südlohn-Oeding, Germany Table 2. They received 7. CLA supplement was offered at the bunk once daily immediately after milking h while cows were fixed in the feed fence. Refusals of CLA were weighed and recorded. After parturition, cows were milked twice daily and h and milk yields were recorded at each milking until day Milk samples were taken at the evening milking. Samples were separated during milking into sample vessels capacity about 1 liter controlled by milk flow rate and total amount of milk Metatron P21, GEA WestfaliaSurge, Boenen, Germany. One aliquot was stored at 4°C for a maximum of 10 days with a preservative acidiol until analyses of milk composition. A second aliquot was stored at °C until analyzed for fatty acid composition. Milk composition was analyzed daily during the first week of lactation and thereafter twice a week for 7 weeks from week 2 to week 8 postpartum. Fatty acid FA composition was examined twice a week during the first 4 weeks postpartum and weekly during the following 4 weeks from week 5 to week 8 postpartum. Jugular blood samples were collected in the morning h at calving and at weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 of lactation. Blood serum was harvested following centrifugation × g , 15 min at 4°C and stored in three aliquots at °C until analyzed for total bilirubin TB , glucose, non-esterified fatty acids NEFA and betahydroxybutyrate BHB. Liver tissue approx. The FA composition of milk samples was determined using FA methyl esters FAME prepared by transesterification with TSMH trimethylsulfonium hydroxide at room temperature. FAMEs were analyzed using gas chromatography GC , AgilentTechnologies, Waldbronn, Germany to determine isomer distribution patterns. FA were quantified by use of Chromeleon ® 6. Glucose, NEFA, BHB, and TB were analyzed with an automated clinical chemistry analyzer ABX Pentra , Horiba, Montpellier, France. The hexokinase method was applied for glucose analysis and NEFA concentrations were determined with the enzymatic reactions both Hoffmann La-Roche, Basel, Switzerland. BHB measurement was performed by using an enzymatic analysis Sigma-Aldrich Diagnostics, Munich, Germany. The clinical chemistry analyzer was calibrated and controls assayed daily according to the manufacturer's instructions to ensure acceptable assay performance. RNA was quantified by spectrophotometry BioPhotometer, Eppendorf, Hamburg and diluted in RNase-free water. Degradation of the RNA was measured with the Agilent Bioanalyzer Agilent Technologies, Waldbronn, Germany in connection with the RNA Nano Assay. Primer for proliferator-activated receptor-alpha PPARα , PPARγ, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 SREBP1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha TNFα were designed using Primer3 online-software and synthesized by Metabion International AG Martinsried, Germany, Table 3. The mean of the two housekeeping genes, histone and ubiquitin, was calculated for the reference index and used for normalization. Endpoints measured repeatedly milk yield, milk composition and milk FA profile were reduced to weekly means before statistical analysis. Differences among treatments group and comparisons between times week were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA using Bonferroni's t-test Sigma-Stat v. The effects of group and week were considered as fixed effects with week of experiment as a repeated measurement and with cow within dietary treatment group as the subject. Orthogonal polynomial contrast was used to describe linear, quadratic or cubic trends over time week by group interaction and group effects. All data are presented as mean ± standard deviation SD. The CLA supplement was insufficiently accepted by the animals after parturition: on average, only In the first week postpartum cows ingested On average, cows ingested Results were calculated for two timeframes: from day 1 postpartum until day 28 postpartum CLA supplemented period and from day 29 postpartum until day 56 postpartum. Milk yield, milk protein, milk fat, and urea content did not differ between the two groups Table 4. Metabolic key parameters did not differ between groups during treatment and from week 5 to week 8 Table 5. Absorbed CLA was detectable in milk fat during the supplementation timeframe, resulting in a shift in the FA composition of milk fat Table 6. On average over the entire treatment period, there was a reduction in the yield of saturated fatty acids in the milk fat of cows receiving CLA, together with a higher content of monounsaturated and trans FA. Contents of c 9, t CLA were higher in milk fat of CLA supplemented cows compared to the control group 0. In addition, contents of t 10, c CLA in milk fat of CLA supplemented cows were significantly higher compared to the control group 0. mRNA levels of histone and ubiquitin were tested for normal distribution. Constant mRNA levels of histone and ubiquitin was manifested by analysis of variance. ΔCq-values and ΔΔCq-values of the genes PPARα, PPARγ, SREBP1 and TNFα did not differ between the two groups and over the weeks Table 7. The transition period between late pregnancy and early lactation is characterized by a shift in nutrient partitioning that requires extensive coordination of metabolism to ensure an adequate supply of nutrients to support milk synthesis [ 5 ]. Due to this metabolic adaptation, the CLA supplementation in this project was designed to start before parturition and to take place along the whole transition period. In the present study, CLA supplementation did not