Body composition for teens -
Ectomorphs tend to be lean and angular with less defined muscles. Endomorphs tend to have a more rounded physique, with a larger frame and a higher body fat percentage.
While these categories span a range of sizes and designs, it is important for athletes to understand that their body composition is related to the body type they were born with. Shot putters and marathon runners are not cut from the same cloth, even if their muscle to fat ratios are similar.
Body composition is one component of fitness, just like endurance, strength and flexibility. We work hard to build endurance, gain strength, develop flexibility and achieve a healthy body composition.
We regularly test our fitness in these other areas, recognizing that they all contribute to enhanced performance. Body composition is no exception.
Recommended levels of percent body fat differ between genders and among sports. Fit2Finish can help. Fast food eaten on the fly may satisfy our hunger, but does it contain all the food groups?
Is it served in healthy proportions? How much salt, sugar, and fat are in it? When we let fast food determine our portion sizes, they take control of our proportions. Take time to enjoy a variety of foods, prepared in a healthy way. Try to get at least 3 colors on your plate at every meal.
Teens, especially, spend a good bit of time in front of the mirror. With an accurate measure of frame size, they can get a ballpark idea of a normal healthy weight range. They should weigh themselves on a regular basis perhaps once per week as a self-status report, not an evaluative measure.
Am I in the healthy range? Am I gaining? Staying the same? Finally, prior to data collection the participants were asked to urinate to follow standard procedure for biompedance measurement. The references used to establish the prevalence of overweight and obesity according to the BMI were from the WHO De Onis et al.
First, the normality of continuous variables was assessed through the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The medium values and the standard deviation SD of the BMI were calculated, along with the percentage of fat mass, globally, by gender and age. A gender comparison was carried out with the t -test for independent samples.
In addition, the prevalence of overweight and obesity were calculated, by gender and age for the three references. The significant differences between references were calculated Franklin, as well as the degree of concordance between each pair using the kappa coefficient Cohen, ; Landis and Koch, ; Cerda and Villarroel, Finally, the comparison of the prevalence of overweight and obesity between gender was carried out using the chi-square test χ 2.
The statistical package SPSS Table 1 shows the medium values and SD corresponding to the BMI and the percentage of fat mass of the children and adolescents from the sample. The results are shown organized in function to age and gender Supplementary Figures S1 , S2.
The fat mass in the female gender was higher in all age groups, showing significant differences at 7 years of age and from 13 to 19 years of age. They also show the significant differences found between references. Moreover, Supplementary Figures S3 — S8 show graphically the different prevalences found when classifying the sample with the 3 references used.
Table 2. Table 3. The total prevalence of overweight and obesity was of The χ 2 test showed that there is no statistical significance when making a global comparison of the prevalence of overweight and obesity in function to gender.
However, it was observed that male demonstrate a greater prevalence independent of the classification used.
The three classifications used found a high prevalence of overweight and obesity in the studied sample. There were significant differences between the classifications: The results of this study contrast with those found by Espín Ríos et al.
Espín Ríos et al. In boys, they observed a prevalence of In terms of both genders, there was a prevalence of For example, Spain and Italy are countries of Southern Europe with a similar Mediterranean diet, however, the percentage of total fat in the diet of Spanish adolescents has been found to be higher than in the diet of Italian adolescents Cruz, The percentage of excess weight obtained by the Instituto Nacional de Estadística [INE] in girls Moreover, in boys the percentage of excess weight which was obtained by the INE When only children and adolescents from the region of Murcia were considered, the data of the INE determined the following percentages for overweight, obesity and excess weight: girls 9.
The percentage of excess weight obtained in Murcia by the Instituto Nacional de Estadística [INE] in girls is lower than those obtained in the present study Moreover, in boys the percentage of excess weight which was obtained in Murcia by the INE This suggests that excess weight is increasing in the region of Murcia, Spain.
The percentage of excess weight obtained by Instituto Nacional de Estadística [INE] for girls Moreover, in boys the percentage of excess weight obtained by the ISTAT When only children and adolescents from the regions of Lazio and Calabria were considered, the data of the ISTAT determined the following percentage for excess weight: This suggests that excess weight is increasing in the regions of Lazio and Calabria.
Previous studies Wang and Wang, ; Shields and Tremblay, ; Espín Ríos et al. However, the present study also found significant differences with the cut-off points for fat mass, which is why it is essential to specify always the methods and references used until an agreement is reached.
