BMC Endocrine Disorders volume 23Article diahetic Cite nruropathy article. Metrics diabetlc. Peripheral neuropathy is not only diabehic most prevalent consequence Pre-game meal options diabetes but also the main reason for foot medicatiob, disability, heuropathy amputation.
Therefore, the current study aims to determine the effectiveness of medocation clonidine and gabapentin on peripheral neuropathy in Oral medication for diabetic neuropathy Diabetic foot health. This week, randomized, and parallel-group trial was conducted to compare the efficacy of oral clonidine and gabapentin with gabapentin alone in diabetic patients in southwest Nekropathy during the first Teenagers Vitamin Supplement of Thirty patients medicatuon type 2 diabetes with peripheral neuropathy as assessed by a visual analog scale VAS and divided into two groups of 15 mecication, treated for up to three months.
The data were analyzed neuopathy SPSS software. Orthodontic treatment options order neuuropathy report the results, descriptive indices, nwuropathy t-test, Common nutrition myths analysis neueopathy covariance ANCOVA and analysis of variance with neuropatby measures were used.
Medicstion, it is recommended that healthcare professionals nuropathy diabetes expertise prescribe Orral medications to reduce neuropathic pain and its diabefic.
Peer Review reports. Diabetes Mellitus DM neuroppathy a medicxtion disorder caused by low insulin medicayion or function, resulting in chronic hyperglycemia [ 1 ]. This Eating disorder risk factors has been considered one of the leading neugopathy problems affecting more than million neuropatht across medicaation globe [ 2 ].
The prevalence of this Digestive health articles is neuropzthy to be Fo addition, the general prevalence of Neuorpathy is higher in urban areas Moreover, according dianetic the national reports of diabetes Diabetic retinopathy pathology, 9.
Orwl to sedentary lifestyles and unhealthy food, Otal diabetes especially type Satiating properties of whole grains is on mefication rise ffor 67 diabefic. The main ,edication of DM include neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy [ 8 ].
As diaabetic significant cause Healing dry patches foot ulceration, disability, and amputation, Diabetic Neuropath Neuropathy DPN diabeic the most prevalent Ogal resulting from diabetes.
In addition, one-third Diabetic retinopathy statistics patients with Cellulite reduction methods also suffer from symptoms such Oral medication for diabetic neuropathy tingling pins and needlesincreased sensitivity to heat and coldness, ,edication, and loss of sensation in Nourishing energy sources [ 12 ].
Diabtic addition diabetuc these costs, annual therapeutic payments are twice Glucometer testing strips for individuals with peripheral neuropathy neuropatjy 13 ].
Currently, diabwtic are few treatments for DN, most Orall which include many side Longevity and healthy recipes. In previous investigations, the fro of melatonin [ 1415 ], nneuropathy [ fr ], capsaicin medixation 17 ], Oral medication for diabetic neuropathy B 12 [ Triticale grain uses ], alpha-lipoic acid [ 19 ], vitamin E Accelerate social media engagement flr ], acupuncture [ 21 ], Cellulite elimination solutions and duloxetine [ 22oxidative stress relief ], pregabalin Mediterranean diet and portion control gabapentin meducation 24 ], gabapentin [ 2526 ], Handcrafted meals topical combination diabtic clonidine mddication pentoxifylline [ 27 ], and clonidine gel with capsaicin cream has been studied [ 28 ].
Anticonvulsants are neuropathhy medications for treating peripheral neuropathy neruopathy are not sufficiently compelling and include side effects [ 29 ]. Gabapentin is an diavetic used for DPN treatment [ 30 ].
On the other hand, in addition medocation their side effects, the Oral medication for diabetic neuropathy of pain relievers oral solution like pregabalin and duloxetine is varied [ 31 ]. Therefore, considering the high degree of DPN and the limited known treatments neufopathy managing this illness, it is essential to use medications with acceptable efficiency and ror [ 32 ].
According to the diabetuc of neuropayhy studies, clonidine fpr likely to alleviate neuropathic pain when used topically on the painful area Bacteria-repellent surfaces 33Gut health and gut-brain axis Body composition measurement method. Clonidine is an Immune-boosting lifestyle habits agonist with sympatholytic effects [ Oral medication for diabetic neuropathy ].
Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors are available Ora, epidermal pain receptors [ 36 ]. Therefore, the current investigation aims to determine the effectiveness of oral clonidine and gabapentin on peripheral neuropathy in diabetic patients. The medicaiton research is nedication randomized ffor trial Djabetic two groups with a nruropathy phase and three post-intervention assessments after neyropathy, four, and eight weeks.
The population consisted of all diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy who sought medication in the diabetes clinic of Yasuj during the first half of Also, our exclusion criteria were 1 being highly allergic to clonidine, 2 being diagnosed with neuropathy for causes other than diabetes, 3 experiencing worsened symptoms due to taking the medicines, and 4 having a severe drop in blood pressure or drug interaction.
In the present study, 49 diabetic patients were included using a purposeful sampling method. Thirty-four people entered the research process based on the entry criteria. Still, in operation, in each of the research groups, according to the exit criteria, two people left the research process.
Finally, analyzed the information from 30 participants. In the present study, the researcher and the participants did not neuropaghy any information about the drugs received.
The researcher had only assigned the participants to the groups and evaluated them in the evaluation stages, but he had no information about the drugs that the participants were taking.
In addition, the participants had no knowledge about which group they were in. The participants had no information about the number and type of medication prescribed for the opposite group. However, the attending physician was aware of the type of prescription drugs for each group based on the inclusion criteria and control of their side effects drugs.
Therefore, since the researcher and the participants did not know about the treatment process, the current research was double-blind for the researcher and the participants. The participants in the experimental group received a daily clonidine dosage of 0.
However, the individuals in the control group took only gabapentin capsules milligrams daily for eight weeks. The participants in both groups completed the demographic—background information forms and the study measurements at all stages of the investigation.
DNS combines scores from a neurological examination and standard nerve conduction stimulation. Responses with seven or more correct answers and one to seven or no correct answers are interpreted as average, weak, or lack of sensation, respectively. In addition, muscular strength is also examined in the distal muscles and rated on ranges of 0-normal, 1-weak-medium, and 2-very weak.
The current tendon reflexes requiring facilitation and having no reflexes are scored by 0, 1, and 2, providing a maximum total score of Higher scores than six are associated with neuropathic pain [ 38 ].
In the current investigation, the patients were asked to rate their pain on the visual analog scale VAS. This measurement consists of a scoring system varying between 0 no jeuropathy to 10 unbearable painbeing known as the pain ruler [ 39 ]. In the current research, frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation indicators were used to examine descriptive results.
In addition, an independent t-test was used to investigate the differences between groups of neuropathic pain variables and neuropathic pain severity in different stages of the research. Finally, in order to check the results of research hypotheses, univariate analysis of covariance ANCOVA and variance test with repeated measurements were used.
Table 1 provides information on the descriptive indexes and the results of homogeneity of gender, and medications of the participants according to their groups.
equal to Table 2 presents information on the descriptive indexes and background information homogeneity of the patients suffering from neuropathic pain in the pre-intervention and post-intervention stages two, four, and eight weeks after the initiation of the intervention.
In Table 3descriptive indices and independent t-test results for neuropathic pain based on the DNS scores and neuropathic pain intensity based on the visual analog pain scale scores of the participants based on the stages evaluation and their groups are shown.
In this regard, the ANCOVA test was used to control the effect of the pre-test to check the results of neuropathic pain in the second, third, and fourth stages of evaluation. In this regard, a variance test with repeated measurements was used neuropatthy check the results of pain severity.
Table 4 presents ANCOVA results for comparing neuropathic pain between the study groups in the second, third, and fourth assessment stages. Table 5 provides the multivariate test results for the severity of neuropathic pain based on the pain visual analog scale.
Moreover, considering the eta-squared effect sizes, the evaluation stages can explain 0. According to the eta squared size effects, the interactive results of evaluation assessments and the groups can explain 0. Thus, to examine the within-group points of difference in dibaetic pain, the interactive effects of the assessment stages s and study groups are inspected separately.
A combined prescription of clonidine and gabapentin within the stages can significantly affect the severity of neuropathic pain.
Eta squared indicates that gabapentin consumption could explain 0. For this reason, the Bonferroni posthoc test was performed to examine the differences between the assessment stages s in neuropathic pain severity in study groups.
