If you have a medical condition, check with your doctor before taking magnesium supplements. Though these supplements are generally well tolerated, they may be unsafe for people who take certain diuretics, heart medications, osteoporosis medications, proton pump inhibitors, or antibiotics Forms that tend to be absorbed well include magnesium citrate, glycinate, orotate, and carbonate 3.

Getting enough magnesium is vital for your health. Many foods contain it, and many high quality supplements are available.

Magnesium is generally well-tolerated if you take an amount within the recommended daily intake of — mg for males and — mg for females If you take other medications or supplements, it is best to talk with a doctor or pharmacist to prevent drug interactions. Signs and symptoms of low magnesium levels are rare but may include 35 :.

Some research suggests that magnesium may help relieve symptoms of several conditions that affect women, such as premenstrual syndrome PMS , polycystic ovary syndrome PCOS , and symptoms associated with postmenopause Magnesium may interact with some medications.

Speak with your healthcare professional before you take magnesium supplements if you take any of these medications 35 :. Magnesium is essential for maintaining good health and plays a key role in everything from exercise performance to heart health and brain function. Spinach, chia seeds, peanut butter, and avocados are a few examples that make great additions to smoothies, snacks, and other dishes.

Still, study results should be interpreted with a grain of salt. Following a balanced diet is more important than focusing on a single nutrient. Remember that magnesium is not guaranteed to provide any of the results above.

Try this today: For a simple and delicious way to increase your magnesium intake, make a homemade trail mix with a few of your favorite nuts and seeds. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. VIEW ALL HISTORY.

Magnesium is a very important nutrient that most people don't get enough of. Here are 10 magnesium-rich foods that are also super healthy. Your body requires many minerals to function properly. An iodine deficiency can cause uncomfortable and even severe symptoms, which often resemble those of hypothyroidism.

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Here are 7 incredibly common nutrient deficiencies. Iron is an essential mineral, but ingesting too much can cause severe harm. This is a detailed review of the harmful effects of too much iron.

Phosphorus is the second most plentiful mineral in your body. Your body needs phosphorus for many functions, such as filtering waste and repairing….

Iron is an important mineral that your body needs to make hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout your body. A Quiz for Teens Are You a Workaholic? How Well Do You Sleep? Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect.

Get Motivated Cardio Strength Training Yoga Rest and Recover Holistic Fitness Exercise Library Fitness News Your Fitness Toolkit. Nutrition Evidence Based 12 Evidence-Based Health Benefits of Magnesium. Medically reviewed by Katherine Marengo LDN, R.

Essential Exercise performance Mood Blood sugar Heart health Anti-inflammatory Reduce migraine Reduce PMS Bone health Better sleep Reduce anxiety Availability Daily use FAQ Bottom line Magnesium can help improve your mood, sleep, exercise performance, blood sugar regulation, and more.

Involved in hundreds of biochemical reactions in your body. May boost exercise performance. May combat depression.

May support healthy blood sugar levels. May promote heart health. Boasts anti-inflammatory benefits. May help prevent migraine attacks. May improve PMS symptoms. May promote bone health.

May support better sleep. May help reduce anxiety symptoms. Safe and widely available. Is it OK to take magnesium every day? Frequently asked questions. The bottom line. Just one thing Try this today: For a simple and delicious way to increase your magnesium intake, make a homemade trail mix with a few of your favorite nuts and seeds.

Was this helpful? How we reviewed this article: History. Dec 6, Written By Rachael Ajmera, MS, RD, Franziska Spritzler. Medically Reviewed By Katherine Marengo, LDN, RD. Oct 30, Written By Rachael Ajmera, MS, RD, Franziska Spritzler.

Share this article. Read this next. Mineral Deficiency. Medically reviewed by Natalie Butler, R. How Much Potassium Do You Need Per Day? By Adda Bjarnadottir, MS, RDN Ice.

The Dark Side of Iron - Why Too Much is Harmful. What are the Health Benefits of Phosphorus in Your Diet? High doses of potassium-sparing diuretics are common in people with heart failure. In addition, research from suggests that calcium and magnesium compete for absorption in the gut.

