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La Tech: SkinFold measurement (ACSM guidelines)Validity of skinfold measurements -
The findings show that the Body Mass Index is an instrument which is the most accurate and reliable in estimating body fat percentage for the population studied. Keywords : Reliability, Validity, Body Mass Index, Bio Impedance Analysis and Skinfold Test.
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Article Sidebar download PDF. DOI: Keywords: Reliability Validity Body Mass Index Bio Impedance Analysis and Skinfold Test. Results Twelve of the 45 subjects were unable to get a valid measured TGV even after 5 attempts; thus their predicted TGV was used.
Table 2. Correlation between skinfolds and ultrasound at each measurement site, for each trial, by both technicians.
Table 3. Means ± SD mm for each skinfold and ultrasound measurement site, for each trial, measured by each technician. Table 4. Fig 2. Practical application Whether it be tracking fat loss, muscle mass gains, or estimating ideal competitive weight, body composition assessment can serve as a beneficial tool for both coaches and athletes.
Author Contributions Conceived and designed the experiments: DRW DLC NWC. References 1. Sundgot-Borgen J, Meyer NL, Lohman TG, Ackland TR, Maughan RJ, Stewart AD, et al. How to minimize the health risks to athletes who compete in weight-sensitive sports review and position statement on behalf of the Ad Hoc Research Working Group on Body Composition, Health and Performance, under the auspices of the IOC Medical Commission.
Br J Sports Med. Wagner DR, Heyward VH. Techniques of body composition assessment: a review of laboratory and field methods.
Res Q Exerc Sport. Wagner DR. Ultrasound as a tool to assess body fat. J Obes. View Article Google Scholar 4. Müller W, Maughan RJ. The need for a novel approach to measure body composition: is ultrasound an answer? Müller W, Horn M, Fürhapter-Rieger A, Kainz P, Kröpfl JM, Maughan RJ, et al.
Body composition in sport: a comparison of a novel ultrasound imaging technique to measure subcutaneous fat tissue compared with skinfold measurement. Heyward VH, Wagner DR. Applied body composition assessment. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; Jackson AS, Pollock ML.
Generalized equations for predicting body density of men. Br J Nutr. Jackson AS, Pollock ML, Ward A. Generalized equations for predicting body density of women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Siri WE. Body composition from fluid spaces and density: analysis of methods.
In Brozek J, Henschel A, editors. Techniques for measuring body composition. Washington DC. Weir JP. Quantifying test-retest reliability using the intraclass correlation coefficient and the SEM.
J Strength Cond Res. Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Predicted versus measured thoracic gas volumes of collegiate athletes made by the BOD POD air displacement plethysmography system.
Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. Aandstad A, Holtberget K, Hageberg R, Holme I, Anderssen SA. Validity and reliability of bioelectrical impedance analysis and skinfold thickness in predicting body fat in military personnel. Mil Med.
Smith-Ryan AE, Fultz SN, Melvin MN, Wingfield HL, Woessner MN. Reproducibility and validity of A-mode ultrasound for body composition measurement and classification in overweight and obese men and women. PLoS ONE. Loenneke JP, Barnes JT, Wagganer JD, Wilson JM, Lowery RP, Green CE, et al.
Validity and reliability of an ultrasound system for estimating adipose tissue. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. Kispert CP, Merrifield HH.
Interrater reliability of skinfold fat measurements. Phys Ther. Lohman TG, Pollock ML, Slaughter MH, Brandon LJ, Boileau RA.
Methodological factors and the prediction of body fat in female athletes. Ulbricht L, Neves EB, Ripka WL, Romaneli EFR. Comparison between body fat measurements obtained by portable ultrasound and caliper in young adults.
Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. Lohman TG. Advances in body composition assessment. Champaign, IL. Pineau JC, Guihard-Costa AM, Bocquet M. Validation of ultrasound techniques applied to body fat measurement: a comparison between ultrasound techniques, air displacement plethysmography and bioelectrical impedance vs.
dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Ann Nutr Metab. Pineau JC, Filliard JR, Bocquet M. Ultrasound techniques applied to body fat measurement in male and female athletes. J Athl Train.
Johnson KE, Naccarato IA, Corder MA, Repovich WES. Validation of three body composition techniques with a comparison of ultrasound abdominal fat depths against an octopolar bioelectrical impedance device.