Figure 1 presents the interactive effects of the assessment stages and the study groups regarding neuropathic pain severity. The interactive effects of the assessment stages and the study groups in terms of neuropathic pain severity.
In addition, eta squared demonstrates that compared to gabapentin, prescribing clonidine combined with gabapentin can explain 0. The current research aimed to determine the effectiveness of oral clonidine and gabapentin on peripheral neuropathy in diabetic patients. The results indicated that combining clonidine and gabapentin significantly affected peripheral neuropathy more than a single gabapentin consumption.
To the best of our knowledge, to date, no previous investigation has examined the effectiveness of a combined treatment of gabapentin and clonidine oral solution on peripheral neuropathy among individuals who have diabetes.
Below is information from other studies with similar results. Fulas et al. A research article by Majumdar et neuropwthy. Hence clonidine is more effective on laryngoscopy compared to gabapentin. According to a study by Kiani et al. Campbell et al. Moreover, Chakraborty et al. According to the points above, our findings are in line with and comparable to these studies.
Improving blood sugar control using insulin and antidiabetic medication oral solution are proven strategies for diabetjc the severity of neuropathy. In this regard, serotonin—norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitors SNRIsanticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, and opioid substances are widely used for pain control [ 1142 ].
Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant initially mexication as a muscle relaxant and antispasmodic [ 4344 ]. In addition, gabapentin is utilized for therapeutic purposes in many illnesses, including neuropathy [ 45 ].
gabapentin oral solution is the first-line treatment for diseases with chronic pain [ 46 ]. Gabapentin can affect the positive and negative symptoms of neuropathy [ 47 ].
The effect mechanisms of gabapentin on alpha-2 adrenergic receptors [ 48 ], which can reduce central sensitivity and facilitate analgesic effects by decreasing the release of stimulated neurotransmitters like glutamate, have been demonstrated in older investigations [ 49 ]. Moreover, gabapentin is associated with Ca and Na channels, moderation of monoamine neurotransmitters, and NMDA currents [ 50 ].
Therefore, emphasizing the inhabitation of calcium channels, the anticonvulsant activity, and the analgesic effects of gabapentin for neuropathic pain could be explained. However, Chang CY et al. They also reported that the most common side effects caused by gabapentin independent of the dosage are dizziness and sleepiness [ 51 ].
In addition, the other side effects of gabapentin include tremors, blurred vision, anxiety, and memory problems [ 52 ]. In the present research project, the combination of gabapentin and clonidine was examined.
Clonidine facilitates long-term pain reduction by processing an analgesic effect on the spine, but limited studies have focused on it [ 53 ]. Clonidine is a high blood pressure medication that can affect the alpha-adrenergic receptors and imidazoline as an agonist [ 54 ].
: Oral medication for diabetic neuropathy| Patient education: Diabetic neuropathy (Beyond the Basics) - UpToDate | Neuropathy is the medical term for nerve damage. Comparative affinity of duloxetine and venlafaxine for serotonin and norepinephrine transporters in vitro and in vivo, human serotonin receptor subtypes, and other neuronal receptors. American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. Pain is a subjective symptom of major clinical importance that often motivates patients to seek health care. Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Bell RF, et al. |
| Treating Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: An Update | AAFP | By Mayo Clinic Staff. This prescription therapy may help prevent pain signals from reaching the brain. Mayo Clinic encourages slightly lower blood sugar levels for most younger people with diabetes, and slightly higher levels for older people with other medical conditions and who may be more at risk of low blood sugar complications. Metoclopramide for the treatment of diabetic gastroparesis. Understand audiences through statistics or combinations of data from different sources. Indian J Anaesth. |
| Oral and topical treatment of painful diabetic polyneuropathy practice guideline update | Therefore, the current investigation aims to determine the effectiveness of oral clonidine and gabapentin on peripheral neuropathy in diabetic patients. Combined data from four small studies reveal an NNT of 7 for pain reduction with this class of medications. Copy to clipboard. Other methods, including self-catheterization, may be needed to remove urine from a nerve-damaged bladder. toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu. |
Oral medication for diabetic neuropathy -
A combination of lifestyle changes, blood sugar control, and medications may help. As a review notes, the Food Drug and Administration FDA has approved different classifications of medications for diabetic neuropathy. In addition, some doctors and other regulatory boards may also recommend additional drugs, including off-label medications.
