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Black bars represent men and grey bars represent women. Black font indicates significance for men and grey font indicates significance for women. P values were calculated using the Jonckheere test. D indicates tendency to decrease, I indicates tendency to increase in relation to VFA. Men with a higher VFA tended to harbour a lower relative abundance of the Firmicutes phylum P for trend: 0.
With regard to the other two phyla, women with higher VFA harboured a lower relative abundance of the Actinobacteria phylum P for trend: 0.
Furthermore, VFA was not associated with the relative abundance of the Proteobacteria phylum in either sex. Furthermore, there were differences in lifestyle habits, such as smoking habit and alcohol intake, between the sexes; therefore, the P values of the associations were adjusted for these confounding factors.
These findings suggest that the association between VFA and relative abundance of the Firmicutes or Bacteroidetes phylum tends to differ between sexes. The relative abundance of two phyla, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, was associated with the sex and obesity status on the basis of VFA.
Therefore, we investigated whether the microbial genera at the genus level were significantly associated with VFA stratified by sex. Thus, 54 genera were examined, and among them 10 genera were significantly associated with VFA in men or women Table 2 , Supplementary Table 2 provides the overall data.
Three genera were significantly associated with VFA in men. Men with higher VFA harboured a smaller relative abundance of Blautia and Bifidobacterium P for trend: 0.
In women, nine genera were significantly associated with VFA. Women with a higher VFA harboured a lower relative abundance of Blautia, Bifidobacterium, Eggerthella, Sutterella , and Erysipelotrichaceae incertae sedis P for trend: 0.
The results of pairwise correlation tests between visceral fat and each microbial genus are shown in Supplementary Table 3. The human gut microbial composition is affected by a variety of environmental factors, including age 9 , 10 and dietary habits.
Therefore, the P values of the associations were adjusted for the confounding factors. Model 1 includes an adjustment for age Table 3. Model 2 includes adjustments for smoking habit, alcohol intake, dietary fibre intake, and habitual medicine use.
Model 3 includes adjustments for all of the factors in Models 1 and 2, as well as WC and BMI. The P values for the trend in each model for Blautia were 0. These findings suggested that Blautia was significantly and inversely associated with VFA in both sexes, even after adjusting for potential related factors.
The P values for trend in each model for Bifidobacterium were 0. Bifidobacterium was significantly and inversely associated with VFA only in men after adjusting for potential related factors.
Taken together, these results suggested that only Blautia was associated with VFA, independent of the related factors. Table 4 shows the adjusted associations between BMI and Blautia or Bifidobacterium by age, WC, VFA, smoking habit, alcohol intake, dietary fibre intake, and habitual medicine use.
Blautia was significantly and inversely associated with BMI in women P for trend: 0. Bifidobacterium was also significantly and inversely associated with BMI in men P for trend: 0.
In addition, multiple linear regression analysis was performed with Blautia as the objective variable. The explanatory variables were age and body composition BMI, WC, body fat percentage, and VFA , lifestyle habits sleep time, physical activity, smoking habit, and habitual medicine use , and dietary habits daily intake of carbohydrate, protein, fat, alcohol, and dietary fibre.
As shown in Supplementary Table 4 , a stepwise analysis was performed by multiple regression analysis. Two variables VFA and age for men and five variables VFA, age, sleep time, walking speed, and smoking habit for women remained related to Blautia.
Among them, only VFA was significantly and inversely associated with Blautia P value 0. These results suggest that VFA is the only explanatory variable among the related variables associated with Blautia in both sexes, supporting the results shown in Table 3.
To confirm the reproducibility of the association between Blautia and VFA, a total of individuals who participated in the health check, but not in the health check, were enrolled as a confirmation group. The characteristics of the confirmation group were similar to those of the main study group Supplementary Table 5.
The results of the analyses on Blautia and VFA of the confirmation group were similar to those of the main study sample; Blautia was significantly and inversely associated with VFA P for trend 0.
This study reports a sex-dependent association between VFA and the gut microbiota in a relatively large number of participants Japanese individuals. Ethnicity is a major factor shaping the composition of the gut microbiota. This may explain, in part, the higher obesity rate in men than in women in the present study.
We found that women with higher VFA harboured a higher relative abundance of the Firmicutes phylum and a lower relative abundance of the Bacteroidetes phylum, whereas the opposite was found in men with higher VFA: a lower relative abundance of the Firmicutes phylum and higher relative abundance of the Bacteroidetes phylum.