You may want to avoid consuming calcium-rich foods, such as dairy and leafy greens, and magnesium-rich foods or supplements at the same time. The American Heart Association AHA reports that people with arrhythmias have a higher risk of heart attack, cardiac arrest, and stroke.

Addressing any risk factors for heart disease can help support your best health. Also consider avoiding or reducing the use of substances that can contribute to an irregular heartbeat, such as caffeine, alcohol, and tobacco.

Research shows that stress can be another cause of low magnesium levels as well as heart disease. The AHA suggests trying to incorporate some stress-relieving activities into your day. These might include taking a walk in nature, meditating, or reading your favorite book.

Finally, the AHA recently added good sleep hygiene to the list of lifestyle factors that support cardiovascular health. Consider avoiding habits and substances that can compromise sleep quality, and make rest a priority when possible.

However, a specific type of ventricular tachyarrhythmia known as Torsade de Pointes may be treated with IV magnesium as well if the person has a pulse — even if the person is not low or deficient in magnesium. Magnesium supplementation may help also prevent and reduce ventricular arrhythmias, as well as address many other risk factors for heart disease.

Nevertheless, there is a lack of consensus on adequate dosage, and excessive magnesium intake may cause negative side effects. Talk with a healthcare professional before trying magnesium supplements or changing your diet.

Following a heart-healthy diet, exercising, prioritizing quality sleep, and managing stress are some additional ways in which you could manage and prevent ventricular arrhythmias. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available.

Plenty of alternative treatments for arrhythmia are available to complement your existing AFib treatment plan. Here's a look at several options. Certain herbs and supplements can help prevent heart disease and reduce its symptoms.

Read more about these alternative treatments. According to a new study, people who work night shifts have a 12 percent higher risk of atrial fibrillation AFib , an irregular heart rate, compared…. Hypercalcemia happens when you have too much calcium in your blood. It can cause various complications, including a heart arrhythmia.

Fatty liver disease is rare in children. It happens when too much fat builds up in your liver and can lead to significant health complications. Lidocaine is a medication administered through an IV to treat cardiac arrest caused by ventricular arrhythmias that don't respond to defibrillation….

Studies show that people with ADHD are more likely to use nicotine. Let's look at why and resources for quitting. Trigeminy refers a three-heartbeat pattern in which one or two of the beats is irregular. A large percentage of arrhythmias recur, and subsequent treatments or a change in your medication regimen may be needed.

Learn more. A reentry arrhythmia is a heart rhythm disturbance triggered by an electrical impulse in the heart that follows an abnormal closed-circuit pathway…. A Quiz for Teens Are You a Workaholic? How Well Do You Sleep? Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect.

Magnesium and Ventricular Arrhythmias: Is There a Relationship? Medically reviewed by Uzochukwu Ibe, MD, MPH — By Ariane Lang, BSc, MBA on August 26, Can it help?

Magnesium basics Dose and side effects Tips Bottom line Arrhythmias are heart conditions that happen when you have an erratic, or irregular, heartbeat. Can magnesium help ventricular arrhythmias? So what exactly is magnesium? Safe dosage and potential side effects of magnesium. Other recommendations for managing ventricular arrhythmias.

The bottom line. How we reviewed this article: Sources. Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. We avoid using tertiary references. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy.

Aug 26, Written By Ariane Lang. Medically Reviewed By Uzochukwu Ibe, MD, MPH. Share this article.

So, you may be wondering whether magnesium may help manage these conditions. This article takes a look into the role of magnesium in ventricular arrhythmias. Magnesium plays an essential role in heart function. It helps regulate blood vessel contraction, which helps manage blood pressure.

Magnesium is also in charge of heart muscle contraction — meaning that it helps keep your heart beating. A typical heartbeat is maintained by multiple electrolytes like sodium, potassium , and calcium. If or when these electrolytes cannot function as they should, it can lead to irregular heartbeat, or arrhythmia.