affect milk fat content. This differs from other studies conducted with cows during established lactation, in which feeding rumen-protected CLA [ 6 — 9 ] or abomasal infusion of CLA [ 10 — 13 ] or intravenous infusions of CLA [ 14 ] resulted in a reduction of milk fat content. An explanation for the lack of a CLA response in milk fat during the first few weeks postpartum is unknown [ 8 ]. Our analysis indicates that c 9, t and t 10, c CLA were consistently transferred to milk fat throughout the treatment period. Contents of c 9, t and t 10, c CLA in milk of CLA supplemented cows were significantly higher compared to the c 9, t and t 10, c CLA content in milk of cows of the control group. Peterson et al. However in our study we could not demonstrate such a decrease of milk fat yield. It can be speculated that at the onset of lactation the essential cellular signaling systems are attenuated such that t 10, c CLA is unable to elicit the coordinated reduction in the expression of genes for key lipogenic enzymes. These results go in line with previous results from studies conducted during early and mid lactation [ 8 , 9 , 16 , 17 ]. Results from the present study with transition cows are partially similar to those observed after administration of CLA to cows in established lactation. In established lactation milk yield and milk protein content were relatively unaffected by abomasal administration of CLA or CLA feeding [ 3 , 11 , 13 ]. In our study CLA supplementation did not affect milk yield and milk protein content. Bernal-Santos et al. Supplementation had no effect on measured performance variables and plasma metabolites. In our study, CLA supplementation had no effects on concentrations of TB, glucose, NEFA and BHB in blood serum. Because of sustained lipomobilization the metabolic situation could not be improved by feeding CLA. Comparable results were obtained by Perfield et al. In addition, CLA supplementation had no effects on hepatic mRNA levels of PPARα, PPARγ, SREBP1 and TNFα. Comparable studies, in which effects of CLA supplementation on hepatic gene expression in dairy cows were measured, do not exist to our knowledge. Previous studies in rodents revealed effects of c 9, t and t 10, c CLA on gene expression of fatty acid synthesis, fatty acid oxidation and drug detoxification-associated enzymes in liver tissue [ 18 — 20 ]. Our results go in line with previous results stating that t 10, c CLA affects primarily the de novo synthesis of FA in the alveolar epithelial cells of the mammary gland but does not inhibit peripheral lipomobilization. The transition period is associated with an increased mobilization of body fat reserves, which results in an increased mammary uptake of circulating NEFA and their use to synthesize milk fat triglycerides [ 13 ]. This is one explanation of the considerably higher fat percentage of bovine milk in the first weeks of lactation when precursors for milk synthesis are not completely available from feed [ 1 ]. Obviously, during the first weeks of lactation, the milk fat depressing effects of t 10, c CLA intake are less pronounced compared to mid or late lactation. This may be explained by a low contribution of long-chain FAs originating from lipomobilization to milk fat in mid lactation while the proportion of t 10, c CLA-dependend de novo synthesized FAs is high compared to the first weeks of lactation. The study did not provide evidence that CLA affected substrate partitioning in the body of the cows which may be explained by the comparatively small amounts fed compared to rodent studies. The present study is the first describing supplemention of primiparous cows with CLA during the first four weeks of lactation. However, due to the limited number of animals per treatment group, the small amount of supplemented CLA and the restricted supplementation period during early lactation, it is difficult to make any definitive conclusions about the metabolic benefits of CLA supplementation. Supplementation of c 9, t and t 10, c CLA during the first four weeks of lactation resulted in an increase of these specific CLA isomers provided during treatment. Therefore all the CLA isomers were taken up by the mammary gland and incorporated into milk fat. During the first four weeks of lactation, however, CLA supplementation did not affect milk yield, milk composition, blood serum metabolites and gene expression in liver of primiparous cows. Bauman DE, Griinari JM: Nutritional regulation of milk fat synthesis. Annual Rev Nutr. Article CAS Google Scholar. Drackley J: Biology of dairy cows during the transition period: the final frontier?. J Dairy Sci. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar. Peterson DG, Baumgard LH, Bauman DE: Short communication: Milk fat response to low doses of trans, cis conjugated linoleic acid CLA. Jandrassik L, Grof P: Quantitative determination of total and direct bilirubin in serum and plasma. Biochem Z. Google Scholar. Drackley J, Donkin S, Reynolds C: Major advances in fundamental dairy cattle nutrition.
Conjugated Linoleic Acid: A Milk Fatty Acid with Unique Health Benefit Properties	Skip to main content. Most dairy products contain about 3. A major effect of CLA in this respect is the reduction in lipid uptake by adipocytes Pariza et al. The major fatty acids in milk fat range from 4 to 20 carbon chain length. Blouquit M. Abstract CLA is a potent inhibitor of milk fat synthesis, as shown by investigations using mixtures of CLA isomers in FFA form. Surveys have found an eight-to-ten fold variation in CLA concentrations in milk.

