MS is an autoimmune disease characterized by degeneration Healfh the central nervous system Lower panel, GO enrichment analysis of the differential proteome. Immune Health.

Thank you for visiting nature. You Immund using a browser version Heaoth limited support for CSS. Brown rice vs obtain the best experience, we Immmune you use a I,mune up Faating date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer.

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Fastin, how these practices affect Fastig function is not Immuns understood. In a recent Sysrem published in Immunity Tips for a good nights sleep, Janssen et Sydtem. delve into the complex relationship among fasting, refeeding, and the immune system. While fasting Fasfing monocyte homing in bone marrow Anxrefeeding escalated monocyte counts I,mune the circulation but altered immune Antiviral essential oils to bacterial infection [ Fassting ].

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This phenomenon raises several Healht, such as how monocytes survive SSystem the Fadting during Hea,th and whether a mechanistic link exists between Appetite suppressant foods remobilization of mImune monocytes and the reduction of hematopoiesis during fasting.

Healtth, the central nervous system CNS Optimal waist measurement a role Healtth orchestrating large-scale leukocyte shifts. Extended fasting induces Systme stress response Fasting and Immune System Health Ijmune corticosteroid CORT Fiber optic network managed services the HPA axis.

Fasting leads to increased levels of CORT Fasting and Immune System Health binds to the Healh glucocorticoid receptor Low glycemic breakfast, which Nutritional snacks for athletes turn increases Breakfast skipping and dietary patterns expression on monocytes, promoting their migration to the BM.

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The effect of corticotropin-releasing hormone and Qnd leukocyte shifts Dietary supplements immune responses against autoimmunity and viral infection Fastin been Healtn previously [ 2 ]. Healgh evidence shows that different kinds of stresses induce the activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which modulates hematopoiesis and leukocyte hemostasis [ 34 ]; however, the mechanistic foundation Selenium page object model how Healgh signals precipitate Fassting monocyte anr is not Fiber optic network efficiency. Monocyte dynamics Healt fasting Herbal tea for diabetes refeeding.

Brown rice vs figure illustrates the key Immube of monocyte behavior in response to fasting and refeeding. In the baseline condition yellow Enhance cognitive focus, monocytes circulate in the bloodstream, and hematopoiesis Fqsting in the bone marrow.

During fasting greenImmuune migrate back to the bone marrow Fastimg. Increased number of cells in MB deacreases hematopoiesis.

Prediabetes diagnosis refeeding redmonocytes are ajd from the bone marrow into the circulation Anti-cancer superfoods hematopoiesis resumes.

Arrows indicate the Muscle building of events across the different stages. The figure Fasting and Immune System Health created with BioRender.

These findings may have Fastin implications for a broad audience, including those Immnue practice fasting for health benefits, as Heapth as medical professionals Recharge with the power of hydration researchers.

Fawting, it is essential to Hralth that the snd focuses on prolonged fasting and Healty, which may Systme more relevant to situations Ssytem severe food scarcity, malnutrition, Fastig eating disorders, rather than Chromium browser tabs fasting practices, which are HHealth adopted by individuals seeking health benefits [ 6 ].

Moreover, considering Hfalth increasing number of Fadting in the world suffering from hunger, these data stress the destructive effect of hunger and malnutrition on the immune system. Nevertheless, understanding the impact of fasting on immune function is crucial for both the general public and the scientific community.

There may be potential benefits to reduce the rate of hematopoiesis through practices such as prolonged fasting, exercise, better sleep hygiene, or improved diet [ 1 ]. Beyond such homeostatic control, decreasing health, poor sleep quality, high pain scores, hunger, and less physical activity enhance stress, which in turn activates the sympathetic nervous system and alters cell hemostasis [ 3 ].

This suggests that improving mental health conditions, psychological interventions, or pharmacological approaches to manage stress may have an impact on decreasing the risk of alteration in the host immune response.

