Readable yet also very detailed. Range Tropical Asia? Habitat Original habitat is obscure, possibly a back cross involving C. maxima X C. reticulata[ Title The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Properties Edibility Rating Medicinal Rating Habit Evergreen Tree Height 9.

Publisher Oxford University Press Year ISBN - Description Comprehensive listing of species and how to grow them. Somewhat outdated, it has been replaced in by a new dictionary see [ ]. Prefers a pH between 5 and 6[ Title The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Tolerates a pH in the range 4.

Plants are intolerant of water logging[ Title The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Publisher Pan Books, London. Year ISBN Description Excellent photos of over 1, species and cultivars with habits and cultivation details plus a few plant uses.

Many species are too tender for outdoors in Britain though there are many that can be grown outside. When watering pot plants it is important to neither overwater or underwater since the plant will soon complain by turning yellow and dying.

Dormant plants can withstand temperatures down to about -6°c so long as this is preceded by cool weather in order to harden off the plant[ Title The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. The young growth in spring, even on mature plants, is frost-tender and so it is best to grow the plants in a position sheltered from the early morning sun[ K Title Plants for a Future Author Ken Fern Description Notes from observations, tasting etc at Plants For A Future and on field trips.

A tree grown outdoors on the coast at Salcombe in Devon lived for over years[ Title The Milder Garden. Publication Author Taylor. Publisher Dent Year ISBN Description A good book on plants that you didn't know could be grown outdoors in Britain. The bitter orange is often grown for its edible fruit in warm temperate and tropical zones, there are many named varieties[ Title Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants.

Publication Author Facciola. Publisher Kampong Publications Year ISBN Description Excellent. Contains a very wide range of conventional and unconventional food plants including tropical and where they can be obtained mainly N. American nurseries but also research institutes and a lot of other nurseries from around the world.

In Britain it can be grown in a pot that is placed outdoors in the summer and brought into a greenhouse during the winter[ 3 Title Growing Unusual Fruit. Publication Author Simmons. Year ISBN Description A very readable book with information on about species that can be grown in Britain some in greenhouses and details on how to grow and use them.

Plants dislike root disturbance and so should be placed into their permanent positions when young. If growing them in pots, great care must be exercised when potting them on into larger containers[ Title Encyclopaedia of Herbs and their Uses.

Publication Author Bown. Publisher Dorling Kindersley, London. Year ISBN Description A very well presented and informative book on herbs from around the globe. Plenty in it for both the casual reader and the serious student.

Just one main quibble is the silly way of having two separate entries for each plant. Edible Uses Fruit - raw or cooked[ 1 Title RHS Dictionary of Plants plus Supplement. Very bitter[ 46 Title Dictionary of Economic Plants. Publication Author Uphof. Publisher Weinheim Year ISBN - Description An excellent and very comprehensive guide but it only gives very short descriptions of the uses without any details of how to utilize the plants.

Not for the casual reader. It is used in making marmalade and other preserves[ 3 Title Growing Unusual Fruit. Publication Author Usher. Publisher Constable Year ISBN Description Forget the sexist title, this is one of the best books on the subject.

Lists a very extensive range of useful plants from around the world with very brief details of the uses. The fruit is about 5 - 7cm in diameter[ Title The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. The rind of the fruit is often used as a flavouring in cakes etc[ 1 Title RHS Dictionary of Plants plus Supplement.

Publication Author Grieve. Publisher Penguin Year ISBN Description Not so modern 's? but lots of information, mainly temperate plants. Used in 'bouquet garni'[ Title Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. An oil obtained from the seeds contains linolenic acid and is becoming more widely used as a food because of its ability to reduce levels of cholesterol in the blood[ 7 Title Encyclopaedia of Medicinal Plants.

Publication Author Chiej. Publisher MacDonald Year ISBN Description Covers plants growing in Europe. Also gives other interesting information on the plants. Good photographs. The flowers are used for scenting tea[ Title Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants.

An essential oil from the dried peel of immature fruits is used as a food flavouring[ Title Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Medicinal Citrus species contain a wide range of active ingredients and research is still underway in finding uses for them.

They are rich in vitamin C, flavonoids, acids and volatile oils. They also contain coumarins such as bergapten which sensitizes the skin to sunlight. Bergapten is sometimes added to tanning preparations since it promotes pigmentation in the skin, though it can cause dermatitis or allergic responses in some people[ Title Encyclopaedia of Herbs and their Uses.