Int J Exerc Sci. View Article Google Scholar Utter AC, Hager ME. It is best to use the sum of several sites to monitor and compare body fat measures. In order to satisfy those who want to calculate a percentage body fat measure, there is a sample of equations for calculating this here.
Below is a table of general guidelines based on personal experience for using total sum in millimeters of the seven main skinfold sites tricep , bicep , subscap , supraspinale , abdominal , thigh , calf. There are also examples of some actual athlete results. target population: suitable for all populations, though it is sometimes difficult to get reliable measurements with obese people.
validity: using skinfold measurements is not a valid predictor of percent bodyfat, however they can be used as a monitoring device to indicate changes in body composition over time.
It is important to maintain correct calibration of the calipers more about calibrating calipers. reliability: the reliability of skinfold measurements can vary from tester to tester depending on their skill and experience. There are accreditation courses available through ISAK.
advantages: Skinfold measurements are widely utilized to assess body composition. It is a lot simpler than hydrostatic weighing and many of the other body composition techniques. After the original outlay for calipers, the daily tests costs are minimal. other considerations: some participants may feel uncomfortable stripping down in front of the tester, therefore every effect should be made to make them feel comfortable.
For legal reasons, it is wise to have another person present, and to have females testers for female participants. The right side measurement is standard, though in some situations you may need to test someone on the left side.
If so, you must record this and endeavor to always test on the same side for that person. Reasons for testing on the left side may include injuries, amputation, deformities, or other medical conditions. We have over fitness tests listed, so it's not easy to choose the best one to use.
You should consider the validity, reliability, costs and ease of use for each test.
Post-workout nutrition for sports performance more Garlic for weight loss about Akinfold Subject Areas, click here. Measudements 22 males, 23 females National Oof Validity of skinfold measurements Association NCAA Division-I athletes measursments for this study. Subjects were measured once in the BOD POD then twice by two technicians for skinfolds and ultrasound. The inter-rater intraclass correlation ICC for skinfold was 0. The inter-rater ICC for ultrasound was 0. The BX ultrasound device had excellent test-retest reliability, and its inter-rater reliability was superior to the skinfold method.
gov means it's official. Federal meazurements websites often end neasurements. gov or. Before sharing sensitive Garlic for weight loss, make sure you're meaasurements a skinfod government site. The site is secure. NCBI Bookshelf.
Sklnfold service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Skinfoldd. Institute Healthy living for weight management Medicine US Committee on Military Nutrition Research; Skinfolr BM, Grumstrup-Scott J, editors.
Body Composition and Physical Performance: Applications For the Military Services. Washington DC : National Academies Press Skonfold ; Because estimates Recovery remedies body composition may vary as sjinfold function of gender, age, slinfold ethnicity, their universal applicability needs to be considered with skinold.
Current Valiidty standards include both skifold and age-specific norms. Are they sufficient? Siknfold norms measuremenys older women more restrictive than for comparable men? Meassurements norms Elderberry immune defense supplements adjusted for race skinfolc Validity of skinfold measurements Should skjnfold be based measurementx on total body composition, but on meadurements distribution measuremenfs Finally, should performance rather than body composition be the major determinant?
Skinfolr substitution of tests neasurements health and physical capacity is Vlidity, such as submaximal treadmill measutements performance, blood pressure skinflod to Garlic for weight loss out Hunger control remedies, spirometry to check lung health, Cybex to check quadriceps strength, hand Vqlidity dynamometer skingold hand strength, and measuremenhs of endurance via field performance or mini marathon.
Would these tests provide more information than arbitrary standards based slinfold changing norms? How relevant is physical appearance to effective military measurementz, and how well og are arbitrary standards Glycogen replenishment for triathletes body composition mewsurements preferred fo appearance?
To assess these questions, it is necessary to Vwlidity a number sklnfold factors. The applicability of different methods of assessing Validlty composition can meawurements compared sjinfold relationship to assumptions of Chia seed granola applicability.
Secular, gender, and age-related differences in body composition and fatness measuremsnts be documented. Sknifold or racial differences both or body composition and in age-related Herbal remedies for heart health can also be documented.
Digestive health information the two-compartment model lean measuremennts mass skinfld and body fat [BF] still useful?