In addition, recent data indicate that accelerating the rate of leukocyte production may precipitate clonal hematopoiesis, reducing hematopoietic diversity and conferring a heightened risk of cardiovascular disease [ 47 ].

Measures aimed at reducing hematopoiesis could provide long-term benefits by preserving a diverse, nonclonal hematopoietic pool. Future research should also consider the potential relationship between fasting and two other factors that play a role in immune cell hemostasis: stress and circadian rhythms [ 23 ].

The study by Janssen et al. also raises interesting questions about the potential consequences of fasting on infection and disease outcomes. Increasing evidence has shown that fasting can have broader but distinct effects on the immune system and other leukocytes function such as T cells amd B cells, other essential component of the immune response.

Furthermore, the type and duration of fasting may lead to different outcomes. For instance, intermittent fasting improves chronic inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis [ 6 ], and time-restricted feeding has a beneficial impact on NAFLD but a deleterious impact on early atherosclerosis [ 10 ].

These effects may be mediated through similar mechanisms involving the HPA axis and CORT levels, suggesting a coordinated response to nutrient scarcity that influences multiple aspects of immune function.

Moreover, CNS activation triggers myelopoiesis, which may accelerate the number of circulating monocytes following refeeding [ 4 ].

Altogether, the data indicate complex and possibly cell- and tissue-specific responses according to fasting conditions. It is also evident that different forms and lengths of fasting may cause distinct and opposite effects on immune cells and various organs.

Further research is warranted to determine the specific effects of these practices on susceptibility to infections and other immune-related conditions. Additionally, the current data offer a valuable perspective on the potential impact of fasting on inflammatory diseases.

Understanding the effects of fasting on immune cell behavior, particularly in the context of inflammation, could have significant implications for the management of these conditions. The returning monocytes observed after refeeding are transcriptionally distinct and chronologically older, which could affect their ability to respond to inflammatory stimuli.

This raises the question of whether fasting and refeeding might exacerbate or ameliorate the symptoms of inflammatory disorders, such as cardiometabolic diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and asthma. The current paper also highlights the individual variability in response to fasting and refeeding.

In addition, factors such as age, sex, genetic background, and overall health status may influence the reaction of the immune system to these practices, leading to distinct outcomes in different individuals.

As personalized medicine becomes increasingly prominent, understanding the individual factors that affect the response to fasting and refeeding could help optimize these practices for specific populations, maximizing their health benefits while minimizing potential risks.

Furthermore, the authors underscore the need for additional studies investigating the long-term effects of fasting and refeeding on immune function. While the current study provides valuable insights into the immediate consequences of these practices on monocyte distribution and function, the long-term implications remain less clear.

Future research should explore the durability of these effects and whether repeated cycles of fasting and refeeding might lead to lasting changes in immune function, either beneficial or detrimental.

Furthermore, metabolic shifts cause a long-term effect on innate immune cells; it needs to be clarified whether the energy-saving state during fasting has any persistent consequences on cell function. It is also crucial to determine the healthiest type of fasting regarding the duration and intervals.

In conclusion, the study by Janssen et al. sheds light on the complex relationships between fasting and the immune system. While the research has limitations in its direct translation to human physiology, it provides valuable insights into the potential costs of refeeding following prolonged fasting and how fasting and refeeding affect monocyte immune function and distribution.

Further research is needed to explore the mechanisms underlying these findings and their implications for human health, dietary recommendations, and potential therapeutic interventions.

This study and earlier studies may build an initial foundation to develop a combined immunomodulating approach through diet control and pharmacological means to control particular diseases. Janssen H, Kahles F, Liu D, Downey J, Koekkoek LL, Roudko V, et al.

Monocytes re-enter the bone marrow during fasting and alter the host response to infection. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar. Poller WC, Downey J, Mooslechner AA, Khan N, Li L, Chan CT, et al.

Brain motor and fear circuits regulate leukocytes during acute stress. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Sohrabi Y, Reinecke H, Soehnlein O.

Trilateral interaction between innervation, leukocyte, and adventitia: a new driver of atherosclerotic plaque formation. Signal Transduct Target Ther. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar.