Some of the plants more recent applications are as sources of anti-oxidants and chemical exfoliants in specialized cosmetics[ Title Encyclopaedia of Herbs and their Uses. The plants also contain umbelliferone, which is antifungal, as well as essential oils that are antifungal and antibacterial[ Title Medicinal Plants of China Publication Author Duke.

and Ayensu. Publisher Reference Publications, Inc. Year ISBN Description Details of over 1, medicinal plants of China and brief details of their uses. Often includes an analysis, or at least a list of constituents. Heavy going if you are not into the subject.

UK Hardiness Map US Hardiness Map. Woodland Garden Sunny Edge; Hedge; South Wall. West Wall. Edible Parts: Fruit Oil Oil Edible Uses: Condiment Oil Oil Fruit - raw or cooked[1, 3].

Very bitter[46]. It is used in making marmalade and other preserves[3, 46, 61, ]. The fruit is about 5 - 7cm in diameter[].

The rind of the fruit is often used as a flavouring in cakes etc[1, 4]. Used in 'bouquet garni'[]. An oil obtained from the seeds contains linolenic acid and is becoming more widely used as a food because of its ability to reduce levels of cholesterol in the blood[7].

The flowers are used for scenting tea[]. An essential oil from the dried peel of immature fruits is used as a food flavouring[]. References More on Edible Uses. Plants For A Future can not take any responsibility for any adverse effects from the use of plants.

Always seek advice from a professional before using a plant medicinally. Antianxiety Antibacterial Antiemetic Antifungal Antispasmodic Antitussive Appetizer Aromatherapy Carminative Contraceptive Diaphoretic Digestive Miscellany Sedative Stimulant Stomachic Tonic Vitamin C Citrus species contain a wide range of active ingredients and research is still underway in finding uses for them.

They are rich in vitamin C, flavonoids, acids and volatile oils. They also contain coumarins such as bergapten which sensitizes the skin to sunlight. Bergapten is sometimes added to tanning preparations since it promotes pigmentation in the skin, though it can cause dermatitis or allergic responses in some people[].

Some of the plants more recent applications are as sources of anti-oxidants and chemical exfoliants in specialized cosmetics[]. The plants also contain umbelliferone, which is antifungal, as well as essential oils that are antifungal and antibacterial[].

They also contain the pyrone citrantin, which shows antifertility activity and was once used as a component of contraceptives[]. Both the leaves and the flowers are antispasmodic, digestive and sedative[7, 9]. An infusion is used in the treatment of stomach problems, sluggish digestion etc[9].

The fruit is antiemetic, antitussive, carminative, diaphoretic, digestive and expectorant[]. The immature fruit can be used called Zhi Shi in China or the mature fruit with seeds and endocarp removed called Zhi Ke.

The immature fruit has a stronger action. They are used in the treatment of dyspepsia, constipation, abdominal distension, stuffy sensation in the chest, prolapse of the uterus, rectum and stomach[]. The fruit peel is bitter, digestive and stomachic[7].

The seed and the pericarp are used in the treatment of anorexia, chest pains, colds, coughs etc[]. The essential oil is used in aromatherapy. Its keyword is 'Radiance'[]. It is used in treating depression, tension and skin problems[]. References More on Medicinal Uses. An important new book from PFAF.

It focuses on the attributes of plants suitable for food forests, what each can contribute to a food forest ecosystem, including carbon sequestration, and the kinds of foods they yield. The book suggests that community and small-scale food forests can provide a real alternative to intensive industrialised agriculture, and help to combat the many inter-related environmental crises that threaten the very future of life on Earth.

Read More. Essential Hedge Hedge Miscellany Oil Oil Repellent Rootstock This species is much used as a rootstock for the sweet orange, C. sinensis, because of its disease resistance and greater hardiness[3, 46, 61]. Grown as a hedging plant in N. A semi-drying oil obtained from the seed is used in soap making[46, 61].

Essential oils obtained from the peel, petals and leaves are used as a food flavouring and also in perfumery and medicines[1, 4, 46, 61, ]. The oil from the flowers is called 'Neroli oil' - yields are very low from this species and so it is often adulterated with inferior oils[7].