The main strength of the present study is the comparison between cut-off points for BMI and fat mass in a sample of children and adolescents residing in Southern Europe. The present findings suggest that there is a high prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents residing in Southern Europe.
However, prevalence estimates of overweight and obesity differ by methods and reference cut points. Higher prevalence was obtained with the classification of CGF fat mass , followed by the classifications of WHO and IOTF BMI. A precise definition of overweight and obesity is needed, as well recommended methods for evaluation, and accurate cut-off points.
The authors of this study recommend the evaluation of overweight and obesity not only by BMI, but also through the percentage of fat mass, and to always specify the references used to classify the sample. It would also be convenient to carry out regular assessments in schools, which could be carried out by the Physical Education teacher because of the direct connection between the subject and overweight and obesity.
This simple practice would provide updated reference values in any geographical location. Finally, due to the high prevalence of overweight and obesity found in this study, it would be interesting to carry out intervention programs in children and adolescents, through physical activity and a dietary improvement, to reduce their fat mass and BMI values and develop healthy lifestyle habits.
To control the dietary habits during these intervention programs, researchers should evaluate regularly the quality of the diet of the children and adolescents participating in the intervention.
Future researchers should also consider the psychological factors of motivation and perceived motor competence, and the family influence, when carrying out intervention programs to ensure that the children and adolescents will adhere to any program put in place.
All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication. This research was funded by Seneca Foundation—Agency for Science and Technology of the Region of Murcia Spain.
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. We would like to thank all the subjects that participated in this study.
This manuscript includes content which first appeared in the doctoral thesis of the first author López-Sánchez, Abdullah, A. The magnitude of association between overweight and obesity and the risk of diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Diabetes Res. doi: PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar.
Alburquerque Sendín, F. Estudio Comparativo Intermetodológico de la Composición Corporal Antropometría, BIA y DEXA. thesis, University of Salamanca, Salamanca. Google Scholar. Bergel, M.
Valoración nutricional de escolares de tres países iberoamericanos: análisis comparativo de las referencias propuestas por la IOTF y la OMS. Bogers, R. Association of overweight with increased risk of coronary heart disease partly independent of blood pressure and cholesterol levels: a meta-analysis of 21 cohort studies including more than persons.
Cerda, J. Evaluación de la concordancia inter-observador en investigación pediátrica: coeficiente de Kappa. CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Cohen, J. A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences , 2nd Edn. Hillsdale, MI: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Cole, T. Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. BMJ , — Extended international IOTF body mass index cut-offs for thinness, overweight and obesity. Cruz, J. Dietary habits and nutritional status in adolescents over Europe-Southern Europe.
De Onis, M. Defining obesity risk status in the general childhood population: which cut-offs should we use? Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents. World Health Organ. Espín Ríos, M. Prevalencia de obesidad infantil en la Región de Murcia, valorando distintas referencias para el índice de masa corporal.
Flegal, K. Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
JAMA , 71— Franklin, C. The Margin of Error for Differences in Polls. Instituto Nacional de Estadística [INE]. Encuesta Nacional de Salud Índice de Masa Corporal en Población Infantil Según Sexo y Grupo de Edad. Población de 2 a 17 años España.
Madrid: Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Istituto Nazionale di Statistica [ISTAT]. Eccesso di Peso nei Bambini e Ragazzi di Anni nel Italia. Rome: ISTAT. Landis, J.
Body fat naturally teems throughout compsition life, so it's normal Selenium tutorial body fat tedns to change when you're Water retention remedies your Citrus aurantium for athletic performance. Puberty Tenes affects how your body stores fat, so it's normal Body composition for teens girls to gain fat because of hormonal changes. Although it's still important to eat healthy food and stay active in your teens, don't get too hung up on your teen bodily changes. If you're living a healthy lifestyle, it's likely you'll stay within a healthy body fat range, even if you look different from how you looked a few years ago. As a kid, you probably had a body fat percentage of about 18 percent. Once hormones change during the teen years, girls gain more fat, while boys start to build more muscle.Body composition for teens -
Different sports have different requirements in terms of body composition. In some contact sports such as American football or rugby, a higher body weight is generally seen as an advantage.
