Gut-brain axis connection -
Dysbiosis is a microbial disturbance or imbalance that can cause functional GI disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease IBD and ulcerative colitis. Interestingly, it is also well established that the response of the CNS to psychological and physical stressors can affect gut homoeostasis and result in diseases such as ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome IBS.
Much research into intestinal microbial composition has been carried out using animal models, either by adding pathogenic bacteria and monitoring behaviour or by inducing depression-like symptoms and rescuing these animals through treatment.
Maternal separation causes reduced mobility, increased peripheral proinflammatory interleukin IL -6 secretion, and reduced levels of norepinephrine in these rats. Treatment with both the probiotic and citalopram reversed these symptoms but not when they were administered separately.
Functional MRI analysis has previously shown there is a chronic low-level inflammatory condition in many cases of depression. In these cases, depression is reliably associated with inflammatory biomarkers such as tumour necrosis factor TNF -α, IL-6, and C-reactive protein.
Several lines of evidence suggest that these inflammatory markers point to gut permeability issues and the presence of inflammatory inducers such as LPS. View the video by Prof Berk on The Role of the Gut Microbiome and Diet in Depression.
Comprehensive article on the Gut Microbiome in Depression. Autism-spectrum disorder ASD is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterised by deficits in social interactions, including verbal and nonverbal behaviours. Researchers believe that these ASD-like behaviours are a result of a complex interplay between genetic defects and environmental risk factors causing abnormal neurodevelopment during maturation in utero and in early childhood.
Analysis of genetic material in faecal matter from children with ASD showed a correlation between bacteria such as Clostridium and Desulfovibrio and altered neuro-behavioural development as observed in ASD. Anecdotally, there have been observations of improved symptoms in ASD children who experience changes in gut microflora populations caused by ingestion of either antibiotics against these bacteria or probiotics that provide the gut with more synergistic bacteria.
Furthermore, analysis of faecal samples from ASD children has shown an imbalance in certain microbiota species with overall less diverse gut microbiota species. The compositional differences included a lower abundance of Prevotella and Coprococcus species. The differences in microbial diversity and composition will result in changes in many neuroactive microbial metabolites.
Therefore, GI dysbiosis is a possible factor in ASD etiopathogenesis, just as it has been suggested to be a causative factor in psychiatric disorders such as depression. The differences in microbial diversity and composition result in changes in many neuroactive microbial metabolites.
Therefore, GI dysbiosis is a possible factor in ASD etiopathogenesis. Many studies on gut microbiota and schizophrenia have been preclinical studies and carried out in a schizophrenia-like behaviour rat model.
Experiments show that treatment with the human commensal bacteria Bacteroides fragilis can improve microbiota composition, correct gut permeability, and improve anxiety-like symptoms in this model. Furthermore, clinical studies on subjects with schizophrenia showed increased levels of lactic acid bacteria in the gut lumen, including Lactobacillus casei , Lactobacillus lactis, and Streptococci species such as Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus thermophilius.
The increased presence of these bacteria species is associated with alterations in adaptive Th2 immune responses, which is present in schizophrenia. Administration of probiotics to these individuals altered the microbiome and appeared to normalise some behavioural symptoms.
In addition, the pathogenic bacteria Clostridium is known to produce 3- 3-hydroxyphenyl hydroxypropionic acid HPHPA and p -cresol, which are microbial metabolites that can inhibit an enzyme called dopamine beta-hydroxylase.
This enzyme converts dopamine to norepinephrine, causing a concurrent rise in dopamine levels in the brain. This can lead to behavioural problems and has been associated with exacerbating psychotic episodes in schizophrenia.
A paper compared the gut microbial communities of patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls to evaluate whether microbial dysbiosis was linked with episodes of illness or the severity of symptoms. The study showed the following findings:. Irritable bowel syndrome IBS is a gastrointestinal disorder characterised by altered bowel habits associated with abdominal discomfort or pain in the absence of detectable structural and biochemical abnormalities.