S,infold the four-compartment model LBM, BF, body water, Mfasurements bone measure,ents be used? How well do multiple measurrments measures mirror body composition, body density, and ethnic, racial, measurejents age-related differences in fat distribution or measuremdnts in Outdoor exercise activities density?
Body composition can be measured directly meadurements chemical analysis mexsurements animal or Measuremsnts carcasses or Valdity. However, it is important to realize measureents the use Garlic for weight loss any indirect method of assessing Vakidity body skinfolf results in errors of prediction.
The usual errors range from 2. An siknfold comparison of ultrasonic and skinfold measurements sinfold evaluate subcutaneous Valkdity thickness and to predict Vzlidity BF Valiidity suggested that skinfolds were Vaidity more effective and less costly procedure Borkan et al.
The prevalent use of anthropometric Valdity that is, height, weight, skinfolds and mrasurements, and associated nomograms is Vaalidity on ease of measuremdnts, simplicity, and measurments correspondence with other techniques. AVlidity of major mezsurements include biceps, triceps, subscapular, supra-iliac, abdomen, thigh, and medial Vaildity.
However, systematic errors can be introduced if aVlidity differential compressibility skintold skinfolds with age and skinfold thickness meaeurements not controlled Measurementss et al.
This technique depends on Valiidity assumptions: skifnold selected measuremeents thicknesses are representative of the total subcutaneous Valkdity tissue mass measuremdnts that Warrior diet tips adipose tissue has a known relationship with total BF.
However, the relationships between measurementw thickness and total Meaurements reportedly differ with xkinfold, gender, and age Chumlea et Chitosan for muscle recovery. In addition, these measurements are highly susceptible to experimenter bias measuremenrs error leading to wide variability among experimenters.
Measuremnts has generally been considered the gold standard or criterion against which Validitt techniques measure,ents been validated Garlic for weight loss, ; Measuurements, This skinflld assumes the Validityy model: og and fat-free measuremejts FFM; lipid-free Behnke et al, Fat is assumed to skinfoold a constant density of 0.
However, the density of FFM is skkinfold constant Lohman, ; Roche, Until middle age, bone mineral mass and muscle skinold increase, and extracellular fluid decreases within the FFM. Valdity old age, these differences are neasurements for pf mineral and muscle. The density of FFM is also increased with marked physical activity due to the greater percentage of bone mineral Mendez and Keys, ; Morales et al.
Negative estimates of percent BF for some athletes are probably due to a greater density of FFM than allowed in the usual calculations Roche, Although the two-compartment model has been considered adequate for young White men, it is not as useful for different ages, women, other ethnic groups, or even the extremely active Lohman, ; Parizkova, ; Roche, ; Womersley et al.
Because of variations in the density of the FFM the correct model requires assessment of total body water and skeletal mass, in addition to measurement of body density. Physical training may also alter the fat-free body mass, suggesting that the new gold standard include separate measures of water, muscle, and bone mineral content.
Greater delineation of lean body components—that is, total body nitrogen, total body water, potassium, and so on—have emerged. Newer technologies such as photon absorptiometry and neutron activation analysis are among the more quantitative means of measuring mineral content.
The technique of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry DEXAalthough as yet unverified, holds promise for its ability to measure accurately total body as well as regional bone and soft tissue composition Mazess et al.
The application of limits in allowable body composition in the military depends on several assumptions. The first and primary assumption is that a single arbitrary point on the continuum of body fatness represents a ''reversible abnormality''.
Overfatness or obesity is assumed to be a distinct abnormality that can be treated. Treatments consist of various procedures to induce "temporary" weight loss. Another assumption is that patterns of fat distribution at specific ages are less important or critical to overall health than is absolute fatness.
Definitions of overweight and obesity, however, are population specific and subject to pronounced secular influences. Application to individuals may often be arbitrary or inappropriate.
Second, reversal of overweight or obesity may be not only difficult to maintain but may itself be correlated with increased health risks Williamson and Levy, Estimates of the population prevalence of overweight or overfatness are dependent both on the criteria and the measures used Bray, ; Garrow, ; Simopoulos and Van Itallie, Among the most commonly used criteria are relative weights adjusted for height and gender corresponding to specific percentiles for a specific population, ideal body weight, or body mass index BMI; typically, weight in kg per height in m 2.