Research from linked low blood magnesium levels with an increased risk of atrial and ventricular tachycardia. Magnesium deficiency is also considered a risk factor for atherosclerosis plaque buildup in the arteries and heart failure. According to research from , besides stabilizing electrolyte concentrations, magnesium may also help prevent arrhythmias by:.

Research from suggests that magnesium may have beneficial effects in treating drug-induced ventricular arrhythmias. Usually, these conditions are managed with medications and, at times, defibrillation or intravenous IV lidocaine, an anesthetic. However, IV magnesium is the first line treatment for those experiencing a specific type of ventricular tachyarrhythmia called Torsade de Pointes , as long as they have a pulse.

It is involved in a wide range of bodily functions, including energy production, bone development, and DNA and RNA synthesis. Its role in nerve impulse conduction and muscle contraction is what makes it necessary for heart health.

The DV of a nutrient tells you how much of it you should consume per day. However, research suggests that many Western-style eating patterns are low in this mineral. In fact, research suggests that magnesium intake in the United States barely reaches mg per day.

Still, common causes of low magnesium levels include:. Learn more about magnesium and how it benefits your body. Additionally, major studies have also found inconsistent results and warn about the potentially damaging effects of magnesium overload.

Excessive magnesium intake can lead to symptoms like diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal pain. Per the ODS , magnesium toxicity can lead to:. Severe magnesium toxicity may also lead to irregular heartbeat and cardiac arrest in some people.

While magnesium supplements are generally well tolerated, they can also cause gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. Be sure to talk with a healthcare professional before trying magnesium supplements or drastically changing your eating patterns. There are quite a few additional recommendations you could follow to improve or manage ventricular arrhythmias and overall heart health.

For starters, according to guidelines from the European Society of Cardiology, you should be mindful of other electrolytes like potassium to reduce the risk of high blood pressure. High doses of potassium-sparing diuretics are common in people with heart failure.

In addition, research from suggests that calcium and magnesium compete for absorption in the gut. You may want to avoid consuming calcium-rich foods, such as dairy and leafy greens, and magnesium-rich foods or supplements at the same time.

The American Heart Association AHA reports that people with arrhythmias have a higher risk of heart attack, cardiac arrest, and stroke. Addressing any risk factors for heart disease can help support your best health. Also consider avoiding or reducing the use of substances that can contribute to an irregular heartbeat, such as caffeine, alcohol, and tobacco.

Research shows that stress can be another cause of low magnesium levels as well as heart disease. The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Central Ethics Committee Haga Hospital and by an Ethics Committee in each participating hospital.

IE conducted the research, performed data-analysis, interpreted the data, wrote the final manuscript, and had primary responsibility for final content.

EC performed data-analysis, interpreted the data, and critically reviewed the manuscript. IK performed data-analysis, drafted the first version of the manuscript, and critically reviewed the manuscript. MB supervised the data-analysis and critically reviewed the manuscript.

RW critically reviewed the manuscript. JG conceived and designed the study, performed data acquisition, critically reviewed the manuscript, and had primary responsibility for final content.

All authors read and approved the final manuscript. The research presented in this paper was supported by a grant from Regio Deal Foodvalley The funding sources had no role in the study design and conduct, data analysis, or manuscript preparation.

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.

Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Rosique-Esteban N, Guasch-Ferré M, Hernández-Alonso P, Salas-Salvadó J. Dietary magnesium and cardiovascular disease: a review with emphasis in epidemiological studies.

doi: PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Fang X, Wang K, Han D, He X, Wei J, Zhao L, et al. Dietary magnesium intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and all-cause mortality: a dose—response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. BMC Med. Del Gobbo LC, Imamura F, Wu JH, de Oliveira Otto MC, Chiuve SE, Mozaffarian D.

Circulating and dietary magnesium and risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am J Clin Nutr.

Zhao L, Hu M, Yang L, Xu H, Song W, Qian Y, et al. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. Bagheri A, Naghshi S, Sadeghi O, Larijani B, Esmaillzadeh A. Total, dietary, and supplemental magnesium intakes and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality: a systematic review and dose—response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.

