Amino Acid Imbalances, Toxicities and Antagonisms Get access. Harper A. Oxford Academic. Google Scholar. Cite Cite A. Select Format Select format.

ris Mendeley, Papers, Zotero. enw EndNote. bibtex BibTex. txt Medlars, RefWorks Download citation. Permissions Icon Permissions. Close Navbar Search Filter Nutrition Reviews This issue Dietetics and Nutrition Books Journals Oxford Academic Enter search term Search.

Article PDF first page preview. You do not currently have access to this article. Download all slides. Sign in Get help with access.

Get help with access Institutional access Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases.

If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: IP based access Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses.

Sign in through your institution Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Click Sign in through your institution. Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in. When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution.

Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic. Sign in with a library card Enter your library card number to sign in.

Society Members Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways: Sign in through society site Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society.

Sign in using a personal account Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. Personal account A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. Viewing your signed in accounts Click the account icon in the top right to: View your signed in personal account and access account management features.

View the institutional accounts that are providing access. Signed in but can't access content Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. Institutional account management For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management.

Purchase Subscription prices and ordering for this journal. Purchasing options for books and journals across Oxford Academic. Short-term Access To purchase short-term access, please sign in to your personal account above. This article is also available for rental through DeepDyve. Views More metrics information.

Total Views Month: Total Views: December 3 February 7 August 1 January 1 January 2 September 2 November 1 July 2 December 1 October 6 November 1 December 1. Email alerts Article activity alert.

Advance article alerts. New issue alert. Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic. Citing articles via Google Scholar. Latest Most Read Most Cited Food bioactive peptides: functionality beyond bitterness. See below for details of the role that specific amino acids play in mental health.

Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the body: Glutamine enhances mood and mental performance Holford, P. Glutamine can be used directly as fuel for the brain to make neurotransmitters Glutamine is the precursor to l-glutamate which is an excitatory neurotransmitter and GABA the calming and focus neurotransmitter Schousboe, A.

and Waagepetersen, H. Astrocytic control of biosynthesis and turnover of the neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA. and Rodrigues, T. Glutamate can be converted into glutamine through the enzyme glutamine synthetase Glutamine subsequently can be re-converted to glutamate in the brain Glutamine is also the precursor to GABA Walls, A.

and Sonnewald, U. Glutamine supplementation can help boost GABA levels especially when taken just before sleeping Wang, L.

and Wurtman, R. Oral L-glutamine increases GABA levels in striatal tissue and extracellular fluid. pdf [accessed 29 Aug. Glutamine can help reduce cravings and the effects of drug or alcohol withdrawal Jukić, T.

and Ihan, A. The use of a food supplementation with D-phenylalanine, L-glutamine and Lhydroxytriptophan in the alleviation of alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Glutamine helps the vili of the small intestine heal and grow, thereby healing the gut and stimulating immune cells Glutamine supports liver health and detoxification.

L-Carnitine can help with cognitive impairment, especially memory L-Carnitine can help with depression and low mood L-Carnitine can help with exhaustion and lethargy Lake, J.

Glycine can help with anxiety and sleep Scott, T. and Daniel, K. Real food for Anxiety: Butter, Broth and Beyond. Glycine can help with memory. and Hook, V. Pyroglutamate can enhance memory and alertness Pyroglutamate can increase the production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine which is involved in memory Pyroglutamate can increase communication between the left and right sides of the brain.

L-Theanine can reduce generalised anxiety by increasing alpha-wave activity alpha-waves promote calm and creativity particularly in the cerebral cortex, and by stimulating GABA, our calming and focus neurotransmitter GABA has been shown to increase alpha wave activity significantly and decrease beta waves Abdou, A.

and Yokogoshi, H. Relaxation and immunity enhancement effects of γ-aminobutyric acid GABA administration in humans. and Kumar, P. L-theanine, a Component of Green Tea Prevents 3-Nitropropionic Acid 3-NP -Induced Striatal Toxicity by Modulating Nitric Oxide Pathway.

L-theanine reduces stress without causing sedation and calms down the nervous system L-theanine reduces heart rate and salivary immunoglobulin SIgA under acute stress SIgA is an important biomarker of stress in the gastrointestinal tract Gottfried, S.

Tyrosine is necessary for the production of dopamine, the neurotransmitter for pleasure and motivation Felger, J.

and Miller, A. Tyrosine metabolism during interferon-alpha administration: association with fatigue and CSF dopamine concentrations. and Harada, T.