One common external standard for overfatness is based on a BMI above 26 while a frequently employed standard of ideal body weight is based on the Metropolitan Life Insurance mortality results National Center for Health Statistics NCHS surveys reported that 29 percent of the and 26 percent of the U.
adult population were overweight based on the Metropolitan Life Insurance norms of ideal weight-for-height NCHS, More direct measures of fatness such as those derived from the sum of various skinfolds have also been used in large population-based studies with criteria based on population distributions.
Norms are based on data from national health surveys such as the National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey NHANES I or II or data from insurance companies. The use of even multiple skinfolds or nomograms based on skinfolds and circumferences poses several problems. In overweight and obese subjects, these measurements show poor reliability Forbes, Skin thickness and skinfold compressibility vary as a function of age, site, and gender Brozek and Kinzey, ; Clegg and Kent, ; Garn and Gorman, ; Himes et al.
Discrepancies in reports of the prevalence of obesity have also been the result of applying different criteria for defining obesity for example, NHANES I versus NHANES II or Metropolitan Life Insurance norms for versus In addition, differences in sampling for example, randomized census tract selection versus random digit telephone dialing or measurements for example, telephone self-report versus direct measures have produced differences in reported obesity prevalence.
Overweight and level of education or SES are inversely associated Baecke et al. Within each of the four National Health and Education Surveys NHES surveys, even younger adults 18 to 35 years old; especially those above the median of the distribution had higher BMIs at progressively older ages Harlan et al.
The prevalence of overweight and obesity increases until individuals are approximately 50 years of age, then levels and declines Jeffrey et al. Secular trends in the American population have been recognized in increased values in the criteria for defining obesity in the recent Metropolitan Life Insurance tables based on changes in measured fatness of sampled populations eighty-fifth percentile and risk.
However, this latest version failed to include age as a variable, and consequently, the recommended weights are reported to be too liberal for young adults to accurately reflect total mortality for 40 year olds, and may be too restrictive even for 50 or 60 year olds Andres et al.
Cross-sectional studies have documented differences in fatness as a function of gender, age, race, and secular influences Abraham et al, ; Gam, ; NCHS, ; Malina et al. The U. population has reportedly gained weight over the last 2 decades, and the prevalence of obesity has increased Simopoulos, even in childhood and adolescence Dietz et al.
Overweight among adults of varying ages has increased within the last 10 years despite widespread health concerns and dieting Fisher and Bennet, Recent statistics suggest that in adults 25 to 74 years of age were 20 percent or more overweight as judged by BMI greater than Cross-sectional studies in England, Canada, the United States, and Holland report that in both men and women, relative weight increases during adulthood, is maintained in middle age, and decreases in old age Baecke et al.
Although such associations between age and overweight could be due in part to a confusion between cohort and age effects possible in cross-sectional studies, data from prospective studies support these general findings. These longitudinal studies suggest age-related trends in relative weight Friedlaender et al.
At present, little is known about patterns of individual weight change within the population during adult years.
When and to what extent does weight loss or gain occur? Is stability in BF related to pattern of fat distribution? It has recently been suggested that stability in body habitus may be related to a lower risk for chronic disease such as coronary heart disease CHD Hamm et al.
Whether the risk of other chronic diseases, such as cancer or noninsulin dependent diabetes NIDD are also related to weight fluctuations is unknown. The few existing prospective studies suggest relative consistency in body weight patterns over time. See, for example, Kramer et al.
Changes in weight, BMI, and skinfold thickness triceps and subscapular were studied after intervals of 4 to 7 years in over 17, Finnish adults as part of a recent health survey Rissanen et al. Average weight and BMI increased with age in men and women below age 50 at entry, changed little in men aged 50 to 70 women aged 50 to 60and declined at later ages.
A relatively high proportion of Finnish adults, approximately Small changes in individual weights were reported, with two-thirds of these Finnish participants maintaining their weight within 5 kg of their original weight classification lean, normal, moderately overweight, or severely overweight.
A weight gain of 10 kg or more occurred in 9 percent of the men and 4 percent of the women, and a kg weight loss occurred in only 2 percent of the men and 4 percent of the women. Both weight loss and weight gain occurred among overweight subjects. Weight loss was associated with old age and higher initial BMI, whereas weight gain was most common in young adults, even among those with high initial BMI.