Similar results were obtained when using BMI as an index of obesity, but the differences in men were not significant. These findings suggest that the relative abundance of the two phyla, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, tended to differ depending on BMI and sex.
In previous studies, the association between these two phyla and obesity was inconsistent. Furthermore, the relative abundance of the two phyla differed in association with sex and obesity on the basis of VFA, which, compared to BMI, more strongly associates with cardiovascular disease and overall mortality.
At the genus level, we observed that only one microbial genus, Blautia , was significantly associated with VFA, regardless of sex. After adjusting for related factors, such as age, BMI, WC, dietary fibre intake, smoking habit, alcohol intake, and habitual medicine use, the relative abundance of Blautia was significantly associated with VFA independent of sex.
The relative abundance of Bifidobacterium was significantly associated with VFA, but only in men. Even after yoghurt intake was added as one of the confounding factors used in Model 3, the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium and visceral fat remained significantly and inversely associated.
Taken together, only the relative abundance of Blautia was significantly and inversely associated with VFA independent of BMI or WC, regardless of sex. Furthermore, although the relative abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae incertae sedis was significantly associated with BMI but not with VFA regardless of sex, only that of Bifidobacterium and Blautia was significantly associated with VFA but not with BMI, suggesting that different gut microbes are associated with BMI and VFA.
The relative abundance of Blautia was not significantly correlated with age, whereas the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium was significantly and inversely correlated with age. Thus, age might be one reason that the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium was not significantly associated with VFA in women after adjusting for age.
Dietary factors protein, fat, carbohydrate, and dietary fibre were adopted as explanatory factors in the multiple regression model , but none of these factors was associated with the relative abundance of Blautia. Blautia is significantly and positively associated with visceral fat mass estimated by dual-x-ray absorptiometry in older people mean age, 63 years.
Obesity assessed using BMI as an index improves following the ingestion of Bifidobacterium. These findings suggest that the association between the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium and BMI or VFA is sex dependent.
Furthermore, although a previous study reported that the relative abundance of Ruminococcus is significantly higher in obese people on the basis of BMI as an index of obesity, 17 in the present study it was significantly and positively associated with VFA in women but not in men, suggesting that the association between Ruminococcus and VFA is also sex dependent.
Blautia is a gut microbial genus that produces butyric acid and acetic acid, 38 which decrease obesity by regulating G-protein coupled receptors GPR 41 and Furthermore, Blautia is less prominent in diabetic adults and paediatric patients 43 , 44 and those with other diseases, such as liver cirrhosis, rectal cancer, and rheumatoid arthritis.
Bifidobacterium is a genus that produces lactic acid and acetic acid, which regulates GPR41 and GPR In the present study, we evaluated sex differences in the relationship between visceral fat and the gut microbiota in a relatively large Japanese population.
We focused on sex differences, whereas previous reports did not. Statistical adjustments were made for related factors, such as age, BMI, WC, dietary fibre intake, smoking habit, alcohol intake, and habitual medicine use.
We found that Blautia was an independent microbial genus associated with VFA. We confirmed the reproducibility of our findings in an independent Japanese study population that participated in a health check conducted in a different year. A limitation of the present study is that it was a cross-sectional study and not a longitudinal cohort study, and we could not assess whether a lower relative abundance of Blautia is a risk factor for the future incidence of visceral obesity.
Our results suggest that, compared to BMI, VFA is more closely associated with microbial flora. Blautia was the only microbial genus for which the relative abundance was significantly and inversely associated with visceral fat accumulation independent of BMI and WC in both sexes.
Although hierarchical clustering was performed on the basis of the gut microbiota, no feature related to Blautia and VFA was detected.
Although proton pump inhibitors are reported to change the gut microbiota, 49 no data on the use of proton pump inhibitors were collected from our study populations. Furthermore, although we collected information on participant use of medicines, we did not obtain information on the antimicrobial effects of the medicines.
Lastly, the differences in the results by sex could feasibly be due entirely to sex differences in VFA or in environmental factors; therefore, intervention trials are needed to further test the differences. In conclusion, at the genus level we found that Blautia was the only gut microbial genus that was significantly and inversely associated with VFA, regardless of sex.
Our data suggest that clinical trials to evaluate the effects of both sex and Blautia might elucidate potential methods for maintaining or improving the status of VFA.
The Iwaki Health Promotion Project was launched in as an annual health check-up for local residents, aiming to prolong a healthy lifespan. Participants were men and women at least 20 years of age living in the Iwaki region of Hirosaki City, Aomori Prefecture, Japan. In , individuals participated in the health check-up.