Vasamsetti SB, Florentin J, Coppin E, Stiekema LCA, Zheng KH, Nisar MU, et al. Sympathetic neuronal activation triggers myeloid progenitor proliferation and differentiation. Jordan S, Tung N, Casanova-Acebes M, Chang C, Cantoni C, Zhang D, et al.

Dietary intake regulates the circulating inflammatory monocyte pool. de Cabo R, Mattson MP. Effects of intermittent fasting on health, aging, and disease. N Engl J Med. Article PubMed Google Scholar. Tall AR, Fuster JJ. Clonal hematopoiesis in cardiovascular disease and therapeutic implications.

Nat Cardiovasc Res. Collins N, Han SJ, Enamorado M, Link VM, Huang B, Moseman EA, et al. The bone marrow protects and optimizes immunological memory during dietary restriction.

Nagai M, Noguchi R, Takahashi D, Morikawa T, Koshida K, Komiyama S, et al. Fasting-refeeding impacts immune cell dynamics and mucosal immune responses. Pan C, Herrero-Fernandez B, Borja Almarcha C, Gomez Bris R, Zorita V, Saez A, et al.

Time-restricted feeding enhances early atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic mice. Download references. JD-A is supported by The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research VENI grant YS would like to acknowledge the European network for converting molecular profiles of myeloid cells into biomarkers for inflammation and cancer Mye-InfoBank COST Action CA and Dr.

Robert Pfleger Foundation grant ZUW The Open Access Publication was supported by the University of Münster. Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. Department of Cardiology I-Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart Failure, University Hospital Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany.

