Sports and energy expenditure -
Learn more here! Please consult the latest official manual style if you have any questions regarding the format accuracy. Most individuals, including athletes, maintain a stable body mass BM over long periods of time, while paying little attention to the amount of energy consumed or expended each day.
When energy consumption is insufficient to match that expended, much of the effort of training can be lost, since both muscle and fat will be used for energy.
In addition, if energy intake is limited or restricted, the ability to obtain other essential nutrients, such as carbohydrate CHO , protein, fat, vitamins and minerals—which are necessary for optimal sport performance and good health—will also be compromised.
Many athletes, especially female athletes, feel pressured by their coaches, parents, peers and themselves to reduce BM. To maintain a low BM, these athletes restrict energy intake even though their energy expenditure EE is high.
Athletes of any age must consume enough energy to cover the energy costs of daily living, the energy cost of their sport and the energy costs associated with building and repairing muscle tissue.
Females of reproductive age must also cover the costs of menstruation and reproduction, whereas younger athletes must cover the additional costs of growth. This chapter will briefly review the dynamic nature of energy balance and the many factors, such as macronutrient balance, that contribute to energy balance in an athlete or active individual.
Manipulating the energy balance equation for either gain or loss of BM for an individual athlete is covered in other sections of this book. At first, the concept of energy balance appears straightforward and simplistic.
For BM to be maintained, energy in total kilojoules or kilocalories consumed and those drawn from body stores must equal the energy expended. Under these conditions, an individual is considered to be in energy balance. However, the ability of the body to regulate body weight within a narrow range and maintain energy balance is more complicated than it initially appears.
Energy balance is a dynamic process whereby altering one component of the energy balance equation e. energy intake or composition or form of the diet can affect the physiological and biological components of the other e.
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Davis AT Collection. Davis PT Collection. Material and methods: The study sample consisted of 30 athletes 15 women and 15 men whose energy expenditure was estimated based on heart rate monitoring. Results: The mean values of DEE obtained for women engaged in endurance sports WE - women endurance and power sports WP - women power were ± kcal and ± kcal, respectively.
In the group of male athletes, the respective values were ± kcal for endurance athletes ME - men endurance and ± kcal for power athletes MP - men power. The mean values of TEE for female athletes were ± kcal WE and ± kcal WP. Weir Formula. Indirect calorimetry makes it possible to determine the resting energy expenditure, the basal metabolic rate and the total energy expenditure.
Additionally, V˙O2 and V˙CO2 can be recorded with mobile devices during selected physical activities in the field. By using portable spirometry for a soccer training game, it was possible to show an average energy consumption of 1, kcal for a period of 90 minutes, but there were great differences in the energy consumed by the studied players 1,, kcal When measuring energy expenditure with spirometry, it should also be noted that the additional CO2 formed by the bicarbonate buffer system with increased training intensity limits the accuracy of the values determined through indirect calorimetry for energy expenditure and substrate utilization.
This applies particularly to physical exercise above a respiratory quotient RQ of 1. Despite these limitations, it is possible to capture energy expenditure during physical activities through spirometric data for guidance.
The results from numerous studies to determine the oxygen intake V˙O2 during selected physical activities were summarized in the Compendium of Physical Activities 2 , 3 , 4 and are updated regularly on the Compendium website 5.
The Compendium has established itself as a widely used and accepted source to estimate energy consumption in recent decades 4 , The MET values accordingly stand for a multiplication factor of resting energy expenditure see examples 1 and 2.
This is comparable with information about the Physical Activity Level PAL. This is defined as the ratio of total energy expenditure to resting energy expenditure, but in contrast to MET, the applicable period is 24 hours. The PAL value thus refers to the additional daily energy consumption used during physical activities relative to the resting energy expenditure 10 , The MET values describe specific activities, for which activity-related data are then available Table 1.
The MET values of the Compendium are in a range of 0. Based on the knowledge of resting energy expenditure see formula for the calculation below , it is possible to calculate energy expenditure for different activities Figure 1 with example 1 and 2.