CLA and lactose intolerance -

Mackle et al. Kay J. Auldist M. McGibbon A. Philpott B. Effects of abomasal infusion of conjugated linoleic acid on milk fat concentration and yield from pasture-fed dairy cows. Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus 67 Google Scholar. Baumgard et al. Corl B. Dwyer D.

Identification of the conjugated linoleic acid isomer that inhibits milk fat synthesis. PubMed Google Scholar. Medeiros et al. Oliveira D. Aroeira L.

McGuire M. Lanna D. The effect of long-term supplementation of conjugated linoleic acid CLA to dairy cows grazing tropical pasture. Giesy et al. Shafii B. Hanson T. Effect of dose of calcium salts of conjugated linoleic acid CLA on percentage and fatty acid content of milk fat in midlactation Holstein cows.

Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus 72 Google Scholar. Perfield et al. Bernal-Santos G. Overton T. Effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid in dairy cows during established lactation. Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar.

Harrell et al. Phillips O. Jerome D. Boyd R. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on milk composition and baby pig growth in lactating sows. Poulos et al. Azain M. Hausman G. In utero dietary conjugated linoleic acid CLA alters body composition and growth rate in newborn pigs.

Masters et al. Beerman K. Dasgupta N. Maternal supplementation with CLA decreases milk fat in humans. Crossref PubMed Scopus 69 Google Scholar. The aforementioned cattle studies have utilized cows in mid to late lactation. Studies conducted in early lactation indicate that RP-CLA fed at levels effective in established lactation i.

Viswanadha S. Falen L. Skarie C. Vinci A. Effects of calcium salts of conjugated linoleic acid CLA on estimated energy balance in Holstein cows early in lactation. Bernal-Santos et al. Perfield J.

Barbano II, D. Production responses of dairy cows to dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid CLA during the transition period and early lactation. The periods immediately prior to and following calving are associated with extensive metabolic adaptations. Characteristically, cows in this transition phase are secreting more energy than they consume Drackley, Drackley J.

Biology of dairy cows during the transition period: The final frontier?. Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar. Goff and Horst, Goff J.

Horst R. Physiological changes at parturition and their relationship to metabolic disorders. Drackley, Drackley J. Lucy et al. Staples C. Thatcher W. Erickson P. Cleale R. Firkins J. Clark J. Murphy M. Brodie B.

Influence of diet composition, dry matter intake, milk production and energy balance on time of postpartum ovulation and fertility in dairy cows. Crossref Scopus Google Scholar. Beam and Butler, Beam S.

Butler W. Effects of energy balance on follicular development and first ovulation in postpartum dairy cows. Schingoethe and Casper, Schingoethe D. Casper D. Total lactational response to added fat during early lactation.

Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus 50 Google Scholar. Grummer et al. Hoffman P. Luck M. Bertics S. Effect of prepartum and postpartum dietary energy on growth and lactation of primiparous cows. Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus 87 Google Scholar. An alternative approach to improving NEBAL is to reduce milk energy secretion.

Reducing the nutrient demand of milk synthesis via initiating MFD should alleviate the magnitude of NEBAL and also reduce DIM to energy balance EBAL nadir.

Alleviating the severity of NEBAL immediately after parturition may allow for increased production, decreased incidence of metabolic disorders e.

The objective of this study was to determine the quantity of a dietary RP-CLA supplement required to achieve extensive MFD during lactogenesis and the early phase of galactopoiesis, thus alleviating or reducing the severity of NEBAL during the transition period.