The oil from the leaves and young shoots is called 'petit-grain' - kilos of plant material yield about 1 kilo of oil[7]. This is also often adulterated with inferior products[7].

Neroli oil, mixed with vaseline, is used in India as a preventative against leeches[]. Food Forest Hedge Hedge Scented Plants. References More on Other Uses.

Prefers a moderately heavy loam with a generous amount of compost and sand added and a very sunny position[1, ]. Prefers a pH between 5 and 6[]. Tolerates a pH in the range 4. Plants are intolerant of water logging[].

When growing plants in pots, a compost comprising equal quantities of loam and leafmould plus a little charcoal should produce good results[]. Do not use manure since Citrus species dislike it[].

When watering pot plants it is important to neither overwater or underwater since the plant will soon complain by turning yellow and dying. Water only when the compost is almost dry, but do not allow it to become completely dry[]. Dormant plants can withstand temperatures down to about -6°c so long as this is preceded by cool weather in order to harden off the plant[].

The young growth in spring, even on mature plants, is frost-tender and so it is best to grow the plants in a position sheltered from the early morning sun[K]. A tree grown outdoors on the coast at Salcombe in Devon lived for over years[].

The bitter orange is often grown for its edible fruit in warm temperate and tropical zones, there are many named varieties[]. In Britain it can be grown in a pot that is placed outdoors in the summer and brought into a greenhouse during the winter[3, ].

Plants dislike root disturbance and so should be placed into their permanent positions when young. If growing them in pots, great care must be exercised when potting them on into larger containers[]. References Carbon Farming Information and Carbon Sequestration Information.

Celsius Fahrenheit:. Plants For A Future have a number of books available in paperback and digital form.

Prefers a pH between 5 and 6 [6]. Tolerates a pH in the range 4. Plants are intolerant of water logging [6]. When growing plants in pots, a compost comprising equal quantities of loam and leafmould plus a little charcoal should produce good results [9].

Do not use manure since Citrus species dislike it [9]. When watering pot plants it is important to neither overwater or underwater since the plant will soon complain by turning yellow and dying.

Water only when the compost is almost dry, but do not allow it to become completely dry [9]. Plants dislike root disturbance and so should be placed into their permanent positions when young.

If growing them in pots, great care must be exercised when potting them on into larger containers [12]. Descendants Cultivars Varieties None listed. Subspecies None listed. Full Data This table shows all the data stored for this plant.

Binomial name. Edible uses. Hedge , Rootstock. Hardiness Zone. Soil PH. acid , neutral , very alkaline. Soil Texture. loamy , clay. Soil Water Retention. well drained. Native Climate Zones. Ecosystem Niche. Deciduous or Evergreen.

Growth Rate. self fertile. Apomictic , Insects. Flower Colour. RHS Dictionary of Plants plus Supplement. Growing Unusual Fruit. David and Charles ISBN ? Dictionary of Economic Plants. Weinheim ? A Dictionary of Plants Used by Man.

Constable ISBN ? Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications ISBN ? The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. MacMillan Press ISBN ? A Modern Herbal. Penguin ISBN ? Encyclopaedia of Medicinal Plants.

MacDonald ISBN ? ISBN ? Economic Botany. The Maple Press ? Editor The Encyclopedia of Herbs and Herbalism Orbis Publishing. Encyclopaedia of Herbs and their Uses. Dorling Kindersley, London. and Ayensu.

Medicinal Plants of China Reference Publications, Inc. Edible and Medicinal Plants. Hamlyn ISBN ? Handbook of Chinese Herbs and Formulas. Institute of Chinese Medicine, Los Angeles ? Aromatherapy - A guide for home use. Amberwood Publishing Ltd ISBN ?

Editor Growing from Seed. Volume 4. Thompson and Morgan. Moderately frost-tender, but can survive short freezes. Growing season is in late winter and early spring, so be sure that the tree is getting early morning sunlight this time of year so that new branches don't freeze off.

Propagates readily from seed. Ethnobotany: The sour orange tree was once a common landscaping plant in Tucson because of its aromatic blooms and the fruits - used for making marmalades. Extracts from the rind of sour orange are also on the market as orange zest and dietary and weight loss supplements.

It can also be used to treat fungal infections. The blossoms form the basis of Bergamot in the perfume industry. It is used quite extensively as a commercial root stock for the graft propagation of edible citrus species. Height: 20 - 50 feet.