This approach has established itself for estimating the energy expenditure during physical activity, but it comes with a few limitations that must be considered 4 , For example, the METs only apply for people without a mental or physical disability aged years.
It should also be considered that persons who are more physically fit reach a higher metabolic rate per unit of time with the same relative intensity of training The intensity information e. casual, general, strenuous for the METs may be particularly misleading. Subjectively, a sports activity e.
soccer can be perceived as very strenuous e. owing to poor fitness. Additionally, a key factor in estimating energy expenditure is knowledge of resting energy expenditure.
This can be determined with an indirect calorimetry, as described above. This is a complicated process, however, and is only rarely applied as a matter of routine. In general, the resting energy expenditure is thus calculated with available formulas.
Although the mean values may generally coincide, there may still be a considerable discrepancy between measured and calculated resting energy expenditure in individual cases 7 , Since the fat-free body mass significantly influences the resting energy expenditure and is generally higher in athletes than non-athletes, it makes sense to use a corresponding calculation formula that takes fat-free body mass into account.
The Cunningham formula is often applied in this respect. However, studies that compare the Cunningham formula with measured resting energy expenditure data show inconsistent results 7 , Additionally, resting energy expenditure varies and may not be considered a fixed quantity.
In some types of sports e. weight-class sports, ski jumping, endurance sports , there are attempts to reduce body mass during selected periods in a season or to keep it low by means of a chronically low energy intake.
This can lower resting energy expenditure during the season. However, this effect seems to be cancelled out at the end of the season with correspondingly higher energy intake In some types of sports or disciplines e.
ski jumping, high jump, marathon running , low body weight can provide an advantage in the performance or the regulations may necessitate a certain body weight on the day of the competition.
To attain low body weight, athletes tend towards chronically low energy intake or, if possible, an increase in energy expenditure during training 24 , This is often referred to as a negative energy balance as well as low energy availability EA.
Energy Availability is Defined as:. The EA is referred to in kcal per kg of fat-free mass FFM Figure 2 with example 3 and 4. The concept of energy availability is prevalent especially in sports nutrition and refers less to the traditional energy balance; instead it mainly considers the supplied amount of energy minus the energy used during sports.
This results in the amount of energy available to the organism to maintain its basic functions 25 , Low energy availability is also seen as closely related to the development of the Female Athlete Triad. This is a symptom complex related to menstrual cycle disorders, impaired eating behavior and lower bone density in female athletes 12 ,
Anx your institution subscribes to this Sporst, and expendithre don't have an Sports and energy expenditure Profile, please contact your library's reference desk for Vegan-friendly bakery treats Sports and energy expenditure how to gain access to this resource from off-campus. Take the Access library with you wherever you go—easy access to books, videos, images, podcasts, personalized features, and more. Download the Access App here: iOS and Android. Learn more here! Please consult the latest official manual style if you have any questions regarding the format accuracy.Sports and energy expenditure -
In the group of male athletes, the respective values were ± kcal for endurance athletes ME - men endurance and ± kcal for power athletes MP - men power. The mean values of TEE for female athletes were ± kcal WE and ± kcal WP.
Those obtained for male athletes were significantly higher: ± kcal ME and ± kcal MP. Conclusions: Unlike the demands of particular sport disciplines, an athlete's sex proved to be a factor causing significant differences between the TEE and DEE of athletes representing different sport disciplines.
Individual athletes were found to differ significantly in their demand for energy, which in some cases was considerably different from what energy intake standards propose.
Int J Occup Med Environ Health. Energy needs are usually estimated by REE multiplied by the appropriate activity factor. To date, only a few number of predictive equations for REE have been specifically developed for athletes [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. Later, Wong et al. Of note, Malaysian population seemed to have relatively low body frames and size and, therefore, low REE [ 16 ].
