This relatively new cultivar of tea has a distinctive mellow, buttery flavor. Green tea has been shown to have a whole host of health benefits, including aiding digestion and soothing the stomach.

Green tea is especially rich in polyphenols, catechins, and antioxidants, and can help to soothe the symptoms of cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disorders. You can enjoy subtle, pan-fired green teas from China, or rich and vegetal steamed green teas from Japan.

Green tea is light and refreshing, the perfect drink to aid in digestion and soothe the stomach. Kukicha is a Japanese green tea that is made from the stems and leaves of the tea plant. Kukicha has a sweeter, lighter flavor than other types of green tea.

Sourced from Shizuoka, Japan, this tea is very high in antioxidants and extremely low in caffeine, making it a traditional favorite for all ages. Like other types of tea produced from the camellis sinensis plant, black tea has been shown to help aid digestion and prevent bloating and stomach upsets.

Black tea comes in many different varieties, and may also be blended with other herbs and flowers for added flavor. Black tea can be consumed on its own, or with milk and sweetener for a traditional breakfast cup. From the Ha Giang Province in northern Vietnam, our Vietnamese Golden Tips is grown and produced at a family-run estate near the Cao Bo mountain, at an elevation of 4, feet.

This tea is harvested from Shan Tuyet heritage tea trees that are over 50 years old. The light brown leaves have abundant golden tips, and brew into a beautiful copper-colored cup. Smooth, yet full-bodied and aromatic, the taste is lightly floral with hints of caramel. Tea can be a great way to aid the body as it digests, and is a tasty, healthful alternative to other sugary or alcoholic drinks.

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Store Locator. Weight of Sugar. Otherwise known as the gut microbiota, these organisms are incredibly important for: Helping to create certain vitamins , like vitamin K important for things like bone health and blood clotting , and B vitamins, which are key for energy production, among other things.

Interestingly, a study found that individuals on a low vitamin K diet for about a month did not develop K deficiency, but those given a broad-spectrum antibiotic which kills good as well as harmful bacteria did show signs of low K.

This just goes to show how important of a role the bacteria within our gut truly hold for their host's overall health aka us! Producing short-chain fatty acids SCFAs : super beneficial for lowering inflammation.

Butyrate is likely the most important SCFA of them all, shown to even have anti-cancer effects. Some studies have shown that SCFAs may even play a role in appetite regulation. Breaking down polyphenols from plants, allowing humans to reap the benefits of these powerful antioxidants!

Let's get to the goods: How green tea supports gut health. digging deeper. In addition, studies have shown that C. butyricum is resistant to various antibiotics and UV rays Particularly, Clostridium spp. Among the bacterial groups we analysed, Bacteroidetes, Bacteroides , Prevotella , Enterobacteriaceae, E.

coli , and Desulfovibrio spp. are gram-negative. Among gram-positive bacteria, Clostridium spp. are the only spore-forming bacteria. Thus, C. butyricum might be relatively more resistant to single UVB irradiation than other bacteria, which leads to relatively high bacterial counts.

Some studies also showed that C. butyricum has various uses as an antibacterial agent, in gut epithelial cell proliferation, and in ulcerative colitis therapy 29 , 30 , Unlike in the UV group, short-term supplementation with GTE showed different caecum microbiota modulation patterns including significantly decreased Clostridium cluster IV and Desulfovibrio spp.

According to the PCA biplot, the most influential bacteria distinguishing the GU group from the CON group were Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacteria Fig. In agreement with previous studies, we observed increased levels of Lactobacillus spp.

and Bifidobacterium spp. in human faecal samples upon green tea consumption 1 , 2. Additionally, oral administration of probiotics such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species was previously shown to have photo-protective effects on UV-exposed skin 32 , 33 , 34 , Furthermore, profound correlations were observed between other skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis and intestinal probiotics 36 , Particularly, colonization of probiotics in the intestine was associated with a decrease in the disease state 36 , The PCA biplot of the CU and CON groups also showed clear discriminant patterns; levels of Lactobacillus spp.

and Bifidobacteria were considerably lower in the CU group than levels in the CON group. Overall, these results and results of previous studies suggest that 7-day supplementation with GTE modulates sustained changes in the caecum microbial community, particularly Lactobacillus spp.

and Bifidobacteria, and that these changes might prevented UV stress-induced modulation of the microbial community. In metabolomics studies, sample preparation is extremely important because the metabolome composition could be affected by numerous factors, such as time, method of sampling, environment, and how the sample is stored.

Before metabolite extraction, accurate sampling and quenching procedures are required to provide a snapshot of the metabolome and determine the repeatability of the experiment To provide exact metabolomics data, samples must be accurately prepared.

We observed diverse skin metabolome changes following exposure to UV stress. In the GU group, the opposite metabolic change patterns were observed from those in the UV group, particularly for histidine, tyrosine, trans -urocanic acid, histamine, adenosine, oleic acid, stearic acid, heptadecanoic acid, arachidonic acid, cholesterol, lysoPE , lysoPE , lysoPC , lysoPE , lysoPC , lysoPC , and monoolein Fig.