Adv Nutr. Rude RK. In: Ross AC, Caballero B, Cousins RJ, Tucker KL, Ziegler TR, editors. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 11th ed. Google Scholar.

Institute of Medicine IOM. Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes: Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D and Fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academy Press EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products N Allergies.

Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for magnesium. EFSA J. CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Mohn ES, Kern HJ, Saltzman E, Mitmesser SH, McKay DL. Evidence of drug—nutrient interactions with chronic use of commonly prescribed medications: an update. Feng J, Wang H, Jing Z, Wang Y, Cheng Y, Wang W, et al.

Role of magnesium in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biol Trace Elem Res. Xiong J, He T, Wang M, Nie L, Zhang Y, Wang Y, et al. Serum magnesium, mortality, and cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

J Nephrol. Li Q, Chen Q, Zhang H, Xu Z, Wang X, Pang J, et al. Associations of serum magnesium levels and calcium—magnesium ratios with mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. Diabetes Metab. Maguire ME, Cowan JA. Magnesium chemistry and biochemistry.

Sakaguchi Y, Hamano T, Kubota K, Oka T, Yamaguchi S, Matsumoto A, et al. Anion gap as a determinant of ionized fraction of divalent cations in hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. Geleijnse JM, Giltay EJ, Schouten EG, de Goede J, Griep LMO, Teitsma-Jansen AM, et al.

Effect of low doses of n-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular diseases in 4, post-myocardial infarction patients: design and baseline characteristics of the alpha omega trial. Am Heart J. Kromhout D, Giltay EJ, Geleijnse JM. N Engl J Med. Feunekes GI, Van Staveren WA, De Vries J, Burema J, Hautvast J.

Relative and biomarker-based validity of a food-frequency questionnaire estimating intake of fats and cholesterol. PubMed Abstract Google Scholar. Dutch Nutrition Center.

Dutch Nutrition Center Looman M, Feskens EJ, de Rijk M, Meijboom S, Biesbroek S, Temme EH, et al. Development and evaluation of the Dutch healthy diet index Public Health Nutr. World Health Organization.

International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems: Alphabetical Index. Geneva: World Health Organization Baraona E, Abittan CS, Dohmen K, Moretti M, Pozzato G, Chayes ZW, et al. Gender differences in pharmacokinetics of alcohol.

Alcohol Clin Exp Res. Washburn RA, McAuley E, Katula J, Mihalko SL, Boileau RA. The physical activity scale for the elderly PASE : evidence for validity. J Clin Epidemiol. Weggemans RM, Backx FJG, Borghouts L, Chinapaw M, Hopman MTE, Koster A, et al. The Dutch physical activity guidelines.

Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. Shrestha N. Detecting multicollinearity in regression analysis. Am J Appl Math Stat. Willett WC, Howe GR, Kushi LH. Adjustment for total energy intake in epidemiologic studies. Nijenhuis T, Vallon V, van der Kemp AW, Loffing J, Hoenderop JG, Bindels RJ. J Clin Invest.

Kieboom BCT, Zietse R, Ikram MA, Hoorn EJ, Stricker BH. Thiazide but not loop diuretics is associated with hypomagnesaemia in the general population. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. Williams BA, Mikkelsen D, Flanagan BM, Gidley MJ. When it comes to choosing the best magnesium supplement for heart health, there are several factors to consider.

Here are some features to look for when selecting a product:. There are various forms of magnesium available, and each has its own benefits and drawbacks.

Some of the most common types include magnesium oxide, magnesium citrate, and magnesium glycinate. Magnesium oxide is the most affordable option, but it is not as easily absorbed by the body. Magnesium citrate is more readily absorbed, but it can have a laxative effect.

Magnesium glycinate is an excellent option for those with sensitive stomachs, as it is gentle on the digestive system. The appropriate dosage of magnesium can vary depending on a person's age, sex, and overall health.

It's important to choose a supplement that provides the recommended daily amount of magnesium, which is typically around mg for men and mg for women.