They found that mean resting energy expenditure measured by indirect calorimetry were similar in males to values predicted using the HB [ 7 ], FAO [ 9 ] and De Lorenzo [ 15 ] equations; indeed the accuracy of the predictive formulas was not evaluated. Also, ten Haaf et al.
Finally, Watson et al. Authors stated that both equations were more accurate for resting metabolic rate estimation in their population but did not evaluate bias or precision accuracy. Jagim et al. Of the previous studies, only the one by Watson et al.
Some authors also introduced FFM as predictor, with no increase in the prediction power [ 17 , 18 ]. In the present study, first we developed an equation based on age and main anthropometric variables weight, stature, and BMI Model 1, Eq. In addition to age, weight emerged as the only significant predictor.
Instead of using BIA-derived body composition strictly dependent on the BIA formula used , we opted for including raw BIA variables BI-index and PhA in the regression model Model 2, Eq. BI-index is directly related to FFM and quite always included as predictor in the BIA equations to predict FFM.
More recently, attention has been focused on the role of PhA as a biomarker of body cell mass and muscle quality as well as of water distribution ratio between extracellular water-ECW and intracellular water-ICW [ 22 ].
Thus, high PhA indicates greater cellularity e. more body cell mass relative to FFM , cellular integrity and cell functions [ 22 ]. It may represent a proxy parameter of muscle quality in athletes, being significantly associated with physical activity and muscle strength [ 35 , 36 ].
A recent systematic review showed that PhA was higher in athletes vs controls whereas it was still uncertain to what extent PhA differs among various sports [ 37 ].
In addition, PhA may help in detecting low muscle quality and identifying sarcopenia [ 38 ]. In previous studies, we also found that both BI-index and PhA improved the prediction power of REE under physiological conditions [ 24 ].
The findings of the present paper confirmed that PhA was as a significant predictor along with weight, with R 2 increasing from 0. On the contrary, BI-index was not recognized as a stronger predictor than weight, possibly because of low body fat percentage and low BMI.
In general, for those with no access to BIA, only age and weight values are sufficient for predicting REE in male elite athletes. As additional aim, we validated the two new equations and eight formulas selected from the literature 5 for the general population and 3 for athletes , at both population and individual level.
This study shows that precision was high for the new formulas, especially for Eq. Looking at the Bland-Altman plots, most of the prediction equations were more accurate at lower ranges of MREE and less accurate with the higher REE values.
The new formulas gave the narrowest limits of agreement and the lowest bias. Overall, we conducted this study in a reasonable large sample of individuals, using recognized and well-documented methods and in line with similar previous studies in healthy subjects.
Furthermore, the assessment of BIA with the same device has limited the device-related changes in PhA. Nevertheless, these findings are subject by a number of limitations.
Since this is a retrospective study, our findings need to be confirmed in larger samples and in different sports disciplines. Additionally, we studied elite athletes mostly practicing endurance sports. As main finding, in elite athletes BIA-derived PhA is a significant predictor of REE and improved the prediction power of the model.
The new equations exhibited a very good accuracy at population level, while precision at the individual level was markedly higher compared to that reported by previous studies in the general population as well as athletes.
However, the use of PhA as predictor of REE requires further research with respect to different sport specialties, training programs and training level.
All data pertaining to the conclusions of the study are found within the article. The corresponding data set used is available under reasonable requests.
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A reappraisal of the caloric requirements of men. Ribeyre J, Fellmann N, Montaurier C, Delaître M, Vernet J, Coudert J, et al. Daily energy expenditure and its main components as measured by whole-body indirect calorimetry in athletic and non-athletic adolescents.
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De Lorenzo A, Bertini I, Candeloro N, Piccinelli R, Innocente I, Brancati A. A new predictive equation to calculate resting metabolic rate in athletes.
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Alemany M, editor. PLoS One. Watson AD, Zabriskie HA, Witherbee KE, Sulavik A, Gieske BT, Kerksick CM. Determining a resting metabolic rate prediction equation for collegiate female athletes. Gallagher D, Visser M, Wang Z, Harris T, Pierson RN, Heymsfield SB. Metabolically active component of fat-free body mass: influences of age, adiposity, and gender.
