HbA1c is an important indicator of long-term glycemic control with the ability to reflect the cumulative glycemic history of the preceding two to three months. HbA1c not only provides a reliable measure of chronic hyperglycemia but also correlates well with the risk of long-term diabetes complications.

Elevated HbA1c has also been regarded as an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease and stroke in subjects with or without diabetes.

The valuable information provided by a single HbA1c test has rendered it as a reliable biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of diabetes. This review highlights the role of HbA1c in diagnosis and prognosis of diabetes patients.

Look out for the best diagnostic centre in Hyderabad and get the HbA1c test at the earliest. So how does the HbA1c test really work? Read on to find out! Hemoglobin is a protein that carries in red blood cells that carries oxygen. Hemoglobin binds with glucose in the bloodstream; this is called glycation.

The HbA1c test measures how much glucose has attached itself to red blood cells in your body over the last two to three months. The red blood cells have a life span of 3 months, so the test is able to measure the sugar levels of 3 months prior to the test.

It measures the levels in percentage. Have you asked yourself, what is the normal HbA1c level? And for those with diabetes, it will be higher. HbA1c Test Procedure. The HbA1c is a simple test that measures the percentage of the average blood glucose levels over the 3 months prior to the test.

While the results from blood drawn from the vein is considered to be more accurate and time-consuming, the results of finger-prick are considered to be comparatively less accurate. But, it is the finger-prick method that is more common because of the ease, convenience, and the results are. Tags: HbA1c Test, diabetes, hemoglobin.

Importance of HbA1c Test Views. You can get yourself tested if you notice any of the following symptoms: Excess thirst Constant, unceasing tiredness Extreme hunger Unexplained weight loss Tingling and numbness in hands or feet Excess urination Blurry vision There are certain individuals who are more prone to develop diabetes.

People who fall under these categories must get themselves tested for diabetes: Those who are overweight or obese Those who fall under the high-risk category Asian-American, African-Americans, African-Americans A family history of diabetes Leads a sedentary lifestyle Has high blood pressure or heart disease But to get accurate results, you must get the test done at a reputed diagnostic centre.

How Does the HbA1c Test Work? HbA1c Test Procedure The HbA1c is a simple test that measures the percentage of the average blood glucose levels over the 3 months prior to the test.

But, it is the finger-prick method that is more common because of the ease, convenience, and the results are This is a simple test that does not even require you to fast before the test. The blood is drawn from the veins or by a finger-prick The results are measured in percentage If you have already been diagnosed with diabetes, then the finger-prick method will be used The test is usually conducted in the doctor's office or a lab.

In a Nutshell Diabetes is a condition that does not have a cure, and the only way to lower the chances of severe complication stemming from it is lifelong management. This is a disorder that has the potential to cause serious health problems if left unchecked.

Therefore, it is necessary to get tests done to predict the development of the disease in the future or to find it out at the earliest stage.

HbA1c tests are considered to be among the very best due to the fact that it provides a picture of your blood sugar levels of the previous months. A simple test can help you prevent or fight diabetes before it causes severe damage to your health.

Search box. Categories Pathology Radiology. Latest Articles What Exactly Is the Apo-B Test and its significance?

Official websites use. gov A. gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. gov website.

Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. JavaScript appears to be disabled on this computer. Please click here to see any active alerts. The main purposes of a Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning HVAC system are to help maintain good indoor air quality IAQ through adequate ventilation with filtration and provide thermal comfort.

HVAC systems are among the largest energy consumers in schools. The choice and design of the HVAC system can also affect many other high performance goals, including water consumption water cooled air conditioning equipment and acoustics.

The following actions detail how engineers can design a quality system that is cost-competitive with traditional ventilation designs, while successfully providing an appropriate quantity and quality of outdoor air, lower energy costs and easier maintenance. The national consensus standard for outside air ventilation is ASHRAE Standard This standard is often incorporated into state and local building codes and specifies the amounts of outside air that must be provided by natural or mechanical ventilation systems to various areas of the school, including classrooms, gymnasiums, kitchens and other special use areas.

Many state codes also specify minimum energy efficiency requirements, ventilation controls, pipe and duct insulation and sealing and system sizing, among other factors. In some parts of the country, where temperature and humidity levels permit, natural ventilation through operable windows can be an effective and energy-efficient way to supplement HVAC systems to provide outside air ventilation, cooling and thermal comfort when conditions permit e.

Windows that open and close can enhance occupants' sense of well-being and feeling of control over their environment. They can also provide supplemental exhaust ventilation during renovation activities that may introduce pollutants into the space.