The relationship between consumption of tyrosine and phenylalanine as precursors of catecholamine at breakfast and the circadian typology and mental health in Japanese infants aged 2 to 5 years. Journal of Physiological Anthropology, 32 1 , p. and Taha, M. Oxytocin improves proliferation and neural differentiation of adipose tissue-derived stem cells.

Tyrosine helps to make noradrenaline and adrenaline Fernstrom, J. and Fernstrom, M. Tyrosine, phenylalanine, and catecholamine synthesis and function in the brain. Tyrosine improves mental and physical performance under stress Holford, P.

An amino acid drink that excludes tyrosine and phenylalanine may reduce the severity of mania and improve cognitive functioning in acutely manic individuals Lake, J. The metabolic products of tyrosine and phenylalanine have a strong association with obesity and insulin resistance, which in turn have a strong association with mood disorders.

Tryptophan is broken down in the body to a chemical called 5-HTP, which is then converted into serotonin, therefore it helps with mood, anxiety, and appetite Tryptophan deficiency is associated with depression, due to its function as a precursor for serotonin, and tryptophan supplementation has been shown to be effective against depression Holford, P.

Impaired amino acid synthesis of tryptophan is associated with schizophrenia Tryptophan is also important for the production of melatonin and the regulation of sleep, given that melatonin is made from serotonin, and tryptophan is essential to serotonin production Pagan, C.

and Launay, J. The serotonin-N-acetylserotonin—melatonin pathway as a biomarker for autism spectrum disorders. The Cortisol Connection. Alameda, CA: Hunter House, p. GABA can be highly effective in reducing anxiety Holford, P.

GABA can turn off adrenaline Holford, P. GABA is a natural mood enhancer GABA can depress dopamine Sparta, D. and Stuber, G. Activation of prefrontal cortical parvalbumin interneurons facilitates extinction of reward-seeking behavior.

Activation of VTA GABA neurons disrupts reward consumption. GABA has been shown to increase alpha wave activity for calming and creativity significantly and decrease beta waves Abdou, A.

SAMe and methionine. Methionine boosts methylation Walsh, W. Nutrient Power. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub. SAMe is manufactured from protein-rich foods, produced by the liver and synthesized through a pathway that depends on folate and vitamin B12 Folate consumption is associated with lower levels of methylation-related mental health problems SAMe has been proposed as a potential drug for use in a number of medical conditions including dementia, depression as well as arthritis and liver disease Bottiglieri, T.

S-Adenosyl-L-methionine SAMe : from the bench to the bedside—molecular basis of a pleiotrophic molecule. North Branch, MN: Sunrise River Press, p. Low SAMe concentrations have been observed in the cerebrospinal fluid found in the brain and spine of depressed people SAMe has been shown to be as effective as prescription antidepressant drugs to alleviate depression Talbott, S.

Supplementing with methionine or SAMe has been shown to be beneficial for depression Sarris, J. and Mischoulon, D. S-adenosyl methionine SAMe versus escitalopram and placebo in major depression RCT: efficacy and effects of histamine and carnitine as moderators of response.

SAMe supplementation can make any anti-depressants you are taking more effective SAMe can heighten mental clarity SAMe has been found to be low in the elderly, and those suffering from depression and chronic stress Talbott, S.

Close Navbar Search Filter Nutrition Reviews This issue Dietetics and Nutrition Books Journals Oxford Academic Enter search term Search. Article PDF first page preview. You do not currently have access to this article. Download all slides. Sign in Get help with access. Get help with access Institutional access Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases.

If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: IP based access Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. Sign in through your institution Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution.

Click Sign in through your institution. Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in. When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution.

Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic. Sign in with a library card Enter your library card number to sign in.

Society Members Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways: Sign in through society site Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic.

When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. Sign in using a personal account Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members.

Personal account A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. Viewing your signed in accounts Click the account icon in the top right to: View your signed in personal account and access account management features.

View the institutional accounts that are providing access. Signed in but can't access content Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. Institutional account management For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management.

Purchase Subscription prices and ordering for this journal. Purchasing options for books and journals across Oxford Academic. Short-term Access To purchase short-term access, please sign in to your personal account above.

This article is also available for rental through DeepDyve. Views More metrics information. Total Views Month: Total Views: December 3 February 7 August 1 January 1 January 2 September 2 November 1 July 2 December 1 October 6 November 1 December 1.

Email alerts Article activity alert. Advance article alerts. New issue alert. Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic. Citing articles via Google Scholar. Latest Most Read Most Cited Food bioactive peptides: functionality beyond bitterness.