Campa F, Toselli S, Mazzilli M, Gobbo LA, Coratella G. Assessment of body composition in athletes: a narrative review of available methods with special reference to quantitative and qualitative bioimpedance analysis. Kyle UG, Bosaeus I, De Lorenzo AD, Deurenberg P, Elia M, Manuel Gómez J, et al.
Bioelectrical impedance analysis-part II: utilization in clinical practice. Clin Nutr. Lukaski HC, Kyle UG, Kondrup J. Assessment of adult malnutrition and prognosis with bioelectrical impedance analysis: phase angle and impedance ratio.
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J Physiol. Frankenfield DC, Rowe WA, Smith JS, Cooney RN. Validation of several established equations for resting metabolic rate in obese and nonobese people. Frankenfield D, Roth-Yousey L, Compher C. Comparison of predictive equations for resting metabolic rate in healthy nonobese and obese adults: a systematic review.
Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Di Vincenzo O, Marra M, Sammarco R, Speranza E, Cioffi I, Scalfi L. Body composition, segmental bioimpedance phase angle and muscular strength in professional volleyball players compared to a control group.
J Sports Med Physical Fitness. Marra M, Di Vincenzo O, Sammarco R, Morlino D, Scalfi L. Bioimpedance phase angle in elite male athletes: a segmental approach. Physiol Meas. Di Vincenzo O, Marra M, Scalfi L. Bioelectrical impedance phase angle in sport: a systematic review.
Di Vincenzo O, Marra M, Di Gregorio A, Pasanisi F, Scalfi L. Bioelectrical impedance analysis BIA -derived phase angle in sarcopenia: a systematic review. Download references. Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Via S. Pansini 5, , Naples, Italy. Department of Public Health, Federico II University of Naples, Via S.
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. MM and ODV formulated the study concept and design. MM, ODV and RS acquired data used in the study and assisted in the interpretation of this data. MM, LS and ODV interpreted data, drafted the manuscript, and completed the data analysis and interpretation.
IC, RS and DM helped advise the direction of the manuscript and made substantial revisions. Each author has read and approved the final manuscript prior to submission. Correspondence to Maurizio Marra. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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Objectives: The purpose of the study was to estimate training Sports and energy expenditure expenditure TEE and expendoture energy expenditure DEE in the Polish elite athletes engaged in Anf sports and power sports, and Sportw compare their levels with the Polish Sporte intake standards. Material and methods: The Mood-boosting affirmations sample Energg of 30 athletes 15 women and 15 men whose energy expenditure was estimated eneryg on heart rate monitoring. Results: The mean values of DEE obtained for women engaged in endurance sports WE - women endurance and power sports WP - women power were ± kcal and ± kcal, respectively. In the group of male athletes, the respective values were ± kcal for endurance athletes ME - men endurance and ± kcal for power athletes MP - men power. The mean values of TEE for female athletes were ± kcal WE and ± kcal WP. Those obtained for male athletes were significantly higher: ± kcal ME and ± kcal MP. Conclusions: Unlike the demands of particular sport disciplines, an athlete's sex proved to be a factor causing significant differences between the TEE and DEE of athletes representing different sport disciplines.If your institution Spors to this Sportx, and Liver health maintenance don't have an Access Profile, please contact your library's reference desk for information on Sports and energy expenditure to gain access to this resource from off-campus.
Sports and energy expenditure the Access library with you wherever Spirts go—easy access enfrgy books, Menopause and exercise, Sports and energy expenditure, Spogts, personalized features, and expendtiure.
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Most Sporst, including athletes, ajd a stable body mass BM over Sports and energy expenditure periods of time, while paying little attention to the amount of energy consumed enefgy expended each day.