In sports such as gymnastics, marathon running, and other weight-bearing activities, a lower body weight and high power-to-weight ratio are extremely important. Therefore, in these sports both low body fat and low body weight are necessary.
In sports such as bodybuilding, increasing lean-body mass and increasing body weight without increasing body fat are desirable. No accepted percentage body fat standards exist for athletes. The ideal body composition is highly dependent on the particular sport or discipline and should be discussed on an individual basis with the coach, physiologist, and nutritionist or dietician.
Body weight and body composition should be discussed in relation to functional capacity and exercise performance. Learn more about Sport Nutrition, Second Edition. There is no optimal body fat percentage. Concerned students may want to consult a doctor or nutritionist.
Here are two pieces of information that I found on the web: During the teenage years through most of adulthood, we are healthiest when our bodies are at their slimmest, this is when being "thin" is a good idea. However, this does not mean that if your thighs stick out a little too much or your tummy doesn't have that washboard look that you are fat!
You should be thin in terms of your body fat percentage the percentage of your body that is made up of fat. Did you know that people who are anorexic are actually fat? Yep,it's true. Anorexics usually eat almost nothing and exercise for hours each day, which puts the body into starvation mode.
The body starts to break down muscle for energy, so all that is left in the body is fat. The CDC BMI-for-age growth charts are available at: CDC Growth Charts: United States.
For children and teens, BMI screens for potential weight and health-related issues. If children or teens have a high BMI for their age and sex, a health care provider may perform further assessments such as skinfold thickness measurements, and evaluations of family history, eating patterns, and physical activity.
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends using BMI to screen for overweight and obesity in children beginning at 2 years old. For children under the age of 2 years old, consult the World Health Organization WHO standards.
Tracking growth patterns over time can help make sure a child or teen is achieving or maintaining a healthy weight. BMI is interpreted differently for children and teens even though it is calculated with the same formula. Due to changes in weight and height with age, as well as their relation to body fatness, BMI levels among children and teens are expressed relative to other children of the same sex and age.
These percentiles are calculated from the CDC growth charts, which were based on national survey data collected from to 4. Obesity is defined as a BMI at or above the 95 th percentile for children and teens of the same age and sex. For example, a year-old boy of average height 56 inches who weighs pounds would have a BMI of This would place the boy in the 95 th percentile for BMI, and he would be considered to have obesity.
Access the CDC Growth Charts. For adults, BMI is interpreted as weight status categories that are not dependent on sex or age. Read more: How to interpret BMI for adult BMI.
For children and teens, healthy weight status is based on BMI between the 5 th and 85 th percentile on the CDC growth charts. It is difficult to provide healthy weight ranges for children and teens because the interpretation of BMI depends on weight, height, age, and sex.
For adults, the interpretation of BMI depends only on height and weight. Overweight is defined as a BMI in the 85 th to less than the 95 th percentile.
For information on helping children maintain a healthy weight, see Tips for Parents — Ideas and Tips to Help Prevent Childhood Obesity. People 20 years old and older should use the Adult BMI Calculator. The adult calculator provides only the BMI value and not the BMI percentile.
Consequently, it is not appropriate to use the adult BMI calculator to assess the BMI of children and teens. The interpretation of BMI varies by age and sex. So, if the children are not the same age and the same sex, the interpretation of BMI has different meanings.
See the following illustration for a year-old boy and a year-old boy who both have a BMI-for-age of Note that two children of different ages are plotted on the same growth chart to illustrate a point. Normally the measurement for only one child is plotted on a growth chart. Athletes may have a high BMI because of increased muscularity rather than increased body fatness.
Because no single body fat measure clearly distinguishes health from disease or identifies risk of disease, BMI should serve as the initial screening. A comparison of the Slaughter skinfold-thickness equations and BMI in predicting body fatness and cardiovascular disease risk factor levels in children.
Determining how much your Citrus aurantium for athletic performance should weigh is teejs a simple matter of looking at an insurance height-weight chart. It includes considering the amount of bone, muscle, Citrus aurantium for athletic performance fat in his or co,position body. Comlosition amount of fat is the critical measurement. A good indicator of how much fat your teen carries is the body mass index BMI. Although it's not a perfect measure, it gives a fairly accurate assessment of how much of your teen's body is composed of fat. The formulas below apply to adults only. For children and teens ages 2 to 19 years, the BMI varies by age and sex.
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