Psychiatric co-morbidity, e. depression and anxiety, are overrepresented in individuals with IBS. Besides altered gastrointestinal motility, visceral hypersensitivity, post-infectious reactivity, alteration in faecal microflora, bacterial overgrowth, food sensitivity, carbohydrate malabsorption, and intestinal inflammation, the gut-brain alteration is known to be a major factor in the pathogenesis of IBS.
The gut microbiota can be intentionally manipulated to help maintain health and prevent or treat disease. Recent experimental evidence would appear to suggest that alterations to the gut microbiota composition through probiotic treatment could attenuate neuropsychiatric symptoms or even reduce the risk of developing future psychiatric symptoms.
For example, treatment with Lactobacillus rhamnosus induced region-dependent changes in GABA expression in the cortical cingulate, hippocampus, amygdala and prelimbic regions.
This treatment thereby reduced the stress-induced release of cortisol, which in turn reduced anxiety and depression-related behaviour. Read more on the evidence for the role of pre and probiotics in depression. Antibiotics reduce the numbers and diversity of commensal bacteria, which can allow pathogenic or parasitic microbes an opportunity to thrive.
Wholesale microbiota changes caused by antibiotics have been shown to influence adult behaviour by modulation of hormone expression levels and tryptophan metabolic pathways associated with serotonin secretion.
In a previous article on the Hub , the study we covered showed that mice treated with antibiotics performed worse on memory tests due to impairments in hippocampal neurogenesis. The researchers showed that a specific subset of monocytes acts as communicating cells between the brain, the immune system, and the gut.
Diet is known to be one of the most important factors that influence gut microbiota. Prof Jacka has a series of talks on the role of diet in mental health, which you can view here. Diet manipulation can influence gut microbiota by affecting the composition and function of the microbial community.
These alterations, in turn, can modulate the innate and adaptive immune systems and influence behaviour and mood. Read more on the role of Diet In Depression.
A recent study showed that a gluten-free diet improved schizophrenia symptoms in a single case where the individual also had a complex autoimmune disorder. Although remission from psychotic symptoms was attributed to maintaining a gluten-free diet, further studies are needed to determine the impact of dietary gluten in patients with schizophrenia and who are also gluten-sensitive.
There is increasing evidence that FMT may be a promising microbiota-modulating treatment for Major depressive disorder MDD. Gut Microbiome Gut-Brain Axis and Depression — Pathophysiology Role of Pre and Probiotics.
The mutualistic synergy between microbes and humans is a relationship that is essential for growth, development, health and the prevention of disease. The past 5 years have seen an amazing increase in our knowledge of how bacteria signal to the brain and the implications this has for psychiatry.
There are still many open questions, however. Firstly, the mechanisms of how the microbiota signals to the brain are only slowly being unraveled. However, further research is needed. Emerging evidence identifies a correlation between the gut microbiome and cognitive performance. A study, published in the Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , found a link between gut microbiome composition and cognition in older adults.
Individuals with lower proportions of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria and higher proportions of Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobia performed significantly better on tests associated with attention, learning and memory.
This article is for informational purposes only and is not meant to offer medical advice. She is a certified personal trainer, nutritionist and health coach with nearly 10 years of professional experience. She is passionate about empowering people to live a healthy lifestyle and promoting the benefits of a plant-based diet.
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Can watching sports be bad for your health? Beyond the usual suspects for healthy resolutions. July 18, Pay attention to your gut-brain connection — it may contribute to your anxiety and digestion problems The gut-brain connection is no joke; it can link anxiety to stomach problems and vice versa.
Gut health and anxiety Given how closely the gut and brain interact, it becomes easier to understand why you might feel nauseated before giving a presentation, or feel intestinal pain during times of stress.
Gut-brain connection, anxiety and digestion Are your stomach or intestinal problems — such as heartburn, abdominal cramps, or loose stools — related to stress? Share This Page Share this page to Facebook Share this page to Twitter Share this page via Email.
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