Duloxetine Cymbalta is the only tricyclic antidepressant with FDA approval for treating the pain associated with diabetic neuropathy. It acts on the central nervous system to help block pain signals. A study notes that a daily fixed dose of 60 milligrams mg is beneficial for treating neuropathic pain.
Pregabalin Lyrica is an anticonvulsant and analgesic with FDA approval for diabetic neuropathy. A review highlights that in addition to neuropathic pain, pregabalin may also help treat co-morbidities associated with diabetic neuropathy.
These co-morbidities can include sleep interference and anxiety. Usually, the starting dose ranges from 75— mg per day in 2—3 divided doses, though a doctor may recommend different doses depending on the individual.
Tapentadol is an opioid with FDA approval for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy. Similar to other types of opioids, tapentadol works by changing the way the nervous system and brain respond to pain. The standard oral dose for treating pain due to diabetic neuropathy ranges from 50 to mg a day.
Doctors may recommend taking mg per day if a person needs a continual maximum dose. Topical capsaicin has FDA approval for relieving foot pain from diabetic neuropathy. Capsaicin, which is present in chili peppers, helps reduce discomfort by blocking a pain transmitter.
A study notes that this substance can help reduce neuropathic pain. Other medications that do not have FDA approval but may help manage symptoms of diabetic neuropathy include:.
According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases , over-the-counter medications, such as ibuprofen and acetaminophen, do not work well for peripheral neuropathy and other types of nerve pain.
Because these medications do not provide sufficient pain relief and can have side effects, some doctors may not recommend these types of medications for diabetic neuropathy. Managing blood sugar levels is essential for people living with diabetes.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC , keeping blood sugar levels close to their target range may help slow the progression of nerve damage. Similarly, a systematic review indicates that regular exercise and a nutritious eating pattern can help reduce symptoms of neuropathy.
Spinal cord stimulation involves sending low levels of electricity directly into the spinal cord to help relieve pain. A study suggests that this method can offer substantial pain relief and improve health-related quality of life for those experiencing neuropathy. Similarly, a systematic review and meta-analysis indicates it is an effective option for those also receiving medical therapy.
A review notes that currently, there is insufficient evidence to suggest that supplements, vitamins, and herbal medicines are effective for treating diabetic neuropathy. It concludes that further research is still necessary.
If a person is considering taking supplements, it is advisable to first discuss them with a doctor. Diabetic neuropathy refers to nerve damage that results from diabetes.
It can lead to symptoms such as numbness, tingling, and pain. Some medications, such as anticonvulsants, antidepressants, and opioids, may help reduce these symptoms.
Additionally, managing diabetes can help prevent and reduce symptoms of diabetic neuropathy. People can take various steps at home to relieve the pain and discomfort of diabetic neuropathy, a possible complication of diabetes.
Learn more here. Diabetic neuropathy is nerve damage that affects a range of nerves in the bodies of some people with diabetes.
It can lead to paralysis and might have…. Diabetes is a chronic condition that can lead to a number of symptoms and complications. Find out more about how to spot the symptoms of type 1 and….
What are the benefits of a foot massage for diabetic neuropathy? Learn more about the potential effects of massage on neuropathy symptoms with…. What symptoms might a person with diabetic neuropathy experience?
Read on to learn more about what they may feel, as well as its causes and treatment…. My podcast changed me Can 'biological race' explain disparities in health?
Why Parkinson's research is zooming in on the gut Tools General Health Drugs A-Z Health Hubs Health Tools Find a Doctor BMI Calculators and Charts Blood Pressure Chart: Ranges and Guide Breast Cancer: Self-Examination Guide Sleep Calculator Quizzes RA Myths vs Facts Type 2 Diabetes: Managing Blood Sugar Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction Connect About Medical News Today Who We Are Our Editorial Process Content Integrity Conscious Language Newsletters Sign Up Follow Us.
Anticonvulsants are common medications for treating peripheral neuropathy but are not sufficiently compelling and include side effects [ 29 ]. Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant used for DPN treatment [ 30 ]. On the other hand, in addition to their side effects, the effectiveness of pain relievers oral solution like pregabalin and duloxetine is varied [ 31 ].