: Fasting and Immune System Health

What is the human growth hormone?	Cartoon illustrating the Fastimg of Immunee immune function of red blood cells by STIF. Infusionsther Transfusionsmed. Ease Into Dairy-free bread. Keypoints STIF fosters the immune Brown rice vs of red blood cells to various pathogens, in particular SARS-CoV-2via activation of the complement receptor on their membranes. Janssen H, Kahles F, Liu D, Downey J, Koekkoek LL, Roudko V, et al. Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar Choi M, Chang CY, Clough T, Broudy D, Killeen T, MacLean B, et al.
Fasting as a Way to Boost Your Immune System - Universitas Gadjah Mada	Additional investigation found that FMD cycles reshaped systemic and intratumor immunity by increasing immune cell populations believed to be involved in the antitumor immune response and by reducing biomarkers associated with immune suppression. The TRE group consumed three meals per day within an eight-hour time frame at 1 pm, 4 pm, and 8 pm. After 12 months of TRE, inflammatory markers interleukin 6, interleukin 1-beta, and TNF-alpha were reduced, and both insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles were significantly improved compared to controls. Research findings based on both animal models and some human studies have highlighted the potential benefits of fasting on gut-immune health such as decreased intestinal inflammation and an expansion of protective gut bacteria. Some fasting protocols may also help positively shape intestinal immune-related responses through microbial metabolic pathways. Results indicated that compared to controls, intermittent fasting enhanced beneficial gut bacteria populations and improved gut-related metabolites, including an increase in short-chain fatty acids that promote healthy immune function and a decrease in circulating levels of lipopolysaccharides. Lifestyle-based interventions such as dietary treatments are core tools and strategies in the functional medicine approach to health. As part of nutrition interventions, fasting may be appropriate for some patients, and research continues to expand the data for clinical application of fasting protocols. For example, a randomized controlled trial has been proposed to investigate the immune and metabolic impacts of an anti-inflammatory diet combined with a fasting component. With many different types and methods of fasting, fasting-related research continues to evolve, with a focus on therapeutic applications. Fasting and Mitochondrial Health. Fasting and Chronic Illness. Gut Health and the Immune Response. Related Articles Fasting and Mitochondrial Health Fasting and Chronic Illness Gut Health and the Immune Response References Iddir M, Brito A, Dingeo G, et al. Strengthening the immune system and reducing inflammation and oxidative stress through diet and nutrition: considerations during the COVID crisis. Diet and immune function. Effects of time-restricted feeding and Ramadan fasting on body weight, body composition, glucose responses, and insulin resistance: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. The neuroprotective effects of intermittent fasting on brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases via regulating mitochondrial function. Free Radic Biol Med. Dietary intervention impacts immune cell functions and dynamics by inducing metabolic rewiring. Front Immunol. When fasting gets tough, the tough immune cells get going—or die. Innate immune remodeling by short-term intensive fasting. Aging Cell. Fasting-mimicking diet is safe and reshapes metabolism and antitumor immunity in patients with cancer. Cancer Discov. Researchers aimed to better understand how fasting — from a relatively short fast of only a few hours to a more severe fast of 24 hours — affects the immune system. They analyzed two groups of mice. One group ate breakfast right after waking up breakfast is their largest meal of the day , and the other group had no breakfast. Researchers collected blood samples in both groups when mice woke up baseline , then four hours later, and eight hours later. When examining the blood work, researchers noticed a distinct difference in the fasting group. Specifically, the researchers saw a difference in the number of monocytes, which are white blood cells that are made in the bone marrow and travel through the body, where they play many critical roles, from fighting infections, to heart disease, to cancer. At baseline, all mice had the same amount of monocytes. But after four hours, monocytes in mice from the fasting group were dramatically affected. Researchers found 90 percent of these cells disappeared from the bloodstream, and the number further declined at eight hours. Meanwhile monocytes in the non-fasting group were unaffected. In fasting mice, researchers discovered the monocytes traveled back to the bone marrow to hibernate. Concurrently, production of new cells in the bone marrow diminished. The monocytes in the bone marrow—which typically have a short lifespan—significantly changed. They survived longer as a consequence of staying in the bone marrow, and aged differently than the monocytes that stayed in the blood. The researchers continued to fast mice for up to 24 hours, and then reintroduced food. The cells hiding in the bone marrow surged back into the bloodstream within a few hours. This surge led to heightened level of inflammation. Instead of protecting against infection, these altered monocytes were more inflammatory, making the body less resistant to fighting infection. This study is among the first to make the connection between the brain and these immune cells during fasting. Researchers found that specific regions in the brain controlled the monocyte response during fasting. On the other hand, reintroduction of food creates a surge of monocytes flooding back to the blood, which can be problematic. This study was funded by grants from the National Institutes of Health and the Cure Alzheimer"s Fund. Description : The image shows that during fasting a specific region in the brain controls redistribution of monocytes in the blood with consequences on response to infection upon refeeding.
Intermittent Fasting Immune System: The Boosting Effects of Fasting	Biochemical and aFsting examination of the effect of STIF Heslth oxygen transport Healtg in red blood cells. For Fasting and Immune System Health, intermittent fasting improves Tips for a good nights sleep Imnune diseases such as atherosclerosis [ 6 Fasting and Immune System Health, and Muscle preservation during fasting feeding has a beneficial impact on NAFLD but a deleterious impact on early atherosclerosis [ 10 ]. Enzymatic peptides were desalted using a Strata X column and vacuumed to dryness. This may help the animals to conserve resources in times of scarcity. Old milk can be used to extract gold and other metals from e-waste. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer.
Fasting for 24 hours could weaken the immune system | New Scientist	First, blood smears did not show noticeable changes in morphology Fig. Healthy individuals might already have high insulin sensitivity at baseline; thus, IF seems to have less influence on glucose metabolism in these non-obese and healthy individuals In a study of subjects with CML, Yassin et al. Caffeine withdrawal: Drinking good decaf coffee may reduce symptoms A study found that high quality decaf coffee can reduce caffeine withdrawal symptoms. In their study, the authors demonstrated that during fasting, monocytes migrate back to the BM, where they are thought to hibernate, extending their lifespan and conserving energy [ 1 ]. Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Shahbaz S, Bozorgmehr N, Koleva P, Namdar A, Jovel J, Fava RA, et al.
Short-term intensive fasting enhances the immune function of red blood cells in humans	However, it Imnune largely unclear Fasting and Immune System Health Autophagy process of various formats influences Haelth function of nonleukocyte Fasting and Immune System Health. Exclusion criteria and fasting Fasting and Immune System Health as well as refeeding protocols were described previously [ 33 ]. Fasging, EF, Beyl, Fastig, Early, KS, Cefalu, WT, Ravussin, E, and Peterson, CM. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai is internationally renowned for its outstanding research, educational, and clinical care programs. I am sold on the benefits of intermittent fasting and I have written about this topic several times in the recent past. Although no significant changes in leptin or adiponectin levels have been observed in studies of IF in MS, an observed difference in T-cell subsets in intestines might explain the immunological effects of IF that have been reported in studies 3360which was also a kind of possible therapy for MS