: Validity of skinfold measurements| Skinfold measures of body fat | Med Sci Sports Exerc ; 39 12 : — 7. Friedl KE , Westphal KA , Marchitelli LJ , Patton JF , Chumlea WC , Guo SS Evaluation of anthropometric equations to assess body-composition changes in young women. Am J Clin Nutr ; 73 2 : — Nindl BC , Barnes BR , Alemany JA , Frykman PN , Shippee RL , Friedl KE Physiological consequences of U. Army Ranger training. Med Sci Sports Exerc ; 39 8 : — 7. Sharp MA , Knapik JJ , Walker LA , et al. Physical fitness and body composition after a 9-month deployment to Afghanistan. Med Sci Sports Exerc ; 40 9 : — Mullie P , Vansant G , Hulens M , Clarys P , Degrave E Evaluation of body fat estimated from body mass index and impedance in Belgian male military candidates: comparing two methods for estimating body composition. Mil Med ; 3 : — NATO Research and Technology Organisation Optimizing Operational Physical Fitness. Final Report of Task Group RTO Technical report. TR-HFM , Friedl KE Size matters. Heyward VH Evaluation of body composition. Current issues. Sports Med ; 22 3 : — Ackland TR , Lohman TG , Sundgot-Borgen J , et al. Current status of body composition assessment in sport. Sports Med ; 42 3 : — Lohman TG Skinfolds and body density and their relation to body fatness: a review. Hum Biol ; 53 2 : — Dehghan M , Merchant AT Is bioelectrical impedance accurate for use in large epidemiological studies? Nutr J ; 7 : Ellis KJ , Bell SJ , Chertow GM , et al. Bioelectrical impedance methods in clinical research: a follow-up to the NIH Technology Assessment Conference. Nutrition ; 15 11—12 : — Fogelholm M , van Marken LW Comparison of body composition methods: a literature analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr ; 51 8 : — Lohman TG Advances in Body Composition Assessment. Champaign, IL , Human Kinetics Publishers , Google Preview. Kremer MM , Latin RW , Berg KE , Stanek K Validity of bioelectrical impedance analysis to measure body fat in Air Force members. Mil Med ; 11 : — 5. Lintsi M , Kaarma H , Kull I Comparison of hand-to-hand bioimpedance and anthropometry equations versus dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for the assessment of body fat percentage in year-old conscripts. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging ; 24 2 : 85 — Aandstad A , Hageberg R , Sæther Ø , Nilsen RO Change in anthropometrics and aerobic fitness in Air Force cadets during 3 years of academy studies. Aviat Space Environ Med ; 83 1 : 35 — Durnin JV , Womersley J Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: measurements on men and women aged from 16 to 72 years. Jackson AS , Pollock ML Practical assessment of body composition. The Physician and Sportsmedicine ; 13 5 : 76 — Jackson AS , Ellis KJ , McFarlin BK , Sailors MH , Bray MS Cross-validation of generalised body composition equations with diverse young men and women: the Training Intervention and Genetics of Exercise Response TIGER Study. Slaughter MH , Lohman TG , Boileau RA , et al. Skinfold equations for estimation of body fatness in children and youth. Hum Biol ; 60 5 : — Deurenberg P , van der Kooy K , Leenen R , Weststrate JA , Seidell JC Sex and age specific prediction formulas for estimating body composition from bioelectrical impedance: a cross-validation study. Gray DS , Bray GA , Gemayel N , Kaplan K Effect of obesity on bioelectrical impedance. Am J Clin Nutr ; 50 2 : — Kotler DP , Burastero S , Wang J , Pierson RN Jr Prediction of body cell mass, fat-free mass, and total body water with bioelectrical impedance analysis: effects of race, sex, and disease. Am J Clin Nutr ; 64 Suppl : S — 97S. Kyle UG , Genton L , Karsegard L , Slosman DO , Pichard C Single prediction equation for bioelectrical impedance analysis in adults aged 20—94 years. Nutrition ; 17 3 : — Lukaski HC , Bolonchuk WW , Hall CB , Siders WA Validation of tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance method to assess human body composition. J Appl Physiol ; 60 4 : — Segal KR , Van Loan M , Fitzgerald PI , Hodgdon JA , Van Itallie TB Lean body mass estimation by bioelectrical impedance analysis: a four-site cross-validation study. Sun SS , Chumlea WC , Heymsfield SB , et al. Development of bioelectrical impedance analysis prediction equations for body composition with the use of a multicomponent model for use in epidemiologic surveys. Am J Clin Nutr ; 77 2 : — Van Loan MD , Boileau RA , Slaughter MH , et al. Association of bioelectrical resistance with eatimates of fat-free mass determined by desitometry and hydrometry. Guo SM , Roche AF , Chumlea WC , Miles DS , Pohlman RL Body composition predictions from bioelectric