However, it's always best to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement regimen. To ensure that you're getting a high-quality magnesium supplement, look for products that are manufactured in a facility that follows Good Manufacturing Practices GMP. This will help ensure that the product is free from contaminants and has been properly tested for purity and potency.

Some magnesium supplements may also contain additional ingredients, such as vitamin D or calcium, that can further support heart health. Be sure to read the label carefully to determine if any additional ingredients are included and if they align with your health goals.

By considering these factors, you can select the best magnesium supplement for your heart health needs. Magnesium taurate is a combination of magnesium and taurine. Taurine is an amino acid that helps regulate heart rhythm and magnesium is essential for heart function.

Together, magnesium taurate can help support healthy heart function, lower blood pressure, and reduce the risk of heart disease. Magnesium glycinate is considered the best type of magnesium for AFib.

This is because it is highly absorbable and does not cause diarrhea, which can be a common side effect of other magnesium supplements. Magnesium oxide is not the most effective form of magnesium for heart palpitations.

This is because it is not as easily absorbed by the body. Magnesium glycinate or magnesium taurate are better options for heart palpitations.

The recommended daily intake of magnesium for adults is between mg. However, the amount of magnesium needed for heart problems may vary depending on the severity of the condition. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional to determine the appropriate dosage.

The best magnesium supplements for heart health are magnesium glycinate, magnesium taurate, and magnesium citrate. These forms of magnesium are highly absorbable and have been shown to support healthy heart function. Magnesium glycinate is considered the best magnesium supplement for anxiety and heart issues.

This is because it is easily absorbed and has been shown to help reduce anxiety and support healthy heart function. Affiliate Disclosure: The links provided may earn us a small commission at no additional cost to you if you choose to purchase the recommended product.

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Top 14 Best Magnesium Supplements for Heart Health. Top 14 Best Magnesium Supplements for Heart Health Updated February 14, Facebook Icon. LinkedIn Icon.

Pinterest Icon. Pocket Icon. What's the best supplement for me? Luma Nutrition Magnesium Glycinate The Editor's Choice This exceptional supplement combines magnesium and glycine, a dynamic duo that keeps your heart in top form.

Pros It offers excellent absorption, ensuring your body gets the most out of each dose. Its magnesium-glycine combo supports heart function by regulating blood pressure and reducing arterial calcification.

Gentle on the stomach, making it suitable for individuals with digestive sensitivities. Cons: Some may require multiple pills to reach their desired magnesium intake, leading to increased pill consumption. In rare cases, high doses of magnesium can lead to gastrointestinal discomfort or diarrhea.

Sunergetic Premium Magnesium Citrate Capsules. Pros : These supplements come in convenient capsule form, making them effortless to incorporate into your nightly routine. No need to worry about swallowing large tablets or dealing with unpleasant tastes. These magnesium capsules are rigorously tested for purity and meet stringent quality standards, ensuring you're getting a top-notch product.

The magnesium citrate form used in these capsules is known for its excellent bioavailability, allowing your body to absorb and utilize the magnesium effectively.

Cons : These supplements are available in capsule form, which may not be suitable for individuals who prefer other delivery methods, such as tablets or powders. Magnesium plays a pivotal role in maintaining a regular heartbeat and supporting overall cardiovascular health.

With a robust mg dosage, this supplement provides an extra strength boost, ensuring you get an ample amount of magnesium to meet your heart's needs. Magnesium is renowned for its muscle relaxation properties.

Cons In some cases, the higher dosage might lead to a mild laxative effect. It's advisable to start with a lower dose and gradually increase to allow your body to adjust. As with any supplement, individual responses may vary. Results may take time, and consistency is key for experiencing the full benefits.

Atlantis Nutrition Magnesium Gummies. Pros Potent MG Magnesium Citrate formulation for optimal heart support. Clinically proven effectiveness in promoting cardiovascular well-being. Delightful gummy form for easy consumption and absorption. Supports blood pressure regulation, a key factor in heart health.

Contributes to overall cardiovascular health, ensuring a robust and resilient heart. Cons Gummies may not be suitable for those with dietary restrictions or sugar concerns. Individual responses may vary; consistent use is recommended for maximum benefits. Not intended to replace professional medical advice; consult with a healthcare provider.