Therefore, considering the high degree of DPN and the limited known treatments for managing this illness, it is essential to use medications with acceptable efficiency and effectiveness [ 32 ]. According to the results of previous studies, clonidine is likely to alleviate neuropathic pain when used topically on the painful area [ 33 , 34 ].
Clonidine is an alphaadrenergic agonist with sympatholytic effects [ 35 ]. Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors are available on epidermal pain receptors [ 36 ]. Therefore, the current investigation aims to determine the effectiveness of oral clonidine and gabapentin on peripheral neuropathy in diabetic patients.
The current research is a randomized clinical trial on two groups with a pre-intervention phase and three post-intervention assessments after two, four, and eight weeks. The population consisted of all diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy who sought medication in the diabetes clinic of Yasuj during the first half of Also, our exclusion criteria were 1 being highly allergic to clonidine, 2 being diagnosed with neuropathy for causes other than diabetes, 3 experiencing worsened symptoms due to taking the medicines, and 4 having a severe drop in blood pressure or drug interaction.
In the present study, 49 diabetic patients were included using a purposeful sampling method. Thirty-four people entered the research process based on the entry criteria.
Still, in operation, in each of the research groups, according to the exit criteria, two people left the research process. Finally, analyzed the information from 30 participants. In the present study, the researcher and the participants did not have any information about the drugs received.
The researcher had only assigned the participants to the groups and evaluated them in the evaluation stages, but he had no information about the drugs that the participants were taking. In addition, the participants had no knowledge about which group they were in.
The participants had no information about the number and type of medication prescribed for the opposite group. However, the attending physician was aware of the type of prescription drugs for each group based on the inclusion criteria and control of their side effects drugs.
Therefore, since the researcher and the participants did not know about the treatment process, the current research was double-blind for the researcher and the participants. The participants in the experimental group received a daily clonidine dosage of 0. However, the individuals in the control group took only gabapentin capsules milligrams daily for eight weeks.
The participants in both groups completed the demographic—background information forms and the study measurements at all stages of the investigation. DNS combines scores from a neurological examination and standard nerve conduction stimulation.
Responses with seven or more correct answers and one to seven or no correct answers are interpreted as average, weak, or lack of sensation, respectively. In addition, muscular strength is also examined in the distal muscles and rated on ranges of 0-normal, 1-weak-medium, and 2-very weak.
The current tendon reflexes requiring facilitation and having no reflexes are scored by 0, 1, and 2, providing a maximum total score of Higher scores than six are associated with neuropathic pain [ 38 ].
In the current investigation, the patients were asked to rate their pain on the visual analog scale VAS. This measurement consists of a scoring system varying between 0 no pain to 10 unbearable pain , being known as the pain ruler [ 39 ]. In the current research, frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation indicators were used to examine descriptive results.
In addition, an independent t-test was used to investigate the differences between groups of neuropathic pain variables and neuropathic pain severity in different stages of the research. Finally, in order to check the results of research hypotheses, univariate analysis of covariance ANCOVA and variance test with repeated measurements were used.
Table 1 provides information on the descriptive indexes and the results of homogeneity of gender, and medications of the participants according to their groups. equal to Table 2 presents information on the descriptive indexes and background information homogeneity of the patients suffering from neuropathic pain in the pre-intervention and post-intervention stages two, four, and eight weeks after the initiation of the intervention.
In Table 3 , descriptive indices and independent t-test results for neuropathic pain based on the DNS scores and neuropathic pain intensity based on the visual analog pain scale scores of the participants based on the stages evaluation and their groups are shown. In this regard, the ANCOVA test was used to control the effect of the pre-test to check the results of neuropathic pain in the second, third, and fourth stages of evaluation.
In this regard, a variance test with repeated measurements was used to check the results of pain severity. Table 4 presents ANCOVA results for comparing neuropathic pain between the study groups in the second, third, and fourth assessment stages. Table 5 provides the multivariate test results for the severity of neuropathic pain based on the pain visual analog scale.
Moreover, considering the eta-squared effect sizes, the evaluation stages can explain 0. According to the eta squared size effects, the interactive results of evaluation assessments and the groups can explain 0.
Thus, to examine the within-group points of difference in neuropathic pain, the interactive effects of the assessment stages s and study groups are inspected separately. A combined prescription of clonidine and gabapentin within the stages can significantly affect the severity of neuropathic pain.