However, sealed buildings with appropriately designed and operated HVAC systems can often provide better IAQ than a building with operable windows. Uncontrolled ventilation with outdoor air can allow outdoor air contaminants to bypass filters, potentially disrupt the balance of the mechanical ventilation equipment and permit the introduction of excess moisture if access is not controlled.

Strategies using natural ventilation include wind driven cross-ventilation and stack ventilation that employs the difference in air densities to provide air movement across a space.

Both types of natural ventilation require careful engineering to ensure convective flows. The proper sizing and placement of openings is critical and the flow of air from entry to exit must not be obstructed e. In most parts of the country, climatic conditions require that outdoor air must be heated and cooled to provide acceptable thermal comfort for building occupants, requiring the addition of HVAC systems.

The selection of equipment for heating, cooling and ventilating the school building is a complex design decision that must balance a great many factors, including:. Where feasible, use central HVAC air handling units AHUs that serve multiple rooms in lieu of unit ventilators or individual heat pumps.

Although there are many different types of air handling units, for general IAQ implications in schools, air handling units can be divided into two groups: unit ventilators and individual heat pump units that serve a single room without ducts; and central air handling units that serve several rooms via duct work.

Unit ventilators and heat pumps have the advantage of reduced floor space requirements and they do not recirculate air between rooms. However, it is more difficult to assure proper maintenance of multiple units over time and they present additional opportunities for moisture problems through the wall penetration and from drain pan and discharge problems.

Central air handling units have a number of advantages as compared to unit ventilators and heat pumps serving individual rooms, including:. Indoor air can be two to five times more polluted than outdoor air; therefore, most HVAC system designers understand that increased amounts of outdoor air supply is generally better for IAQ.

Yet there are concerns over the implications that this added amount of outdoor air supply has on the first cost and operating cost of the HVAC system, as well as moisture control for the school too wet or too dry. As a result, school designers often try to reduce the amount of outdoor air equal to — or even below — 15 cubic feet per minute cfm of outside air per person, the minimum for school classrooms, as established by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air -conditioning Engineers ASHRAE ASHRAE.

In many parts of the country these concerns can easily be addressed by application of basic engineering principles and off-the-shelf HVAC equipment.

First cost, energy costs and moisture control do not have to be at odds with good IAQ. Energy recovery ventilation equipment can make the negative implications of 15 cfm per person of outdoor air behave like 5 cfm, while retaining the IAQ advantage of 15 cfm.

This approach has been proven in many schools in various regions east of the Rockies, where advanced HVAC systems cost roughly the same as conventional systems, yet provide significant operating cost savings and IAQ advantages. If outside air is provided through a mechanical system, then at least 15 cubic feet per minute cfm of outside air must be provided for each occupant.

A typical classroom with 30 people requires a minimum of 15 x 30 or cfm of outside air. In spaces where the number of occupants is highly variable such as gyms, auditoriums and multipurpose spaces, demand controlled ventilation DCV systems can be used to vary the quantity of outside air ventilation in these spaces in response to the number of occupants.

One technique for doing this is to install carbon dioxide CO 2 sensors that measure concentrations and vary the volume of outside air accordingly.

If an auditorium fills up for school assembly, then CO 2 concentrations will increase, a signal will be provided to the HVAC system and outside air volumes will be increased accordingly. When the spaces served by an air handler have highly variable occupancy, this type of control can both save energy and help control moisture and mold by reducing the quantity of humid outside air when it is not needed for ventilation.

CO 2 and other sensors must be periodically calibrated and maintained. In addition to "atmospheric dust," airborne particulates can include pollen, mold fungal spores, animal dander, insect proteins, pesticides, lead and infectious bacteria and viruses. Importance of HVAC Systems Feb 15, HVAC systems, or Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning systems, are an essential part of any modern building.

Importance of HVAC Systems. Components of HVAC Systems. The main components of an HVAC system include the following: Heating system: This can include a furnace, heat pump, or boiler that provides heat to the building.

Cooling system: This can include an air conditioner or a heat pump that provides cooling to the building. Ventilation system: This system helps to circulate fresh air into the building and remove stale air. Ductwork: This is the network of pipes or channels that distribute air throughout the building.

Benefits of HVAC Systems. The benefits of HVAC systems are numerous and include the following: Improved indoor air quality: HVAC systems help to remove pollutants and allergens from the air, which can improve indoor air quality and prevent respiratory problems.