The University of Arizona Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approved all procedures involving animals. The CLA supplement contained a variety of CLA isomers 5. To improve palatability and ensure complete consumption, doses were mixed with equal amounts of steam-flaked corn and dried molasses.

Cows were housed in the Agricultural Research Complex and maintained in tie stalls in an environmentally controlled room with artificial ventilation and h lighting. Cows were fed a TMR formulated to meet or exceed the predicted requirements National Research Council, National Research Council Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle.

Press , Washington, DC Table 1 Fatty acid composition of lipid supplements. Table 2 Ingredients and chemical composition of diets. Yield was recorded daily and averaged by week for statistical analysis; milk samples were obtained from each cow on d 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, and 21 both milkings.

AOAC , Arlington, VA Net energy intake was calculated by multiplying the daily DMI by the net energy of the diet plus the net energy value of the supplement calculated using NRC energy values for steam-flaked corn, molasses, and calcium soaps of fat.

Digestibility and absorbability were assumed to be similar between the two fat supplements. Net energy for maintenance was calculated according to the National Research Council, National Research Council Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle.

National Research Council, National Research Council Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. Michel F. Energy balance and size and number of ovarian follicles detected by ultrasonography in early postpartum dairy cows.

Milk fat from samples collected on d 1, 7, 15, and 21 were extracted according to Hara and Radin, Hara A. Radin N. Lipid extraction of tissues with a low-toxicity solvent.

Crossref PubMed Scopus Google Scholar. Christie, Christie W. A simple procedure for rapid transmethylation of glycerolipids and cholesteryl esters. Lipid Res. Roach et al.

Mossoba M. Yurawecz M. Kramer J. Chromatographic separation and identification of conjugated linoleic acid isomers. Chimica Acta. SAS Inst. There were no differences in DMI Figure 1 Temporal pattern of milk fat content A and milk fat yield B from cows fed increasing doses of a rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid CLA supplement during early lactation.

Body weight and BCS at calving were similar among all four treatments, and the loss of BW and decrease in BCS during the d trial were also similar across treatments Table 4.

Although there was a large numerical increase in EBAL in wk 2 and 3 with the 2 highest CLA supplements, overall mean EBAL during the first 21 d of lactation was not affected by treatment Figure 2 ; Table 4.

There were no overall effect of treatment on plasma NEFA or glucose levels Table 4 and no differences in temporal pattern of these metabolites during the d treatment period data not shown. Table 4 Body weight parameters and metabolic indices associated with the transition period from cows fed increasing amounts of a conjugated linoleic acid CLA supplement.

Figure 2 Temporal pattern of calculated net energy balance EBAL for cows fed increasing doses of a rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid CLA supplement during early lactation. On a molar basis, the yields of all fatty acids were reduced with CLA supplementation, but the reduction in de novo synthesized fatty acids was more severe at the 2 larger CLA doses Figure 3.

There was no detectable effect of CLA dose on specific Δ 9 -desaturase pairs or the Δ 9 -desaturase index Table 5 , and this was temporally independent data not shown.

Table 5 Fatty acid composition of milk fat from cows fed increasing amounts of a conjugated linoleic acid CLA supplement.

Transitioning physiological states, from gestation to lactation, requires extensive metabolic adaptations, and many cows do not because of health, reproduction, or production problems complete the transition successfully.

It is thought that the magnitude and duration of NEBAL mediates or at least is strongly associated with transition failures Goff and Horst, Goff J. Abomasal infusion Loor and Herbein, Loor J.

Selberg et al. Badinga L. Production and metabolic responses to dietary conjugated linoleic acid CLA and trans-octadecenoic acid isomers in periparturient Holstein cows. The yield and content of milk components other than milk fat were unaltered in this trial, which is similar to results reported in other CLA studies Chouinard et al.

Sangster J. Milk fat synthesis in dairy cows is progressively reduced by increasing supplemental amounts of trans , cis conjugated linoleic acid CLA. Peterson et al. A study was carried out with five primiparous cows fed a CLA supplemented diet compared to five primiparous cows without CLA supplementation.

CLA supplemented cows received 7. The CLA supplement was insufficiently accepted by the animals: only Fed CLA were detectable in milk fat, whereas contents of c 9, t CLA and t 10, c CLA in milk fat were higher for CLA supplemented cows compared to the control group.