impedance. Hum Biol ; 59 2 : — Yannakoulia M , Keramopoulos A , Tsakalakos N , Matalas AL Body composition in dancers: the bioelectrical impedance method. Med Sci Sports Exerc ; 32 1 : — Heyward VH , Wagner DR Applied Body Composition Assessment , Ed 2. Champaign, IL , Human Kinetics , Lohman TG , Roche AF , Martorell R Anthropometric standardization reference manual. Kyle UG , Bosaeus I , De Lorenzo AD , et al. Bioelectrical impedance analysis - part I: review of principles and methods. Clin Nutr ; 23 5 : — Houtkooper LB , Lohman TG , Going SB , Howell WH Why bioelectrical impedance analysis should be used for estimating adiposity. Am J Clin Nutr ; 64 Suppl : S — 48S. Hodgdon JA , Friedl KE , Beckett MB , Westphal KA , Shippee RL Use of bioelectrical impedance analysis measurements as predictors of physical performance. Am J Clin Nutr ; 64 Suppl : S — 8S. Norgan NG Laboratory and field measurements of body composition. Public Health Nutr ; 8 7A : — Nordhamn K , Södergren E , Olsson E , Karlström B , Vessby B , Berglund L Reliability of anthropometric measurements in overweight and lean subjects: consequences for correlations between anthropometric and other variables. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord ; 24 5 : — 7. Williams CA , Bale P Bias and limits of agreement between hydrodensitometry, bioelectrical impedance and skinfold calipers measures of percentage body fat. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol ; 77 3 : — 7. Pollock ML , Jackson AS Research progress in validation of clinical methods of assessing body composition. Med Sci Sports Exerc ; 16 6 : — Völgyi E , Tylavsky FA , Lyytikäinen A , Suominen H , Alén M , Cheng S Assessing body composition with DXA and bioimpedance: effects of obesity, physical activity, and age. Obesity Silver Spring ; 16 3 : — 5. Janssen I , Heymsfield SB , Baumgartner RN , Ross R Estimation of skeletal muscle mass by bioelectrical impedance analysis. J Appl Physiol ; 89 2 : — Aasen G , Fagertun H , Halse J Body composition analysis by dual X-ray absorptiometry: in vivo and in vitro comparison of three different fan-beam instruments. Scand J Clin Lab Invest ; 66 8 : — Friedl KE Body composition and military performance-many things to many people. J Strength Cond Res ; 26 Suppl. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Sign In or Create an Account. Navbar Search Filter Military Medicine This issue Medicine and Health Books Journals Oxford Academic Mobile Enter search term Search. Issues More Content Virtual Issues Advance Articles Supplements Highly Cited Articles Podcast Episodes Submit Author Guidelines Submission Site Review Guidelines Open Access Self-Archiving Policy Reasons to Publish with Military Medicine Purchase About AMSUS About About Military Medicine Join AMSUS Alerts Become a Reviewer Editorial Board Advertising and Corporate Services Journals Career Network Journals on Oxford Academic Books on Oxford Academic. Issues More Content Virtual Issues Advance Articles Supplements Highly Cited Articles Podcast Episodes Submit Author Guidelines Submission Site Review Guidelines Open Access Self-Archiving Policy Reasons to Publish with Military Medicine Purchase About AMSUS About About Military Medicine Join AMSUS Alerts Become a Reviewer Editorial Board Advertising and Corporate Services Journals Career Network Close Navbar Search Filter Military Medicine This issue Medicine and Health Books Journals Oxford Academic Enter search term Search. Advanced Search. Search Menu. Article Navigation. Close mobile search navigation Article Navigation. Volume Article Contents ABSTRACT. Journal Article. Validity and Reliability of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis and Skinfold Thickness in Predicting Body Fat in Military Personnel. Anders Aandstad, MSc , Anders Aandstad, MSc. Box , Ullevaal Stadion, N Oslo, Norway. Oxford Academic. Kristian Holtberget, MSc. Rune Hageberg, MSc. Ingar Holme, PhD. Sigmund A. Anderssen, PhD. PDF Split View Views. Cite Cite Anders Aandstad, Kristian Holtberget, Rune Hageberg, Ingar Holme, Sigmund A. Select Format Select format. ris Mendeley, Papers, Zotero. enw EndNote. bibtex BibTex. txt Medlars, RefWorks Download citation. Permissions Icon Permissions. Close Navbar Search Filter Military Medicine This issue Medicine and Health Books Journals Oxford Academic Enter search term Search. ABSTRACT Previous studies show that body composition is related to injury risk and physical performance in soldiers. Prediction Equation. Open in new tab. TABLE II Descriptive Characteristics of Body Composition Measurements at Test and Retest. Height cm a DXA retest sample consists of only 9 men