Width: 16 - 20 feet. Growth Rate: Moderate Growing. Grow Season: Spring. Flower Season: ForeSummer. Color: White. Function: Shade. Spread: Spreading. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Wikidata item.

Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies. Hybrid citrus plant. For the Chinese bitter orange, see trifoliate orange. For the Asian bitter orange, see daidai. See also: Citrus taxonomy § Oranges.

Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved Retrieved 29 September Purdue Horticulture.

The Genus Citrus. Elsevier Science. ISBN A classification for edible citrus: an update, with a note on Murraya Rutaceae. Journal of Plant Systematics.

Volume — Publication date: 6 September Plants of the World Online Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 17 April Watson, Agricultural Innovation in the Early Islamic World: The Diffusion of Crops and Farming Techniques Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, , Fruits of warm climates.

Miami: Morton, J. Sour Orange. In: Fruits of warm climates. Julia F. Morton, Miami, FL. Agua y Paisaje en Granada: Una Herencia de Al-Andalus.

Granada, Spain: DIP. de Granada. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. doi : PMID National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.

April Consumers Union of U. January Archived from the original on Consumer Reports Magazine. September National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health NCCIH.

National Institute of Health. National Institute of Standards and Technology. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Western Region Chanticleer Press ed. Salt sugar smoke : how to preserve fruit, vegetables, meat and fish. London: Mitchell Beazley. MCA Malta. Dilettanti tal-Agrikoltura Siġar u Pjanti.

Mayo Clinic Proceedings. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy.

Many varieties of bitter orange are used for their essential oil, and are found in perfume, used as a flavoring or as a solvent. The Seville orange variety is used in the production of marmalade. You can copy this taxon into another guide. If you are one of the editors of this guide it should copy everything, but if you're not, it will only copy the licensed content.

Guides GTM Research Reserve Flowering Plant Guide Citrus aurantium Citrus aurantium Citrus × aurantium. Apomictic , Insects. Flower Colour. RHS Dictionary of Plants plus Supplement. Growing Unusual Fruit. David and Charles ISBN ? Dictionary of Economic Plants. Weinheim ?

A Dictionary of Plants Used by Man. Constable ISBN ? Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications ISBN ? The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. MacMillan Press ISBN ? A Modern Herbal. Penguin ISBN ? Encyclopaedia of Medicinal Plants.

MacDonald ISBN ? ISBN ? Economic Botany. The Maple Press ? Editor The Encyclopedia of Herbs and Herbalism Orbis Publishing. Encyclopaedia of Herbs and their Uses. Dorling Kindersley, London. and Ayensu. Medicinal Plants of China Reference Publications, Inc. Edible and Medicinal Plants.

Hamlyn ISBN ? Handbook of Chinese Herbs and Formulas. Institute of Chinese Medicine, Los Angeles ? Aromatherapy - A guide for home use. Amberwood Publishing Ltd ISBN ? Editor Growing from Seed. Volume 4. Thompson and Morgan. The Milder Garden.

Dent Categories : Pages with broken file links Plant Species Citrus Rutaceae. Hidden category: Plant. About Practical Plants Practical Plants is a plant database designed for Permaculture enthusiasts, Forest Gardeners , Homesteaders, Farmers and anyone interested in organic horticulture.

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Content is available under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike unless otherwise noted. Article is incomplete. Article requires citations.

Article requires cleanup. Belongs to family. Belongs to genus. Functions as. Has common name. Has drought tolerance. Has edible part.

Has edible use. Has fertility type. Has flowers of type. Produces large, dark orange fruit which is very bitter. Bitter orange, Seville orange, sour orange, bigarade orange, or marmalade orange refers to a citrus tree Citrus × aurantium and its fruit. It is hybrid between Citrus maxima pomelo and Citrus reticulata mandarin.

Many varieties of bitter orange are used for their essential oil, which is used in perfume, as a flavoring and as a solvent. The Seville orange variety is used in the production of marmalade. Bitter orange is also employed in herbal medicine as a stimulant and appetite suppressant, due to its active ingredient, synephrine.

Bitter orange supplements have been linked to a number of serious side effects and deaths, and consumer groups advocate avoiding medicinal use of the fruit. Vietnam y Asia occidental. ZONE 9.