Of these, 12 participants did not complete the clinical assessment and were excluded from the analyses. It is well known that the gut flora fluctuate with age. In particular, the gut microbiota fluctuates rapidly in older people in their 80s.
The only exclusion criteria was age 77 years or older. All of the participants were under 77 years of age. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Hirosaki University School of Medicine and conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to the study.
jp prior to the analyses UMIN ID: UMIN Faecal samples from each participant were collected using a commercial tube kit TechnoSuruga Laboratory Co. The DNA was then extracted from the bead-treated suspension using an automatic nucleic acid extractor Precision System Science, Chiba, Japan.
A MagDEA DNA GC reagent kit Precision System Science was used for automatic nucleic acid extraction. We completed extraction of all sample DNA within 4 months. Universal primer sets were used to amplify the V3—V4 region of the prokaryotic 16S rRNA gene, as described previously.
The amplified fragments were purified using PCR Cleanup Filter Plates Merck Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA. The purified PCR fragments were quantified by real-time quantitative PCR q-PCR using the methods described by Takahashi et al.
The multiplexed paired-end reads from the Illumina MiSeq system were processed as follows. Reads containing N bases and shorter than bases were discarded. Merged reads with more than one expected sequencing error were also excluded.
The taxa of the identified clusters were predicted by applying RDP Classifier commit hash: edde7cbe53dedd based on their representative reads. Results with a confidence value below 0. The proportion of each genus of the gut microbiota is a composition ratio obtained by dividing the number of read counts of each genus by the total number of read counts.
The VFA was measured using a visceral fat metre: the EW-FA90 Panasonic Corporation, Osaka, Japan , which is an authorized medical device in Japan No. The results using this device highly correlate with those obtained from computed tomography, 30 the gold standard for VFA measurement.
The following clinical characteristics were also measured: height, body weight, BMI, WC, fasting serum glucose, glycated haemoglobin, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total serum cholesterol concentration, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
All laboratory tests were outsourced to LSI Medience Co. Tokyo, Japan according to the instructions of the vendors. Blood samples were collected from the peripheral veins of the participants in the morning.
Daily intake of protein, fat, carbohydrate, alcohol, and total dietary fibre was calculated from the Brief Diet History Questionnaire. Participant groups were compared using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test for two groups and the exact Jonckheere test for trend of more than two groups.
Furthermore, when testing the ratio, test for equality of proportions was used. The association was further assessed by analysis of variance for a linear regression model with relative abundance of the individual Firmicutes or Bacteroidetes phylum as an objective variable, and VFA and covariates as explanatory variables.
To determine the genera associated with VFA, an FDR correction was used. Multiple regression analysis with stepwise variable selection method was performed to investigate independent explanatory variables for the selected human gut microbes.
To validate the linearity of the data, we analysed partial residuals of the fitted multiple linear regression model. We observed no clear bias in the residuals and concluded that the use of linear models was a reasonable choice.
Diversity of the gut microbiota alpha-diversity was evaluated using the Shannon index. Statistical tests were two-tailed except for the Jonckheere test for trend. All analyses were performed using the R software version 3. Further information on research design is available in the Nature Research Reporting Summary linked to this article.
All data generated during and analysed during the current study are included in this article and its Supplementary information files, or are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Remely, M. et al.
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Cell Metab. Liu, C. Influence of glucose fermentation on CO 2 assimilation to acetate in homoacetogen Blautia coccoides GA Kimura, I. This is why they are added to processed foods, such as baked goods and potato chips However, studies have shown that trans fats can increase visceral fat and may cause numerous health problems 49 , In one six-year study, monkeys were fed either a diet rich in artificial trans fats or monounsaturated fats.
Fortunately, the Food and Drug Administration has realized the harm in trans fats. It has given food manufacturers three years from to either gradually remove trans fats from food products or apply for special approval Trans fats are incredibly bad for your health and linked to carrying more visceral fat.
Try limiting your intake of foods that contain trans fats, such as baked goods and potato chips. Studies have shown that a lack of sleep may increase your risk of visceral fat gain 54 , 55 , 56 , Additionally, several studies have linked sleep apnea, a condition that impairs breathing, with a higher risk of gaining visceral fat 59 , 60 , If you struggle to get enough sleep, try relaxing before bed or taking a magnesium supplement.