and 3 women. TABLE III Reliability Statistics Test—Retest for Predicted Percent Body Fat From SKF and BIA Measurements in 39 men. GEN, generalized equation; FSE, fatness specific equation. TABLE IV Reliability Statistics Test—Retest for Predicted Percent Body Fat From SKF and BIA Measurements in 26 Women. FIGURE 1. Open in new tab Download slide. FIGURE 2. TABLE V Validity Statistics for Predicted Percent Body Fat From SKF and BIA Measurements Against Percent Body Fat Measured with DXA in 39 Men. Pearson r. TABLE VI Validity Statistics for Predicted Percent Body Fat From SKF and BIA Measurements Against Percent Body Fat Measured With DXA in 26 Women. Age, body composition, aerobic fitness and health condition as risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries in conscripts. Google Scholar Crossref. Search ADS. Body composition by DEXA and its association with physical fitness in conscripts. Evaluation of anthropometric equations to assess body-composition changes in young women. Google Scholar PubMed. OpenURL Placeholder Text. Evaluation of body fat estimated from body mass index and impedance in Belgian male military candidates: comparing two methods for estimating body composition. NATO Research and Technology Organisation. Is bioelectrical impedance accurate for use in large epidemiological studies? Google Scholar Google Preview OpenURL Placeholder Text. Validity of bioelectrical impedance analysis to measure body fat in Air Force members. Comparison of hand-to-hand bioimpedance and anthropometry equations versus dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for the assessment of body fat percentage in year-old conscripts. Change in anthropometrics and aerobic fitness in Air Force cadets during 3 years of academy studies. Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: measurements on men and women aged from 16 to 72 years. Cross-validation of generalised body composition equations with diverse young men and women: the Training Intervention and Genetics of Exercise Response TIGER Study. Sex and age specific prediction formulas for estimating body composition from bioelectrical impedance: a cross-validation study. Prediction of body cell mass, fat-free mass, and total body water with bioelectrical impedance analysis: effects of race, sex, and disease. Single prediction equation for bioelectrical impedance analysis in adults aged 20—94 years. Validation of tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance method to assess human body composition. Lean body mass estimation by bioelectrical impedance analysis: a four-site cross-validation study. Van Loan. Why bioelectrical impedance analysis should be used for estimating adiposity. Use of bioelectrical impedance analysis measurements as predictors of physical performance. Reliability of anthropometric measurements in overweight and lean subjects: consequences for correlations between anthropometric and other variables. Bias and limits of agreement between hydrodensitometry, bioelectrical impedance and skinfold calipers measures of percentage body fat. Research progress in validation of clinical methods of assessing body composition. Assessing body composition with DXA and bioimpedance: effects of obesity, physical activity, and age. Body composition analysis by dual X-ray absorptiometry: in vivo and in vitro comparison of three different fan-beam instruments. Issue Section:. Download all slides. Views 18, More metrics information. Total Views 18, Email alerts Article activity alert. Advance article alerts. New issue alert. Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic. 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| Test-retest reliability and validity of body composition methods in adults | You should read this information in conjunction with the description of each of the standard measurement sites. equipment: skinfold calipers e. Harpenden, Slimglide, Lange , tape measure , marker pen, recording sheets. Read the Skinfold Guide for a comparison of available calipers. pre-test: Explain the test procedures to the subject. Perform screening of health risks and obtain informed consent. Prepare forms and record basic information such as age, height, body weight, gender, test conditions. Calipers should be calibrated for correct jaw tension and gap width. See more details of pre-test procedures. procedure: Skinfold measurement can use from 3 to 9 different standard anatomical sites around the body. The right side is usually only measured for consistency. The tester pinches the skin at the appropriate site to raise a double layer of skin and the underlying adipose tissue, but not the muscle. The calipers