When energy consumption is insufficient to match that expended, much of the effort of training can be lost, since both muscle and fat will be used Sprts energy. In addition, if energy intake is limited or restricted, wxpenditure ability to obtain other essential nutrients, such as carbohydrate CHOprotein, aand, vitamins and expemditure are necessary for Sports and energy expenditure sport performance and good health—will Spoorts be compromised.
Many athletes, especially female athletes, feel pressured by eenergy coaches, parents, peers and themselves to expwnditure BM. To maintain a low BM, these snd restrict energy intake even though their energy expenditure EE is high.
Athletes of any expendituer must consume enough energy to cover the Sports and energy expenditure costs of daily living, the energy cost of their sport and the energy costs associated with building and Sportts muscle tissue.
Females of reproductive age must also cover the costs of enerby and reproduction, whereas younger athletes must Detoxifying body through breathing the additional expendihure of growth.
This chapter Sporfs briefly review the dynamic nature of energy balance and the many factors, such as macronutrient balance, that contribute to energy balance in an athlete or active individual. Manipulating the energy balance equation for either gain or loss of BM for an individual athlete is covered in other sections of this book.
At first, the concept of energy balance appears straightforward and simplistic. For BM to be maintained, energy in total kilojoules or kilocalories consumed and those drawn from body stores must equal the energy expended.
Under these conditions, an individual is considered to be in energy balance. However, the ability of the body to regulate body weight within a narrow range and maintain energy balance is more complicated than it initially appears. Energy balance is a dynamic process whereby altering one component of the energy balance equation e.
energy intake or composition or form of the diet can affect the physiological and biological components of the other e. Your Access profile is currently affiliated with '[InstitutionA]' and is in the process of switching affiliations to '[InstitutionB]'.
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: Sports and energy expenditure| Calculating Energy Expenditure at rest or during activity | Although most data ehergy been Sports and energy expenditure for aerobic exercise, the SWA seems expendirure equally underestimate ExEE during other exercise forms. Subar Sport, Freedman LS, Sports and energy expenditure Muscle repair process, Kirkpatrick Expenditur, Boushey C, Neuhouser ML, et al. Article PubMed Google Scholar Marra M, Sammarco R, Cioffi I, Morlino D, Di Vincenzo O, Speranza E, Pasanisi F. Metrics details. Alterations in TEE did not lead to adaptations of energy intake in females, whereas in males, a higher absolute energy intake during the competition phase was observed. Nutrition for endurance sports: marathon, triathlon, and road cycling. |
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Sections Download Chapter PDF Share Email Twitter Facebook Linkedin Reddit. AMA Citation Manore M. Manore M Manore, Melinda M. Energy Requirements and Measurement of Energy Expenditure. In: Burke L, Deakin V, Minehan M. Louise Burke, et al. Clinical Sports Nutrition, 6e. McGraw Hill Education Australia Pty Ltd; Accessed February 14, APA Citation Manore M. Energy requirements and measurement of energy expenditure. Burke L, Deakin V, Minehan M. McGraw Hill Education Australia Pty Ltd. MLA Citation Manore M. Download citation file: RIS Zotero. Reference Manager. Autosuggest Results. Sections View Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Annotate. Get Free Access Through Your Institution Learn how to see if your library subscribes to McGraw Hill Medical products. Subscribe: Institutional or Individual. Username Error: Please enter User Name. The SWA, however, is capable of detecting movement patterns and metabolic measurements even at high exercise intensities, suggesting that underestimation may result from limitations in the proprietary algorithms. In addition, the SWA has been used in the assessment of sleep quantity and quality as well as non-exercise activity thermogenesis. Overall, the SWA provides viable information and remains to be used in various clinical and athletic settings, despite the termination of its commercial sale. One of the unique characteristics of athletes is that energy requirements of training and competition increase their total daily energy expenditure TDEE beyond those of the general population Westerterp, This high energy turnover has implications not only for weight gain and weight loss practices, which are prominent in sports with weight classes, anti-gravitational sports, or aesthetic sports; it also necessitates a sufficient dietary energy intake, as sustained energy deficiency can result in long-term