Heart Calm- Support and Maintain a Healthy Heart Rhythm- A Natural, Fast-Acting Formula with Magnesium Taurate, Glycinate, Malate and More. Pros Heart Calm is a unique formula designed to help support a healthy heart rhythm.

Proprietary magnesium complex containing magnesium taurate, magnesium glycinate and magnesium malate helps to restore and maintain healthy magnesium levels. Your health and happiness are our number one priority. Cons May take a few weeks to see noticeable results.

Magnesium levels may, however, go unregulated in people with kidney disease. Campbell notes. Healthy Individuals with low magnesium levels are uncommon. This is because healthy kidneys will limit the passing of magnesium through the urine if the body is in need of this mineral.

Magnesium also plays a role in cells which respond to electrical activity. DeSimone explains. Magnesium is central to a healthy heart rhythm because it's involved in transporting other electrolytes, such as calcium and potassium , into cells. Electrolytes are all important for nerve signals and the muscle contractions of a normal heartbeat.

Campbell adds that magnesium also helps with muscle contraction or pumping of the heart. Research published in Nutrients showed that magnesium deficiency has clinical features including severe muscle cramps and increases of irregular heartbeats known as arrhythmias.

Campbell says that low magnesium levels are commonly found in patients with atrial fibrillation , premature or skipped beats, and even serious life-threatening arrhythmias. In a review published in May in Cardiology Research and Practice , researchers found that a low level of magnesium in the blood may increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

In addition, the review showed that a low magnesium level is associated with atrial fibrillation afib , the most common heart rate disorder. Afib occurs when a malfunction in the heart's electrical system causes the upper chambers of the heart to quiver.

As we age, for example, magnesium absorption decreases in the body. One research study published in Nutrients suggests the primary causes of lower magnesium levels in older age include insufficient intake of magnesium, reduced absorption of magnesium, and increased urinary excretion of magnesium.

Patients who are on diuretics are also of concern for both Campbell and DeSimone. This includes patients being treated for high blood pressure or heart failure. The reason being that these patients are usually on high dose diuretics.

Prolonged use of certain medications can also cause too much magnesium excretion. These include diuretics like Lasix furosemide , as well as proton pump inhibitors like Nexium esomeprazole and Prevacid lansoprazole used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Associations were also studied in relevant subgroups, including patients with diabetes and diuretics users. Restricted cubic splines were used for studying the continuous association of magnesium intake with CVD mortality.

Magnesium containing supplements were used by 5. During a median follow-up of A non-significant inverse association was found for CHD mortality. Associations for CVD mortality were slightly stronger in diuretic users HR: 0.

Results were similar after excluding magnesium supplement users. Conclusion: An adequate intake of magnesium may be important for lowering long-term mortality risk after MI, especially in patients treated with diuretics. The Alpha Omega Trial was registered at clinicaltrials.

gov as NCT Population-based studies have shown inverse associations of dietary magnesium with risk of cardiovascular diseases CVD and risk of hypertension, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes T2D 1 — 4. Bagheri et al. showed a relative risk for CVD mortality of 0.

In a meta-analysis of 11 prospective cohort studies by Del Gobbo et al. Magnesium plays an essential role in blood glucose control, blood pressure regulation and myocardial metabolism 6 , 7. Magnesium is derived from fiber-rich foods such as whole grains, green vegetables, legumes and nuts, and also from dairy 6.

Mild magnesium depletion is relatively common in users of loop and thiazide diuretics 9 , often prescribed to CVD and T2D patients.

Hypomagnesemia has been associated with insulin resistance, altered lipid metabolism, impaired endothelial function and kidney function decline 10 , A cohort study of 3, Chinese CHD patients showed higher risks of all-cause HR: 1. Little is known about magnesium intake and long-term mortality risk in CVD patients.

We therefore examined dietary magnesium and risk of CVD, all-cause, and CHD mortality, on top of drug treatment, in Dutch patients aged 60—80 y who had experienced a myocardial infarction MI.