You can also find more proven tips here. Try to aim for at least 7 hours of sleep daily. Studies have shown that excess cortisol can increase visceral fat storage 63 , Women who already have large waists in proportion to their hips, which is a marker of visceral fat, tend to produce more cortisol when stressed A few proven strategies to reduce stress include exercising more, trying yoga or meditation or just spending more time with friends and family.
Studies have shown that chronic stress is linked to visceral fat gain. To relieve stress, try exercising more, yoga, meditation or more family time. Probiotics are live bacteria that can benefit your gut and digestive health. Some studies suggest that certain probiotics can help you lose weight and visceral fat.
They may reduce dietary fat absorption in the gut, increasing how much of it you excrete in feces In addition, probiotics may help promote higher levels of GLP-1, a fullness hormone, and ANGPTL4, a protein that may help reduce fat storage 68 , 69 , Studies have shown that some probiotic bacteria from the Lactobacillus family, such as Lactobacillus fermentum , Lactobacillus amylovorus , and especially Lactobacillus gasseri , may help you lose visceral fat 71 , 72 , For example, a study in healthy Japanese adults investigated the effects of taking Lactobacillus gasseri over a week period.
It found that people who took Lactobacillus gasseri lost 8. However, as soon as participants stopped taking the probiotic, they gained all of the visceral fat back within a month Interestingly, not all studies have shown that probiotics help weight loss. In fact, some studies have shown that certain strains of probiotics like Lactobacillus acidophilus may actually lead to weight gain 74 , Research in this area is quite new, so future studies will help clarify the link between probiotic bacteria like Lactobacillus gasseri and visceral fat.
Probiotics, especially Lactobacillus gasseri , may help you lose visceral fat. However, more research in this area is needed. Intermittent fasting is a popular way to lose weight. Unlike dieting, intermittent fasting does not restrict any foods. It simply focuses on when you should eat them.
Following an intermittent style of eating will generally make you eat fewer meals and, in turn, fewer calories. Studies also show that intermittent fasting may help you lose visceral fat 76 , You can find out more about intermittent fasting and how to do it here.
Visceral fat is incredibly harmful and may increase your risk of chronic disease, including heart disease, type 2 diabetes and even certain cancers. Some of these include eating fewer carbs and less added sugar, doing more aerobic exercise and increasing your protein intake. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available.
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A Quiz for Teens Are You a Workaholic? How Well Do You Sleep? Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. Nutrition Evidence Based How to Get Rid of Visceral Fat. By Ryan Raman, MS, RD — Updated on April 12, What Is Visceral Fat? Share on Pinterest. Why Is Visceral Fat Harmful? Try a Low-Carb Diet.
Do More Aerobic Exercise. Try Eating More Soluble Fiber. Eat More Protein. Limit Added Sugar Intake. Limit Alcohol Intake. Avoid Trans Fat. Get Plenty of Sleep. Reduce Your Stress Levels.
Try a Probiotic. Try Intermittent Fasting. The Bottom Line. How we reviewed this article: History. Apr 12, Written By Ryan Raman. Share this article. Read this next. The 2 Types of Belly Fat and How to Lose It. By Jillian Kubala, MS, RD. Visceral Fat. Medically reviewed by Danielle Hildreth, RN, CPT.
What Is Subcutaneous Fat? Medically reviewed by Judith Marcin, M.
You Android vs gynoid fat ratio be Viceral to reduce visceral fat by reducing your intake of carbs Visceral fat and gut health heallth sugar, among other dietary changes. Habits, healtn as getting enough sleep and performing aerobic exercise, can help. Carrying too much visceral fat is extremely harmful. Fortunately, proven strategies can help you lose visceral fat. This article explains why visceral fat is harmful and provides proven strategies to help you get rid of it. However, a protruding belly and large waist are two signs that you have too much of it. Obesity Vidceral considered an ever-growing global health challenge fxt This drastic abd is a result of diet and lifestyle habits changing and is Anti-aging solutions direct Visceal detrimental Visceral fat and gut health on Type diabetes prevention strategies health. A person is considered obese if they have a body mass index BMI over However, BMI is an imprecise measure of obesity because it does not differentiate between different types of fat or lean mass that both exert effects on human health. It is the accumulation of abdominal fat, and specifically deep visceral fat mass VFM in the abdominal cavity, that has the most detrimental consequences on health.
Woher mir die Noblesse?
Es ist schade, dass ich mich jetzt nicht aussprechen kann - ich beeile mich auf die Arbeit. Aber ich werde befreit werden - unbedingt werde ich schreiben dass ich denke.
Es ist die Wahrheit.
Wacker, der sehr gute Gedanke