detriments including impaired bone health and infertility Loucks et al. In addition, recent data suggest that athletic performance may also be impaired in energy-deprived athletes Vanheest et al. Because of the high energy demands and the consequences of energy deficiency, tracking EE is paramount for many athletes and their support staff. The current gold-standard method for the assessment of TDEE in free-living situations is the doubly labeled water DLW method, which has been used in numerous athletic settings Westerterp et al. However, the time resolution is limited and the method does not differentiate between various components contributing to TDEE, such as exercise energy expenditure ExEE Westerterp et al. Improved resolution is provided by indirect calorimetry IC , the reference method for EE quantification in controlled laboratory settings Haugen et al. However, despite recent methodological advances, the method remains mostly limited to research and exercise testing. Further, the requirement of a face mask hinders natural training behaviors such as fluid or food intake. Therefore, other approaches that do not interfere with training and competition practices are needed to reliably quantify EE, and particularly ExEE, in athletes. Available methods include accelerometry, pedometry, heart-rate monitors, and self-report methods Ndahimana and Kim, With the exception of self-report methods, which only provide subjective information and show low accuracy and reliability Ndahimana and Kim, , all of these approaches have been incorporated in activity monitors. These devices are less cost-prohibitive than DLW or IC, can be used during a wide range of activities and numerous settings, and allow for data collection over prolonged time intervals in large cohorts Düking et al. Several such wearable devices, including the ActiGraph, Actical, RT3, ActivePAL, or GeneActiv, have been developed for research purposes, and various companies have introduced commercial physical activity trackers e. However, as these devices typically rely only on accelerometry, they provide mixed accuracy with regard to its ability to predict EE or time spent in different activities Welk et al. The SenseWear armband SWA developed by BodyMedia Inc. Pittsburgh, PA, USA combines accelerometry with additional biological variables, such as heat flux, skin temperature, near-body ambient temperature, and galvanic skin response. The device only collects data when it is in direct contact with the skin and its pattern-recognition algorithm has been shown to provide more accurate results for estimating EE and time spent in various activities when compared to the ActiGraph Welk et al. Given these benefits, the SWA became a promising tool to objectively monitor EE in various exercise and non-exercise settings Fruin and Rankin, Most basic principles and functions have remained the same since the initial introduction of the first prototypes in the late s, but there have been several upgrades, the most notable modification being the addition of a third dimension accelerometer axis Riou et al. Per manufacturer instructions, the SWA is worn on the upper left arm, and can be used to record data continuously for up to 3—4 weeks Koehler et al. Data can be downloaded, viewed, and exported for subsequent data processing using manufacturer software InnerView, BodyMedia, Pittsburgh, PA. In efforts to improve the validity of the SWA, this algorithm has been modified several times Jakicic et al. Although the technology was purchased by a competitor in and has since been discontinued Welk et al. Considering the continued popularity and the current lack of alternatives on the market, it was our goal to provide a critical review of the applicability of the SWA to measure EE specifically in athletes. As such, we provide a general overview of the strength and limitations of the SWA in the general population section Validity of the SenseWear Armband in the General Population: Energy Expenditure, Physical Activity, and Exercise , followed by a review of the validity of the SWA in athletes and during various types of high-intensity exercise section Validity of the SenseWear Armband during High-Intensity Exercise. We further discuss possible reasons for limitations section Limitations of the SenseWear Armband: Algorithm vs. Methodology and non-traditional applications of the SWA in athletic settings section Application of the SenseWear Armband in Athletic Populations. In addition, we included literature cited. Final inclusion was decided on by a joint decision from both authors based on each paper's relevance to the review's target group. Figure 1. In the general population, the SWA has been validated extensively and has been shown to provide accurate estimates of TDEE as well as EE at rest and during activities of light to moderate intensities when compared to DLW or IC Cole et al. When specific time periods of varying activity intensities were examined, however, the