The Alpha Omega Cohort AOC; ClinicalTrials. gov Identifier NCT is an ongoing follow-up of the Alpha Omega Trial During the initial trial phase, MI patients were randomized to either receiving low doses of omega-3 fatty acids or placebo for 40 months, which showed no effect on major CVD events After the trial, patients have continuously been followed for cause-specific mortality.

Patients provided written informed consent and the study was approved by a central ethics committee Haga Hospital, The Hague, The Netherlands and by the ethics committees of participating hospitals. One participant was lost to follow-up and censored after 2. A total of 4, patients was included in the analysis flow-chart of selection of population for analyses in Supplementary Figure 1.

Dietary intake data were collected at baseline by a item food frequency questionnaire FFQ developed for the Alpha Omega Cohort.

The FFQ is an extended and adapted version of a reproducible and biomarker-validated FFQ Patients were asked to report their habitual intake of foods and beverages consumed during the previous month.

The FFQ included questions on the frequency, amount, and type of foods, as well as preparation methods. Trained dietitians checked the questionnaires upon return and obtained additional information by phone on unclear or missing items Daily intakes of foods were linked with the Dutch Food Composition Database, whereafter energy, macronutrients and micronutrient, including magnesium intake, were calculated The Dutch Healthy Diet index DHDindex score was calculated to reflect adherence to Dutch dietary guidelines [DHDindex; scale from 0 to maximal adherence 0— ] Dietary supplement use was assessed at baseline by means of a self-administered Lifestyle and Health questionnaire.

Information was obtained on types of supplements including magnesium containing supplements , brand names, frequency of use and daily dosages.

The study focuses on CVD mortality as the primary endpoint, and CHD mortality and all-cause mortality as secondary endpoints. Information on vital status and cause of death was obtained from baseline through 31 December In the period — Alpha Omega Trial , an independent Endpoint Adjudication Committee assigned causes of death using information from the national mortality registry [Statistics Netherlands, CBS ], treating physicians, and close family members, as described previously 15 , In the period —, research staff assigned causes of death using information from CBS and additional information by treating physicians.

Mortality coding was performed according to the International Classification of Diseases, tenth revision ICD 20 , combining primary and secondary causes of death. CVD mortality comprised I20—I25 ischemic heart disease , I46 cardiac arrest , R96 sudden death, undefined , I50 heart failure , and I60—I69 stroke.

CHD mortality comprised ICD codes I20—I25, I46, and R Person-years were calculated from the date of study enrolment to date of death or end of the study 31 December , whichever came first.

Information on demographics, anthropometrics, lifestyle factors, medical history, and medication use was collected at baseline. Physical examinations were performed by trained research nurses. Body Mass Index BMI was calculated as weight kg divided by height squared m 2. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured twice with an automatic device, in a seated position, after a min rest.

Blood lipids and glucose levels were analyzed by standard kits by using an autoanalyzer Hitachi ; Roche Diagnostics. Medication use was checked by research nurses and coded according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System 21 as follows: C02, C03, C07, C08, and C09 for antihypertensive drugs and C10 for lipid-modifying drugs.

Sex-specific categories were used for alcohol intake, since females may have higher and more prolonged blood levels of alcohol compared to males for the same dose of alcohol per kg of body weight Missing data assuming missing at random were imputed with the age and sex specific median for continuous variables or mode for categorical variables.

Multicollinearity was assessed by making use of the variance inflation factor VIF. Multicollinearity was considered as present when VIF was higher than 5 Magnesium intake was adjusted for total energy using the residual method by Willett et al.

Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the associations of energy adjusted magnesium intake in tertiles, and the risk of CVD mortality, all-cause mortality and CHD mortality. The proportional hazards assumption was checked by log-minus-log plots and was met.

Survival time in y was defined as the period between the date of inclusion and the date of death, censoring date, or end of follow-up 31 December , whichever occurred first.