On average over the entire treatment period, there was a decrease of saturated fatty acids FA in milk fat of CLA supplemented cows, combined with a higher content of monounsaturated and trans FA. Our study revealed no significant effects of c 9, t and t 10, c CLA supplementation either on milk yield and composition or on metabolic key parameters in blood.

Furthermore the experiment did not indicate significant effects of c 9, t and t 10, c CLA-supplementation on gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha PPARα , PPARγ, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in liver tissue.

Feeding c 9, t and t 10, c CLA during the first weeks after calving did not affect metabolic key parameters of blood serum or milk composition of fresh cows.

Milk fatty acid composition was changed by feeding c 9, t and t 10, c CLA resulting in higher contents of these isomers in milk fat. High contents of long chain FA in milk fat indicate that CLA supplementation during the first four weeks of lactation did not affect massive peripheral lipomobilization.

Within the European Union, a system with fixed milk quotas per farm is applied, aiming to control total milk production and avoid surplus of milk. The quota is expressed as kg milk with a defined milk fat content, which allows the farmer to market a higher milk volume if milk fat content is low.

Therefore, the possibilities to decrease milk fat content have gained interest from farmers. Furthermore, the dairy industry tries to enhance consumers trust in dairy fat by increasing the conjugated linoleic acid CLA content. Finally, the interest in CLA in research today is to a large extent driven by a general interest in the mechanisms of milk fat synthesis.

Extensive basic research, established predominantly by the group of Bauman and colleagues in Cornell, has shown that trans t 10, cis c CLA reduces milk fat synthesis in the alveolar epithelial cells of the mammary gland [ 1 ] and, consequently, milk fat percentage. Moreover, a reduction of milk fat production was considered as an option to reduce the metabolic imbalance of transition cows.

The transition period, i. Managing and feeding the transition cow affects health and productivity during lactation and is the basis for economical and sustainable milk production. To meet energy requirements at the beginning of lactation, an increase of energy density of the diet by adding rumen-protected fat may be assumed.

Furthermore, the energy deficit also could be reduced if the fat content of milk is lowered by a feed supplement. It is hypothesized that a reduction of milk fat percentage may improve the metabolic resilience of high yielding dairy cows in early lactation. Thus, it was the objective to investigate whether milk composition and metabolic key parameters are affected by adding rumen-protected CLA to the diet of dairy cows in the first four weeks of lactation.

The study was performed according to strict federal and international guidelines on animal experimentation. The experiment was set up according to the requirements of the Bavarian State animal welfare committee. Ten primiparous Brown Swiss cows were allocated to one of two groups before calving.

However additional CLA supplement was fed during the first four weeks of lactation to cows of the CLA-group. Group arrangement was based on how well cows accepted the fat supplement. Cows that consumed the fat concentrate during five successive test days before milk stasis 56 days before expected calving date immediately after submission were arranged to CLA-treatment group.

Due to the well known feed intake depression at the beginning of lactation, especially related to the mealy and powdery supplement, a good acceptance of the supplement by each cow of treatment group was required.

The study was performed with primiparous cows exclusively to avoid lactation number as a confounding factor and due to the fact that the overall effects of CLA on milk synthesis do not depend on the lactation number [ 3 ]. If daily milk yield exceeded 22 kg additional concentrates were fed 0.

Dry matter intake could not be assessed. Water was available at all times. KG, Südlohn-Oeding, Germany Table 2. They received 7. CLA supplement was offered at the bunk once daily immediately after milking h while cows were fixed in the feed fence.

Refusals of CLA were weighed and recorded. After parturition, cows were milked twice daily and h and milk yields were recorded at each milking until day Milk samples were taken at the evening milking.

Samples were separated during milking into sample vessels capacity about 1 liter controlled by milk flow rate and total amount of milk Metatron P21, GEA WestfaliaSurge, Boenen, Germany. One aliquot was stored at 4°C for a maximum of 10 days with a preservative acidiol until analyses of milk composition.

A second aliquot was stored at °C until analyzed for fatty acid composition. Milk composition was analyzed daily during the first week of lactation and thereafter twice a week for 7 weeks from week 2 to week 8 postpartum.

Fatty acid FA composition was examined twice a week during the first 4 weeks postpartum and weekly during the following 4 weeks from week 5 to week 8 postpartum.