SWA generally overestimated EE at lower intensities, while EE was underestimated at higher intensities Cole et al. Accordingly, TDEE was overestimated in participants with low levels of TDEE and underestimated in participants with high TDEE St-Onge et al. It should further be considered that the accuracy of the SWA is impacted by external factors such as treadmill incline, exercise mode e. bicycling , or the use of the upper vs. lower body exercise Fruin and Rankin, ; Jakicic et al. Specifically, underestimation of EE during uphill walking has been reported in several studies, with increasing measurement errors at steeper inclines Fruin and Rankin, ; Jakicic et al. Downhill walking, on the other hand, was associated with an overestimation of EE, and—although less pronounced—measurement errors increased as declines became steeper Vernillo et al. During stationary cycling, total EE did not differ between the SWA and IC, but individual time point data were poorly correlated: At the beginning of the cycling trial, EE was underestimated, but EE estimates by the SWA increased gradually over time even though IC values remained stable Fruin and Rankin, ; Brazeau et al. Further, Gastin et al. In addition to problems related to activity type and intensity, body weight has been shown to affect measurement accuracy. Even though no particular bias toward over- or underestimation of EE was observed, measurement error increased with increasing BMI Dwyer et al. Considering that athletes typically are on the extreme ends of the body composition spectrum Meyer et al. Differences in body weight or composition may also contribute to the considerable variability of measurement accuracy at the individual level Fruin and Rankin, ; Brazeau et al. Nevertheless, a recent study reported accurate measurements of TDEE with a mean difference of 2. To our knowledge, only one study has assessed the validity of SWA-measured TDEE specifically in athletes. Koehler et al. Several studies have tested the validity of the SWA during high-intensity, continuous aerobic exercise. In two independent studies in trained male athletes, the SWA underestimated ExEE during treadmill running at speeds of ~ In another study, the SWA underestimated ExEE even at speeds from 6. Similar findings were also reported during stationary bicycling, whereby the SWA underestimated ExEE at workloads between and W Koehler et al. In all cases, the level of underestimation increased with increasing exercise intensity Drenowatz and Eisenmann, ; Koehler et al. However, visual inspection of the combined data from all five studies Figure 2 suggests that differences between SWA and IC are rather modest at low-to-moderate exercise intensities. It is noteworthy that all studies employed an incremental exercise test to assess the validity of the SWA at multiple exercise intensities. Figure 2. Previously published data reporting the discrepancy between energy expenditure measured with the SenseWear armband black symbols in comparison to the reference method indirect calorimetry; open symbols and the difference between SenseWear and indirect calorimetry gray symbols. Only few studies have examined the accuracy of the SWA during resistance-type exercise. Benito et al. Furthermore, the degree of underestimation increased with increasing exercise intensity, although this effect was only significant in men Benito et al. On the other hand, the SWA slightly overestimated exercise EE by an average 35 kcal per session during self-selected resistance exercise in a mixed sample of 52 participants of varying age and fitness level Bai et al. However, the average exercise intensity was rather low during these sessions 3. It should, however, be considered that ExEE was integrated over the course of the exercise bout; no information was provided on the measurement accuracy for specific exercise types Reeve et al. Similar to studies addressing resistance-type exercise, there has been only limited research examining the accuracy of the SWA during mixed exercise forms, particularly in athletic populations. Zanetti et al. During a min basketball-specific skill session, the SWA, however, was shown to underestimate ExEE by 1. Despite the tendency to underestimate ExEE during high-intensity exercise, available data suggest that the SWA can reliably detect activity patterns, rest periods, and varying levels of exercise intensity within individuals. In another study involving incremental treadmill running at speeds between Consequently, limitations to the proprietary algorithm are a candidate source for the underestimation of ExEE during high-intensity exercise. Several studies have tested whether algorithm adjustments could improve the validity of the SWA during exercise. In one of the first published validation studies, Jakicic et al. However, ExEE values, which peaked during stair stepping at 5. More recently, Van Hoye et al. When compared to the initially used algorithm version 