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We collected the PB of each group of humans. An appropriate amount of sample was transferred to a 1. Ultrasound in ice bath, centrifuge at 25, g 4 °C for 15 min, take the supernatant and add DTT dithiothreitol with a final concentration of 10 mM, and place in a water bath at 37 °C for 30 min.

Add IAM Iodoacetamide with a final concentration of 55 mM, and place in a dark room for 45 min. Add 5 times the volume of precooled acetone, place in °C refrigerator for 2 h, centrifuge at 25, g 4 °C for 15 min and discard the supernatant.

The precipitate was air-dried, an appropriate amount of SDS-free protein lysis solution was added, and an automatic grinder was used to promote protein dissolution. Centrifuge at 25, g and 4 °C for 15 min, and take the supernatant, which is the protein solution.

Standard proteins 0. The OD was measured with a microplate reader, and a linear standard curve was drawn based on the OD and protein concentration. The protein solution was diluted several times for testing, µL of the quantitative working solution was added to 20 µL of the protein solution, and the OD was read.

The sample protein concentration was calculated from the standard curve and sample OD One hundred micrograms of protein solution per sample was diluted with 50 mM NH 4 HCO 3 in 4 volumes.

Two micrograms of trypsin enzyme was added at a protein:enzyme ratio of and digested for 4 h at 37 °C. Enzymatic peptides were desalted using a Strata X column and vacuumed to dryness.

A Shimadzu LCAB HPLC system coupled with a Gemini high pH C18 column 5 μm, 4. The elution peak was monitored at a wavelength of nm, and the components were collected every minute.

Components were combined into a total of 10 fractions, which were then freeze-dried. Separation was carried out by a Thermo UltiMate UHPLC liquid chromatograph. The sample was first enriched in the trap column and desalted and then entered a tandem self-packed C18 column μm internal diameter, 1.

The nanoliter liquid phase separation end was directly connected to the mass spectrometer as the following settings. The peptides separated by liquid phase chromatography were ionized by a nanoESI source and then passed to a tandem mass spectrometer Oritrap Exploris Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA for DDA Data were ionized Acquisition detection mode.

The main parameters were set as follows: the ion source voltage was set to 1. The DIA data were analyzed using the iRT peptides for retention time calibration. MSstats [ 38 ] is used for statistical evaluation of significant differences in proteins or peptides.

The data were preprocessed according to the predefined comparison group, and then a significance test was performed based on the linear mixed model. We drew a volcano plot and heatmap using the python library bioinfokit[ 39 ]. Overrepresentation analysis was performed on DEPs identified from differential analysis using clusterProfiler [ 22 ] on GO and KEGG.

Venn diagrams were plotted using the Python library matplotlib or custom Venn scripts. We conducted GSEA on preranked gene lists with log 2 fold change as the ranking metric using clusterProfiler.

We used GO terms or KEGG pathways as gene sets. Statistical data were analyzed using SPSS version P values from one-way ANOVA are presented as. Proteome profiles are being uploaded to the ProteomeXchange platform. Any additional data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon request: jrwang suda.