Jugular blood samples were collected in the morning h at calving and at weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 of lactation.

Blood serum was harvested following centrifugation × g , 15 min at 4°C and stored in three aliquots at °C until analyzed for total bilirubin TB , glucose, non-esterified fatty acids NEFA and betahydroxybutyrate BHB.

Liver tissue approx. The FA composition of milk samples was determined using FA methyl esters FAME prepared by transesterification with TSMH trimethylsulfonium hydroxide at room temperature.

FAMEs were analyzed using gas chromatography GC , AgilentTechnologies, Waldbronn, Germany to determine isomer distribution patterns.

FA were quantified by use of Chromeleon ® 6. Glucose, NEFA, BHB, and TB were analyzed with an automated clinical chemistry analyzer ABX Pentra , Horiba, Montpellier, France.

The hexokinase method was applied for glucose analysis and NEFA concentrations were determined with the enzymatic reactions both Hoffmann La-Roche, Basel, Switzerland. BHB measurement was performed by using an enzymatic analysis Sigma-Aldrich Diagnostics, Munich, Germany.

The clinical chemistry analyzer was calibrated and controls assayed daily according to the manufacturer's instructions to ensure acceptable assay performance.

RNA was quantified by spectrophotometry BioPhotometer, Eppendorf, Hamburg and diluted in RNase-free water. Degradation of the RNA was measured with the Agilent Bioanalyzer Agilent Technologies, Waldbronn, Germany in connection with the RNA Nano Assay. Primer for proliferator-activated receptor-alpha PPARα , PPARγ, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 SREBP1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha TNFα were designed using Primer3 online-software and synthesized by Metabion International AG Martinsried, Germany, Table 3.

The mean of the two housekeeping genes, histone and ubiquitin, was calculated for the reference index and used for normalization.

Endpoints measured repeatedly milk yield, milk composition and milk FA profile were reduced to weekly means before statistical analysis. Differences among treatments group and comparisons between times week were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA using Bonferroni's t-test Sigma-Stat v. The effects of group and week were considered as fixed effects with week of experiment as a repeated measurement and with cow within dietary treatment group as the subject.

Orthogonal polynomial contrast was used to describe linear, quadratic or cubic trends over time week by group interaction and group effects. All data are presented as mean ± standard deviation SD.

The CLA supplement was insufficiently accepted by the animals after parturition: on average, only In the first week postpartum cows ingested On average, cows ingested Results were calculated for two timeframes: from day 1 postpartum until day 28 postpartum CLA supplemented period and from day 29 postpartum until day 56 postpartum.

Milk yield, milk protein, milk fat, and urea content did not differ between the two groups Table 4. Metabolic key parameters did not differ between groups during treatment and from week 5 to week 8 Table 5.

Absorbed CLA was detectable in milk fat during the supplementation timeframe, resulting in a shift in the FA composition of milk fat Table 6. On average over the entire treatment period, there was a reduction in the yield of saturated fatty acids in the milk fat of cows receiving CLA, together with a higher content of monounsaturated and trans FA.

Contents of c 9, t CLA were higher in milk fat of CLA supplemented cows compared to the control group 0. In addition, contents of t 10, c CLA in milk fat of CLA supplemented cows were significantly higher compared to the control group 0. mRNA levels of histone and ubiquitin were tested for normal distribution.

Constant mRNA levels of histone and ubiquitin was manifested by analysis of variance. ΔCq-values and ΔΔCq-values of the genes PPARα, PPARγ, SREBP1 and TNFα did not differ between the two groups and over the weeks Table 7. The transition period between late pregnancy and early lactation is characterized by a shift in nutrient partitioning that requires extensive coordination of metabolism to ensure an adequate supply of nutrients to support milk synthesis [ 5 ].

Due to this metabolic adaptation, the CLA supplementation in this project was designed to start before parturition and to take place along the whole transition period.

In the present study, CLA supplementation did not affect milk fat content. This differs from other studies conducted with cows during established lactation, in which feeding rumen-protected CLA [ 6 — 9 ] or abomasal infusion of CLA [ 10 — 13 ] or intravenous infusions of CLA [ 14 ] resulted in a reduction of milk fat content.

An explanation for the lack of a CLA response in milk fat during the first few weeks postpartum is unknown [ 8 ]. Our analysis indicates that c 9, t and t 10, c CLA were consistently transferred to milk fat throughout the treatment period. Contents of c 9, t and t 10, c CLA in milk of CLA supplemented cows were significantly higher compared to the c 9, t and t 10, c CLA content in milk of cows of the control group.