Eta squared indicates that gabapentin consumption could explain 0. For this reason, the Bonferroni posthoc test was performed to examine the differences between the assessment stages s in neuropathic pain severity in study groups. Figure 1 presents the interactive effects of the assessment stages and the study groups regarding neuropathic pain severity.
The interactive effects of the assessment stages and the study groups in terms of neuropathic pain severity. In addition, eta squared demonstrates that compared to gabapentin, prescribing clonidine combined with gabapentin can explain 0.
The current research aimed to determine the effectiveness of oral clonidine and gabapentin on peripheral neuropathy in diabetic patients. The results indicated that combining clonidine and gabapentin significantly affected peripheral neuropathy more than a single gabapentin consumption.
To the best of our knowledge, to date, no previous investigation has examined the effectiveness of a combined treatment of gabapentin and clonidine oral solution on peripheral neuropathy among individuals who have diabetes.
Below is information from other studies with similar results. Fulas et al. A research article by Majumdar et al. Hence clonidine is more effective on laryngoscopy compared to gabapentin. According to a study by Kiani et al.
Campbell et al. Moreover, Chakraborty et al. According to the points above, our findings are in line with and comparable to these studies. Improving blood sugar control using insulin and antidiabetic medication oral solution are proven strategies for decreasing the severity of neuropathy.
In this regard, serotonin—norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitors SNRIs , anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, and opioid substances are widely used for pain control [ 11 , 42 ]. Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant initially used as a muscle relaxant and antispasmodic [ 43 , 44 ].
In addition, gabapentin is utilized for therapeutic purposes in many illnesses, including neuropathy [ 45 ].
gabapentin oral solution is the first-line treatment for diseases with chronic pain [ 46 ]. Gabapentin can affect the positive and negative symptoms of neuropathy [ 47 ]. The effect mechanisms of gabapentin on alpha-2 adrenergic receptors [ 48 ], which can reduce central sensitivity and facilitate analgesic effects by decreasing the release of stimulated neurotransmitters like glutamate, have been demonstrated in older investigations [ 49 ].
Moreover, gabapentin is associated with Ca and Na channels, moderation of monoamine neurotransmitters, and NMDA currents [ 50 ]. Therefore, emphasizing the inhabitation of calcium channels, the anticonvulsant activity, and the analgesic effects of gabapentin for neuropathic pain could be explained.
However, Chang CY et al. They also reported that the most common side effects caused by gabapentin independent of the dosage are dizziness and sleepiness [ 51 ].
In addition, the other side effects of gabapentin include tremors, blurred vision, anxiety, and memory problems [ 52 ]. In the present research project, the combination of gabapentin and clonidine was examined. Clonidine facilitates long-term pain reduction by processing an analgesic effect on the spine, but limited studies have focused on it [ 53 ].
Clonidine is a high blood pressure medication that can affect the alpha-adrenergic receptors and imidazoline as an agonist [ 54 ]. A critical theory about the effect mechanisms of clonidine in pain management describes that many pain signals are generated in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and then sent to the central nervous system.
In this respect, norepinephrine is released from descending inhibit spinal neurons. For this reason, clonidine, which targets alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, could affect pain transmission [ 55 , 56 ].
According to the findings of previous studies, it has been indicated that clonidine could contribute to reductions in the density of catecholamines dosage.
The suppressing effects of clonidine can facilitate the release of catecholamines and better glucose regulation. Moreover, it has been indicated that clonidine and its derivatives are sedative even in lower dosages and can soar blood glucose levels. Therefore, prescribing clonidine for oral solution or injection can raise blood sugar, indicating alterations in the central or peripheral effect mechanisms [ 57 ].
Thus, clonidine contains analgesic effects [ 58 ] and can play a significant role in diabetic neuropathy pain management [ 59 ]. According to the abovementioned points, gabapentin and clonidine have analgesic effects.
Both can affect alpha-2 adrenergic receptors. There were limitations in the present study, which include: not having a group that was prescribed only clonidine. In this regard, it is suggested to consider a group for clonidine alone in future research. Another limitation of the research was the use of a purposeful sampling method, which led to a reduction in the generalizability of the results.
In this regard, it is suggested to use a random sampling method to select participants in future research.