2. Despite the previously mentioned limitations, several groups have used the SWA to track EE in athletes. In adolescent sprinters undergoing high-intensity exercise training, Aerenhouts et al. The authors also highlighted the need for additional information when athletes fail to wear the SWA for 24 h. The SWA was also used to record ExEE during the competitive season in volleyball players Woodruff and Meloche, SWA-recorded ExEE was found to be higher during games when compared to practice and warm-up sessions. Combining SWA data with diet logs and body composition assessment, the authors further concluded that the majority of the athletes were in an energy-balanced state. Using the SWA to quantify non-exercise activity thermogenesis NEAT among endurance athletes undergoing periods of high and low training volume, Drenowatz et al. Because the SWA can be worn continuously for several days, it has also been used for the assessment of sleep quantity and quality. In male elite rugby union players, SWA-derived sleep duration was shown to be lower during game nights when compared to non-game nights, although sleep efficiency was not different Eagles and Lovell, In another trial comparing high-intensity interval training to strength training, SWA-derived sleep efficiency was lower in the high-intensity interval condition Kölling et al. These applications demonstrate that the SWA is well-suited to capture other biological factors, such as characteristics of sleep and NEAT, that may have important implications for athletic performance. Considering that the SWA has been designed for a broad market, it is not surprising that the device tends to underestimate ExEE for periods of high-intensity exercise. Although most data has been established for aerobic exercise, the SWA seems to equally underestimate ExEE during other exercise forms. When energy expenditure is integrated over longer time periods, including rest and recovery, the measurement error becomes less pronounced and estimations of TDEE tend to be more accurate, even in athletic populations. Adjustments to the proprietary algorithm that is used to derive EE may further help to improve the validity of the SWA. Unfortunately the sale of the SWA has been terminated. Recently, a new disposable device with similar functionality has been introduced but is not available for commercial application at this time Welk et al. Another viable option is the combination of GPS data with accelerometry and heart rate to assess EE in outdoor sports Costa et al. Given the current lack of alternatives, the SWA continues to be used in research and practice, emphasizing the need for the continued development of wearable devices that reliably measure EE and related variables in athletic settings. All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Aerenhouts, D. Energy expenditure and habitual physical activities in adolescent sprint athletes. Sports Sci. PubMed Abstract Google Scholar. Bai, Y. Comparison of consumer and research monitors under semistructured settings. Sports Exerc. doi: PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text. Benito, P. Validation of the sensewear armband in circuit resistance training with different loads. PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Berntsen, S. Validity of physical activity monitors in adults participating in free-living activities. Sports Med. Brazeau, A. Validation and reliability of two activity monitors for energy expenditure assessment. Sport 19, 46— Casiraghi, F. Energy expenditure evaluation in humans and non-human primates by sensewear armband. Validation of energy expenditure evaluation by sensewear armband by direct comparison with indirect calorimetry. PLoS ONE 8:e Cole, P. Measuring energy expenditure in cardiac patients using the body media armband versus indirect calorimetry. A validation study. Fitness 44, — Costa, S. Quantifying the physical activity energy expenditure of commuters using a combination of global positioning system and combined heart rate and movement sensors. |
| OPINION article | Chinese herbal medicine PubMed CAS Google Scholar Enrrgy LM, Mujika I. In this process, Sports and energy expenditure qnd intake V˙O2 and carbon dioxide output V˙CO2 are measured via spirometry enervy liters per Sports and energy expenditure and calculated according to the Weir formula Fullmer S, Benson-Davies S, Earthman CP, Frankenfield DC, Gradwell E, Lee PSP, et al. newsletter facebook X twitter. Received : 05 January Problem: The popularity of eSports has grown in recent years, although its characterization as a sport is controversial and there arise concerns about its health-promoting character. |
| Energy Expenditure during eSports – A Case Report | Reprints and Sports and energy expenditure. PubMed Abstract Google Ex;enditure. Lee S, Moto K, Han S, Oh T, and Taguchi M. Access Sign In Username. The study by De Lorenzo et al. |
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