Perspective on alternative therapeutic feeds to treat severe acute malnutrition in children aged between 6 and 59 months in sub-Saharan Africa: a narrative review. Exploring the physiological factors relating to energy balance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a scoping review.

Effects of community-based educational video interventions on nutrition, health, and use of health services in low- and middle-income countries: systematic review and meta-analysis. More from Oxford Academic.

Allied Health Professions. Dietetics and Nutrition. Medicine and Health. About Nutrition Reviews Editorial Board Author Guidelines Contact Us Facebook Twitter YouTube LinkedIn Purchase Recommend to your Library Advertising and Corporate Services Journals Career Network.

Online ISSN Print ISSN Copyright © International Life Sciences Institute. About Oxford Academic Publish journals with us University press partners What we publish New features.

Authoring Open access Purchasing Institutional account management Rights and permissions. Williams, G. Article Google Scholar. Kirkwood, T. Evolution of ageing. Nature , — Article CAS ADS PubMed Google Scholar. Mair, W. Aging and survival: the genetics of life span extension by dietary restriction.

Russell, S. Endocrine regulation of ageing. Nature Rev. Cell Biol. Article CAS Google Scholar. Kaeberlein, M. Recent developments in yeast aging. PLoS Genet. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Piper, M. Diet and aging.

Cell Metab. Colman, R. et al. Caloric restriction delays disease onset and mortality in rhesus monkeys. Science , — Article CAS ADS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. De Marte, M. Influence of low tryptophan diet on survival and organ growth in mice. Ageing Dev. Zimmerman, J.

Nutritional control of aging. Miller, R. Methionine-deficient diet extends mouse lifespan, slows immune and lens aging, alters glucose, T4, IGF-I and insulin levels, and increases hepatocyte MIF levels and stress resistance. Aging Cell 4 , — Klass, M.

Aging in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans : major biological and environmental factors influencing life span. Chapman, T. Female fitness in Drosophila melanogaster : an interaction between the effect of nutrition and of encounter rate with males.

B , — Article CAS ADS Google Scholar. Selesniemi, K. Moderate caloric restriction initiated in rodents during adulthood sustains function of the female reproductive axis into advanced chronological age.

Aging Cell 7 , — Harrison, D. Natural selection for extended longevity from food restriction. Growth Dev. Aging 53 , 3—6 CAS PubMed Google Scholar. Calories do not explain extension of lifespan by dietary restriction in Drosophila. PLoS Biol. Wong, R. Quantification of food intake in Drosophila.

PLoS ONE 4 , e Article ADS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Dietary restriction in Drosophila : Delayed aging or experimental artefact? Spieth, H.

Courtship behaviour in Drosophila. Skorupa, D. Dietary composition specifies consumption, obesity, and lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster. Lee, K. Ageing and reproduction in Drosophila : new insights from nutritional geometry.

Natl Acad. USA , — Bass, T. Optimization of dietary restriction protocols in Drosophila. A 62 , — Sang, J. Nutritional requirements of axenically cultured Drosophila melanogaster adults. CAS Google Scholar. Use of stable isotopes to examine how dietary restriction extends Drosophila lifespan.

Article PubMed Google Scholar. Fernandez, R. The Drosophila insulin receptor homolog: a gene essential for embryonic development encodes two receptor isoforms with different signaling potential. EMBO J. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Ikeya, T. Millward, D.

Protein quality assessment: impact of expanding understanding of protein and amino acid needs for optimal health. Nutrient-dependent expression of insulin-like peptides from neuroendocrine cells in the CNS contributes to growth regulation in Drosophila.

Lange, H. Statistical reconciliation of the elemental and molecular biomass composition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. in The Genetics and Biology of Drosophila eds Ashburner, M.

Grandison, R. Effect of a standardised dietary restriction protocol on multiple laboratory strains of Drosophila melanogaster. Clancy, D. A simple method to achieve consistent larval density in bottle cultures.

R Development Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. org 〉 Crawley, M. Statistics: An Introduction Using R — Wiley, Book Google Scholar.

Download references. We acknowledge funding from a Wellcome Trust Strategic Award to L. and L. and Research into Ageing R. We would also like to thank M.

Hoddinott for technical support as well as S. Pletcher and E. Blanc for assistance with statistical analyses. Author Contributions The project was conceived by M. The experiments were performed and analysed by R. and M. The manuscript was written by R.

Department of Genetics Evolution and Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, University College London, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, UK,.