HR were adjusted for age and sex model 1. Model 3 also included dietary factors, i. Restricted cubic splines RCS were used to examine the continuous associations for energy-adjusted magnesium intake and CVD mortality full model and to detect a potential threshold or non-linear associations.

Outliers were winsorized at the 1st and 99th percentile, meaning that outliers outside these percentiles 0—1 percentile and 99— percentile were replaced with the observations closest to them. Analyses for CVD, all-cause and CHD mortality were repeated in predefined strata by sex, diabetes mellitus yes vs.

no: vs. no: 1, vs. For diuretic and non-diuretic users, RCS plots were additionally constructed to obtain further insight in potential effect modification. Since diuretics are commonly prescribed for diabetic patients, associations between dietary magnesium and CVD mortality could be affected by diabetes status.

Finally, subgroup analyses were performed in strata of total iron intake low vs. high based on median intake of high based on the median intake of SPSS version Chicago, IL was used for all analyses. Patients were on average 69 ± 5. Patients had their last MI on average 4.

Magnesium containing supplements were used by out of 4, patients 5. Baseline characteristics in tertiles of energy adjusted dietary magnesium are shown in Table 1. Patients with a higher magnesium intake were more often highly educated, physically active, had a lower prevalence of impaired kidney function and were less often current smokers or categorized as heavy drinkers.

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of 4, post-MI patients from the Alpha Omega Cohort, by tertiles of energy adjusted magnesium intake a. When comparing the moderate to lower tertiles, associations were non-significant for CVD HR: 0.

Magnesium intake was not significantly associated with CHD mortality Table 2. Table 2. HRs for magnesium intake in relation to CVD, all-cause and CHD mortality in 4, post-MI patients from the Alpha Omega Cohort a. Figure 1 shows the results from the RCS analyses for energy-adjusted magnesium intake and CVD mortality, using the fully adjusted model and the adequate intake as the reference.

Highest CVD mortality risks were observed for magnesium intakes below the median intake. Protective risk estimates for CVD mortality were shown for magnesium intakes above the adequate intake. Figure 1. Multivariable-adjusted restricted cubic spline analyses for the continuous association of energy-adjusted magnesium intake with CVD mortality in 4, post-MI patients from the Alpha Omega Cohort.

HRs for CVD mortality left y-axis are presented as a bold line for every level of magnesium intake; the reference HR of 1. CVD, cardiovascular disease; MI, myocardial infarction.

Subgroup analyses for dietary magnesium and CVD mortality are presented in Table 3. In fact, it can help the heart in maintaining its proper rhythm and lowering blood pressure. Unfortunately, in the United States, nearly half the population is deficient in this essential nutrient, leaving many of us more susceptible to conditions like cardiovascular heart disease CVD and arrhythmias.

While adequate amounts of magnesium can improve heart function, lacking in magnesium can result in several adverse effects on the heart. It can lead to cardiovascular disease in many ways, including these risk factors: 6.

A balanced, heart-healthy diet is the best way to ensure you're getting enough magnesium. Foods that are rich in magnesium include: 7.

However, always remember to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any supplement regimen. Remember, with the Cardiogram app, you can track your heart rate and monitor any irregularities that could be linked to magnesium deficiency.

Helpful Hint: Create a tag on the days that you take magnesium to get a full picture of how magnesium impacts your heart specifically and over time. Better yet? You can then share this data with your doctor.

With the combination of Cardiogram and a magnesium-rich diet, you'll be on your way to improved cardiovascular health and better control over it in no time.

What is Magnesium? Magnesium is one of the most prevalent minerals in our bodies, crucial for more than biochemical reactions.

In fact, having adequate amounts of magnesium in our systems is crucial for the body to carry out vital functions such as nerve transmission, muscle contraction, blood coagulation, energy production, nutrient metabolism, and bone and cell formation. Benefits of Magnesium in Heart Health.

Specifically, it helps maintain a healthy heart rhythm, regulates blood pressure, and can even assist in preventing cardiovascular diseases. Prevention of Arrhythmias. One of the most significant ways magnesium works to support heart health is by allowing for a healthy electrical system in the heart.

Reduced Blood Pressure.