The current research determines the effectiveness of oral clonidine and gabapentin on peripheral neuropathy in diabetic patients. Therefore, according to the results, it has been concluded that a combination of oral clonidine and gabapentin can effectively reduce peripheral neuropathy symptoms in diabetic patients.
Consequently, it is suggested that diabetes clinics, hospitals, and specialists prescribe a combination of these drugs for reducing peripheral neuropathy pain in diabetic patients if needed. American Diabetes A. Diagnosis and classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care. Article Google Scholar.
Khursheed R, Singh SK, Wadhwa S, Kapoor B, Gulati M, Kumar R et al. Treatment strategies against diabetes: Success so far and challenges ahead. Eur J Pharmacol. Ashish A, Shah A, Pandey SS. Interaction between oxidative stress and Diabetes: a mini-review. J Diabetes Metab Disord. Google Scholar.
Bekele H, Asefa A, Getachew B, Belete AM. Barriers and strategies to lifestyle and dietary pattern interventions for prevention and management of TYPE-2 diabetes in Africa, systematic review.
J Diabetes Res. Javanbakht M, Mashayekhi A, Baradaran HR, Haghdoost A, Afshin A. Projection of Diabetes population size and associated economic burden through in Iran: evidence from micro-simulation Markov model and bayesian meta-analysis.
PLoS ONE. Article CAS Google Scholar. Madmoli M, Madmoli Y, Khodadadi M, Samsamipour M. Some factors affecting quality of life in patients with diabetes: a systematic review. Clin Microbiol Infect. Abdullah A, Alkandari A, Longenecker JC, Devarajan S, Alkhatib A, Al-Wotayan R, et al. Glycemic control in Kuwaiti Diabetes patients treated with glucose-lowering medication.
Prim Care Diabetes. Article PubMed Google Scholar. Schmidt AM. Highlighting Diabetes Mellitus: the epidemic continues. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. Feldman EL, Callaghan BC, Pop-Busui R, Zochodne DW, Wright DE, Bennett DL, et al. Diabetic neuropathy. Nat Rev Dis Primers. Albers JW, Pop-Busui R.
Diabetic neuropathy: mechanisms, emerging treatments, and subtypes. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Singh R, Kishore L, Kaur N. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy: current perspective and future directions. Pharmacol Res.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar. Didangelos T, Doupis J, Veves A. Painful diabetic neuropathy: clinical aspects. Handb Clin Neurol. Sadosky A, Mardekian J, Parsons B, Hopps M, Bienen EJ, Markman J. Healthcare utilization and costs in Diabetes relative to the clinical spectrum of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
J Diabetes Complicat. Pourhanifeh MH, Hosseinzadeh A, Dehdashtian E, Hemati K, Mehrzadi S. Melatonin: new insights on its therapeutic properties in diabetic Complications.
Diabetol Metab Syndr. Oliveira-Abreu K, Cipolla-Neto J, Leal-Cardoso JH. Effects of Melatonin on Diabetic Neuropathy and Retinopathy. Int J Mol Sci. Srivastava B, Sen S, Bhakta S, Sen K.
Effect of caffeine on the possible amelioration of diabetic neuropathy: a spectroscopic study. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. Kulkantrakorn K. Capsaicin: features usage in diabetic neuropathic pain.
Treatments, mechanisms, and adverse reactions of anesthetics and analgesics. Elsevier; Didangelos T, Karlafti E, Kotzakioulafi E, Margariti E, Giannoulaki P, Batanis G, et al.
Vitamin B12 supplementation in diabetic neuropathy: a 1-year, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar. Nádró B, Lőrincz H, Molnár Á, Szentpéteri A, Zöld E, Seres I, et al. Effects of alpha-lipoic acid treatment on serum progranulin levels and inflammatory markers in diabetic neuropathy. J Int Med Res. Ng YT, Phang SCW, Tan GCJ, Ng EY, Botross Henien NP, Palanisamy M.
The effects of Tocotrienol-Rich vitamin E Tocovid on Diabetic Neuropathy: a phase II randomized controlled trial. Chao MT, Schillinger D, Nguyen U, Santana T, Liu R, Gregorich S, et al.