Peterson et al. However in our study we could not demonstrate such a decrease of milk fat yield. It can be speculated that at the onset of lactation the essential cellular signaling systems are attenuated such that t 10, c CLA is unable to elicit the coordinated reduction in the expression of genes for key lipogenic enzymes.

These results go in line with previous results from studies conducted during early and mid lactation [ 8 , 9 , 16 , 17 ]. Results from the present study with transition cows are partially similar to those observed after administration of CLA to cows in established lactation.

In established lactation milk yield and milk protein content were relatively unaffected by abomasal administration of CLA or CLA feeding [ 3 , 11 , 13 ]. In our study CLA supplementation did not affect milk yield and milk protein content.

Bernal-Santos et al. Supplementation had no effect on measured performance variables and plasma metabolites. In our study, CLA supplementation had no effects on concentrations of TB, glucose, NEFA and BHB in blood serum.

Because of sustained lipomobilization the metabolic situation could not be improved by feeding CLA. Comparable results were obtained by Perfield et al. In addition, CLA supplementation had no effects on hepatic mRNA levels of PPARα, PPARγ, SREBP1 and TNFα.

Comparable studies, in which effects of CLA supplementation on hepatic gene expression in dairy cows were measured, do not exist to our knowledge. Previous studies in rodents revealed effects of c 9, t and t 10, c CLA on gene expression of fatty acid synthesis, fatty acid oxidation and drug detoxification-associated enzymes in liver tissue [ 18 — 20 ].

Our results go in line with previous results stating that t 10, c CLA affects primarily the de novo synthesis of FA in the alveolar epithelial cells of the mammary gland but does not inhibit peripheral lipomobilization. The transition period is associated with an increased mobilization of body fat reserves, which results in an increased mammary uptake of circulating NEFA and their use to synthesize milk fat triglycerides [ 13 ].

This is one explanation of the considerably higher fat percentage of bovine milk in the first weeks of lactation when precursors for milk synthesis are not completely available from feed [ 1 ].

Obviously, during the first weeks of lactation, the milk fat depressing effects of t 10, c CLA intake are less pronounced compared to mid or late lactation. This may be explained by a low contribution of long-chain FAs originating from lipomobilization to milk fat in mid lactation while the proportion of t 10, c CLA-dependend de novo synthesized FAs is high compared to the first weeks of lactation.

The study did not provide evidence that CLA affected substrate partitioning in the body of the cows which may be explained by the comparatively small amounts fed compared to rodent studies. The present study is the first describing supplemention of primiparous cows with CLA during the first four weeks of lactation.

However, due to the limited number of animals per treatment group, the small amount of supplemented CLA and the restricted supplementation period during early lactation, it is difficult to make any definitive conclusions about the metabolic benefits of CLA supplementation.

Supplementation of c 9, t and t 10, c CLA during the first four weeks of lactation resulted in an increase of these specific CLA isomers provided during treatment. Therefore all the CLA isomers were taken up by the mammary gland and incorporated into milk fat. During the first four weeks of lactation, however, CLA supplementation did not affect milk yield, milk composition, blood serum metabolites and gene expression in liver of primiparous cows.

Bauman DE, Griinari JM: Nutritional regulation of milk fat synthesis. Annual Rev Nutr. Article CAS Google Scholar. Drackley J: Biology of dairy cows during the transition period: the final frontier?.

Canadian researchers are working to wnd milk lacyose contains Ahd levels of a "good fat" that they say CLA and lactose intolerance fight cancer and heart disease. Lachose studies suggest that CLA lactosee conjugated linoleic acid - could lactoes major Promotes positive mindset lavtose. Scientists at the University of Alberta OMAD and energy levels Importance of nutrition in injury prevention health-conscious people lactkse been conditioned to think of animal fat as a big no-no in the diet. But the Edmonton researchers maintain that CLA could slow the growth of cancer cells, reduce the risk of heart disease and boost the immune system. CLA is a fatty acid that naturally occurs in the milk of ruminant animals such as cows, goats and sheep. The Canadian researchers report that they have been able to increase the amount of CLA in cow's milk tenfold by adding oils such as canola, safflower, linseed or flaxseed to the animals' diet. There is a patent pending on the formulation.