Comfortable indoor environment: HVAC systems regulate temperature and humidity, which can help to maintain a comfortable indoor environment. Energy efficiency: A well-designed and maintained HVAC system can help to reduce energy costs and increase the lifespan of equipment.

Increased productivity: A comfortable indoor environment can help to increase productivity in the workplace. Tips for Maintaining HVAC Systems. Here are some tips for maintaining HVAC systems: Change air filters regularly: Air filters should be changed regularly to maintain optimal air quality and prevent the accumulation of dust and debris.

Schedule regular inspections: Regular inspections by a professional HVAC technician can help to identify and address any issues before they become major problems. Women and families know that they will be less subject to monitoring and interference at home.

A useful study But a study added to our knowledge about HBAC, which is just one option open to those seeking VBAC, or vaginal birth after caesarean.

I wanted to highlight a Canadian study which was published in Birth: Issues in Perinatal Care. What did the researchers find? So women who gave birth at home were more likely to give birth vaginally than to end up having another caesarean.

They showed that, even when you considered those factors, the setting or being at home appeared to make a positive difference. The lack of a difference in this study is what we would expect to see, given that the chance of a problem is so low in the first place.

A couple of caveats The study only compared the outcomes of midwifery clients, so the differences here are about setting that is, hospital versus home rather than another factor such as the type of care provider.

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Hemoglobin is a protein that carries in red blood cells that carries oxygen. Hemoglobin binds with glucose in the bloodstream; this is called glycation. The HbA1c test measures how much glucose has attached itself to red blood cells in your body over the last two to three months.

The red blood cells have a life span of 3 months, so the test is able to measure the sugar levels of 3 months prior to the test. It measures the levels in percentage. Have you asked yourself, what is the normal HbA1c level?

And for those with diabetes, it will be higher. HbA1c Test Procedure. The HbA1c is a simple test that measures the percentage of the average blood glucose levels over the 3 months prior to the test.

While the results from blood drawn from the vein is considered to be more accurate and time-consuming, the results of finger-prick are considered to be comparatively less accurate. But, it is the finger-prick method that is more common because of the ease, convenience, and the results are. Tags: HbA1c Test, diabetes, hemoglobin.

Importance of HbA1c Test Views. You can get yourself tested if you notice any of the following symptoms: Excess thirst Constant, unceasing tiredness Extreme hunger Unexplained weight loss Tingling and numbness in hands or feet Excess urination Blurry vision There are certain individuals who are more prone to develop diabetes.

People who fall under these categories must get themselves tested for diabetes: Those who are overweight or obese Those who fall under the high-risk category Asian-American, African-Americans, African-Americans A family history of diabetes Leads a sedentary lifestyle Has high blood pressure or heart disease But to get accurate results, you must get the test done at a reputed diagnostic centre.

How Does the HbA1c Test Work? HbA1c Test Procedure The HbA1c is a simple test that measures the percentage of the average blood glucose levels over the 3 months prior to the test. But, it is the finger-prick method that is more common because of the ease, convenience, and the results are This is a simple test that does not even require you to fast before the test.

The blood is drawn from the veins or by a finger-prick The results are measured in percentage If you have already been diagnosed with diabetes, then the finger-prick method will be used The test is usually conducted in the doctor's office or a lab.

In a Nutshell Diabetes is a condition that does not have a cure, and the only way to lower the chances of severe complication stemming from it is lifelong management. This is a disorder that has the potential to cause serious health problems if left unchecked.

Therefore, it is necessary to get tests done to predict the development of the disease in the future or to find it out at the earliest stage. HbA1c tests are considered to be among the very best due to the fact that it provides a picture of your blood sugar levels of the previous months.

A simple test can help you prevent or fight diabetes before it causes severe damage to your health. Search box. Categories Pathology Radiology. Latest Articles What Exactly Is the Apo-B Test and its significance? Everything Known about Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Test ESR Test.

Understanding the Arthritis Profile Test. Everything Know about Antinuclear Antibodies Test. HbA1c is an important indicator of long-term glycemic control with the ability to reflect the cumulative glycemic history of the preceding two to three months.

HbA1c not only provides a reliable measure of chronic hyperglycemia but also correlates well with the risk of long-term diabetes complications.

Elevated HbA1c has also been regarded as an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease and stroke in subjects with or without diabetes. The valuable information provided by a single HbA1c test has rendered it as a reliable biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of diabetes.

This review highlights the role of HbA1c in diagnosis and prognosis of diabetes patients.