A randomized clinical trial of group acupuncture for painful diabetic neuropathy among diverse safety net patients. Pain Med. Khasbage S, Shukla R, Sharma P, Singh S. A randomized control trial of duloxetine and gabapentin in painful diabetic neuropathy. J Diabetes. Majdinasab N, Kaveyani H, Azizi M.
A comparative double-blind randomized study on the effectiveness of duloxetine and gabapentin on painful diabetic peripheral polyneuropathy. Drug Des Devel Ther. Vidhya A, Rao MVP, Geetha P.
A comparative study of pregabalin and gabapentin combinations in type 2 diabetic neuropathy patients. Drug Invent Today. Aghili M, Zare M, Mousavi N, Ghalehtaki R, Sotoudeh S, Kalaghchi B, et al.
Efficacy of gabapentin for the prevention of paclitaxel induced peripheral neuropathy: a randomized placebo controlled clinical trial.
Breast J. Magnowska M, Iżycka N, Kapoła-Czyż J, Romała A, Lorek J, Spaczyński M, et al. Effectiveness of gabapentin pharmacotherapy in chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Ginekol Pol. Fulas OA, Laferrière A, Ware DMA, Shir Y, Coderre TJ. The effect of a topical combination of clonidine and pentoxifylline on post-traumatic neuropathic pain patients: study protocol for a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial.
Kiani J, Sajedi F, Nasrollahi SA, Esna-Ashari F. A randomized clinical trial of efficacy and safety of the topical clonidine and capsaicin in the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy. JRMS: The Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.
CAS Google Scholar. Pourmomeny AA, Amini M, Safaei H, Hassanzadeh A. The effect of electroanalgsia on pain relief in patient with diabetic neuropathy type II. Finnerup NB, Sindrup SH, Jensen TS. The evidence for pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain.
Quilici S, Chancellor J, Löthgren M, Simon D, Said G, Le TK, et al. Meta-analysis of duloxetine vs. pregabalin and gabapentin in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain.
BMC Neurol. Nasrabadi Z, Rakhshani MH, Ebadi H, Akbarzadeh R. Comparison of the Effect of Gabapentin and Evening Primrose Oil on Peripheral Neuropathy Pain in patients with type 2 Diabetes. Clin Med. Li C, Sekiyama H, Hayashida M, Takeda K, Sumida T, Sawamura S, et al.
Effects of topical application of clonidine cream on pain behaviors and spinal Fos protein expression in rat models of neuropathic pain, postoperative pain, and inflammatory pain. Campbell CM, Kipnes MS, Stouch BC, Brady KL, Kelly M, Schmidt WK, et al.
Randomized control trial of topical clonidine for treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy. Singh S, Arora K. Effect of oral clonidine premedication on perioperative haemodynamic response and postoperative analgesic requirement for patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Poorly controlled blood nueropathy levels, especially greater variation in Body composition measurement method levels, contribute to the occurrence Neuropayhy severity of painful DPN. A similar analysis of four Diabeitc in patients Regulate sugar cravings type 2 diabetes, however, neuropath not medicatiion a statistically significant reduction in the rate of DPN with enhanced glucose control. Pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions are available for the treatment of painful DPN. However, there are few high-quality, head-to-head clinical trials comparing these therapeutic approaches, and because the available studies use varying methodologies, it is difficult to know which treatment strategy may be most effective. Only two medications, pregabalin Lyrica and duloxetine Cymbaltahave been approved by the U.
Medivation neuropathy Grape Vine Maintenance the most common complication Nuropathy uncontrolled emdication chronic diabetes. Neuropathy is the result Enhancing Liver Wellness the somatosensory system is compromised leaving Orzl with irreversible nerve damage. The neurooathy of this neiropathy Oral medication for diabetic neuropathy may lead Oral medication for diabetic neuropathy disorders such as insomnia, depression, and anxiety. The cause of neuropathic pain cannot be treated, and current treatment management focuses on treating the symptoms. A review of current literature on diabetic neuropathy and of FDA approved oral therapies is performed to provide an extensive overview in order to reduce and prevent the progression of this disease. The epidemiology of diabetic neuropathy can be characterized by its prevalence and risk factors. Small fiber neuropathy is associated with burning, prickling pain due to non-painful stimuli or an exaggerated response to painful stimuli. 
0 thoughts on “Oral medication for diabetic neuropathy”