These amino acids, urocanic acid, fatty acids, and lipids are closely related to skin barrier functions. Urocanic acid, which is found in the stratum corneum of the epidermis, plays an important role in protecting the epidermis from UVB-induced damage Free fatty acids are very actively synthesized in the epidermis, but are decreased by acute UV irradiation accompanied by decreased expression of lipid synthesis-related genes 41 , Cholesterol synthesis is also highly related to the recovery of the permeability barrier function of the skin Lysophospholipids are among the most important factors in skin barrier function, skin hydration, and skin inflammation 43 , We also observed significant preventive effects on erythema formation in only the GTE-supplemented group Fig.

These differences in preventing erythema formation may be related to the intake level or characteristics of the supplements. According to other reports, both oral administration and topical application of green tea can reduce UVB irradiation-induced erythema in skin i. However, it remains controversial whether erythema formation is inhibited by EGCG administration.

Jeon et al. These differences may be related to the different conditions of the experiments such as supplementation amount and period. Reports substantiating the relationship between caffeine or theanine administration and anti-erythema forming effects are lacking.

Instead, caffeine was shown to inhibit UV-induced carcinogenesis 8 , 51 , while theanine showed various bioactivities such as neuroprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory effects, and improved immunity Thus, our results showed that 7-day prior supplementation of GTE, rather than single compounds EGCG, caffeine, or theanine , significantly modulated various skin metabolites related to skin barrier function.

This modulation inhibited skin metabolome changes according to UV stress, and the effects may help prevent skin erythema formation.

On the other hand, no significant differences in MDA and TNF-α levels were observed among groups. MDA is a product of lipid peroxidation which is used as an oxidative stress indicator and TNF-α facilitates the migration of inflammatory cells.

According to other animal studies that used similar experimental conditions as those used in our study, similar phenomena were observed in MDA and TNF-α measurements. Svobodova et al. Sharma et al. Overall, results of our study and previous studies showed that the levels of MDA and TNF-α in mouse skin were induced by UVB irradiation, but results were highly influenced by irradiation conditions such as dose, distance from device, and the amount of time passed after exposure.

The relationship between the gut and skin was previously not well-understood. Microbial compounds including cell wall fragments, dead cells, and microbial metabolites may induce immune responses that improve skin health Endogenous caecum metabolite profiling was performed to evaluate the relationship between the caecum microbiota and endogenous skin metabolites.

According to the heatmap of the caecum metabolome, a few metabolites were significantly altered by UV stress.

However, short-term supplementation with GTE, EGCG, caffeine, or theanine induced more diverse metabolite modulations in the caecum Fig. This may be because diet is a crucial factor affecting the composition of the intestinal microbiota, and thus each compound influenced the host in a different manner According to the heat map, bile acid levels were much higher in all treatment groups than in the CON group.

Bile acids are well-known gut bacteria metabolites with various biological functions including absorbing lipid-soluble vitamins; facilitating lipid absorption; maintaining intestinal barrier function; and regulating triglyceride, cholesterol, glucose, and energy homeostasis Bacteria including Bacteroides , Clostridium , Lactobacillus , Bifidobacterium , Enterobacter , and Eubacterium are associated with bile acid metabolism These highly increased bile acids levels may be related to UV stress.

In the GU group, levels of several metabolites such as glutamine, 5-oxoproline, myo -inositol, glucose, glycerol, oleic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid were altered.

These metabolites showed a high correlation with the caecum probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacteria. Thus, modulation of the Lactobacillus spp.

and Bifidobacteria populations and the effects of GTE supplementation on mice intestine appear to be closely related. These relationships may affect erythema formation in the skin.

In conclusion, we conducted comprehensive metabolome analysis to elucidate the effects of short-term 7-day supplementation of dietary components on modulating the gut and endogenous metabolomes. Among the supplements examined, including GTE, EGCG, caffeine, and theanine, only short-term supplementation with GTE remarkably modulated the microbiome-metabolome accompanied with significant prevention of UV stress in mice.

Particularly, probiotics including Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus spp. were highly associated with GTE supplementation and bacteria levels were highly correlated with skin barrier function-related metabolites.

Water, methanol, and acetonitrile were purchased from Fisher Scientific Waltham, MA, USA. Pyridine, formic acid, N -methyl- N - trimethylsilyl -trifluoroacetamide, methoxyamine hydrochloride, EGCG, caffeine, and theanine were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co.

Louis, MO, USA. The analytical grade of chemicals were used. Green tea extract GTE was obtained from AmorePacific Corp. Yongin, Korea and contains catechins Six-week-old female Skh-1 mice were purchased from Orient Bio Seongnam, Korea. Intensity was monitored using a UV meter v.

The experimental methods were also performed in accordance with their guidelines and regulations permit number: —03— The caecum microbiota was analysed by real-time PCR-based gut low-density array GULDA The filtered 0.

Dried extracts were further analysed by two different MS-based methods i. During MS analysis, samples were analysed randomly. The operational conditions for GC-TOF-MS analysis and UPLC-Q-TOF-MS were described in our previous study The dorsal skin of hairless mice was photographed before sacrifice.

The erythema index of the dorsal skin of hairless mice was measured using a Mexameter 18 and Corneometer before sacrifice. The data processing procedure of MS-derived raw data, multivariate analysis method, and metabolite identifications were performed as described in our previous study All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article and its Supplementary Information Files.

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