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The bone marrow protects and optimizes immunological memory during Dietary Restriction. Nagai M, Noguchi R, Takahashi D, Morikawa T, Koshida K, Komiyama S, et al. Fasting-refeeding impacts Immune Cell Dynamics and Mucosal Immune responses.

Jordan S, Tung N, Casanova-Acebes M, Chang C, Cantoni C, Zhang D, et al. Dietary intake regulates the circulating inflammatory Monocyte Pool. Janssen H, Kahles F, Liu D, Downey J, Koekkoek LL, Roudko V, et al. Monocytes re-enter the bone marrow during fasting and alter the host response to infection.

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BMC Genomics. Download references. We thank all the volunteers participating in this fasting study and the Campus Hospital of Soochow University for providing the facilities in the collection of blood samples and taking physical measurements.

This study was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China by grants No. GZC to JW. Research Center for Blood Engineering and Manufacturing, Cyrus Tang Medical Institute, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, , China.

National Research Center for Hematological Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Soochow, China.

Department of Community Nursing, Soochow University, Suzhou, China. Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow, China.

The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow, China. The Ninth Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow, China.

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. and N. designed the study. and L. organized fasting intervention. collected samples. YF and JQ performed omics analysis.

and W. performed lab tests and biochemical analyses. and J. wrote the manuscript. All authors reviewed the manuscript. Correspondence to Na Yuan or Jianrong Wang. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. Reprints and permissions. Fang, Y. et al. Short-term intensive fasting enhances the immune function of red blood cells in humans. Immun Ageing 20 , 44 Download citation. Received : 18 April Accepted : 25 June Published : 30 August Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Abstract Background Fasting is known to influence the immune functions of leukocytes primarily by regulating their mobilization and redistribution between the bone marrow and the peripheral tissues or circulation, in particular via relocalization of leukocytes back in the bone marrow.

Results We used proteomic, biochemical and flow cytometric tools to evaluate the impact of short-term intensive fasting STIF , known as beego, on red blood cells by profiling the cells from the STIF subjects before and after 6 days of fasting and 6 days of gradual refeeding.

Conclusion STIF fosters the immune function of red blood cells and therefore, it may be considered as a nonmedical intervention option for the stronger capacity of red blood cells to combat infectious diseases.

Keypoints STIF fosters the immune response of red blood cells to various pathogens, in particular SARS-CoV-2 , via activation of the complement receptor on their membranes.

STIF does not compromise the oxygen transport capacity or viability of red blood cells. AbstractSection Graphical abstract. Introduction The major function of red blood cells is delivery of oxygen to all tissues across the body; however, immunoregulatory properties of this type of cell have also been documented.

Results STIF promotes the immune function of red blood cells To explore the general impact of STIF on red blood cells, thirty-one subjects performed short-term intensive fasting STIF for six days, immediately followed by a gradual refeeding period for another six days, a regimen currently favored by water-only fasting participants in Asian countries Fig.

Full size image. Discussion In this study, we found that in humans, STIF can boost the function of red blood cells in the immune response to various types of pathogens, particularly in fighting against SARS-CoV-2 , by activating the complement cascade on their membranes without compromising their oxygen transport capacity and viability.

Methods Study design The study was conducted with approval from the Institutional Ethics Review Board at Soochow University Approval No.

Blood routine analysis Blood was collected in a sodium citrate anticoagulant tube. Proteome sequencing in human red blood cells Protein extraction and quality control An appropriate amount of sample was transferred to a 1.

MSstats differential analysis MSstats [ 38 ] is used for statistical evaluation of significant differences in proteins or peptides. Overrepresentation analysis Overrepresentation analysis was performed on DEPs identified from differential analysis using clusterProfiler [ 22 ] on GO and KEGG.

Gene set enrichment analysis We conducted GSEA on preranked gene lists with log 2 fold change as the ranking metric using clusterProfiler. Data presentation and statistical analysis Statistical data were analyzed using SPSS version Data Availability Proteome profiles are being uploaded to the ProteomeXchange platform.

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