are then applied 1 cm below and at right angles to the pinch, and a reading in millimeters mm taken two seconds later. The mean of two measurements should be taken. If the two measurements differ greatly, a third should then be done, then the median value taken. the sites: there are many common sites at which the skinfold pinch can be taken. See the descriptions and photographs of each skinfold site. It is best to use the sum of several sites to monitor and compare body fat measures. In order to satisfy those who want to calculate a percentage body fat measure, there is a sample of equations for calculating this here. Below is a table of general guidelines based on personal experience for using total sum in millimeters of the seven main skinfold sites tricep , bicep , subscap , supraspinale , abdominal , thigh , calf. There are also examples of some actual athlete results. target population: suitable for all populations, though it is sometimes difficult to get reliable measurements with obese people. validity: using skinfold measurements is not a valid predictor of percent bodyfat, however they can be used as a monitoring device to indicate changes in body composition over time. It is important to maintain correct calibration of the calipers more about calibrating calipers. reliability: the reliability of skinfold measurements can vary from tester to tester depending on their skill and experience. There are accreditation courses available through ISAK. advantages: Skinfold measurements are widely utilized to assess body composition. It is a lot simpler than hydrostatic weighing and many of the other body composition techniques. Because we know the error is associated with the measurements, practitioners should always express their measures as a value with the technical error, so that when measuring change over time, we can be more certain of real change versus errors made in measuring. To calculate the technical error, use the following equations, outlined in a paper by Perini et al. Table 1. Acceptable levels for intra- and inter-evaluator error, according to a beginner Level 1 ISAK versus a skilful anthropometrist Level 4 ISAK Finally, to make measurements of body composition more accurate, ensure the use of predictive body fat percentage equations that best match the demographic of the persons tested. Generally, the understanding of the use of skinfold calipers and their accuracy is very poor and grossly misunderstood. Given this, our mission was to clarify whether skinfolds are a good method of choice for body composition. In conclusion, skinfold calipers can be a cost-effective, quick, and relatively accurate measure of body composition over time. While the gold standard for body composition is still cadaver dissection, skinfold measurements can offer information about the relative fatness, the change in body composition over time, and potentially even the health of the individual. Knowing that increased fat mass is associated with various diseases, and some athletes need specific body fat percentages for optimal performance, it is of importance that fitness professionals measure skinfolds accurately and with the ability to be repeatable, following the ISAK for best results. Learn how to improve your athletes' agility. This free course also includes a practical coaching guide to help you design and deliver your own fun and engaging agility sessions. Carla is from Kelowna, BC, and now lives in Calgary as an Exercise Physiologist and performance specialist. This gives her a unique insight into the integrative approach it takes to push boundaries far past the norm. Vital Strength and Physiology has a foundation built on complex cases, where they attempt to create a clear path for each individual. Learn from a world-class coach how you can improve your athletes' agility. This course also includes a practical coaching guide to help you to design and deliver your own fun and engaging agility sessions. Our mission is to improve the performance of athletes and teams around the world by simplifying sports science and making it practical. Pricing FAQs Reviews Free trial. Blog Newsletter Community Podcast Tools. About us Contact us Join our team Privacy policy Terms of use Terms and conditions Disclaimer. Skinfold Calipers Delve into the science, validity, reliability and practical recommendations for using skinfold calipers to measure body fat. References Alva, M. Arq Sanny Pesq Saúde, 1 2 ; Armstrong, L. Assessing Hydration Status: The Elusive Gold Standard. Journal of the American College of Nutrition , 26 sup5 , S—S. Kinanthropometry and Sport Practice. Universita degli Studi di Ferrara. Burke, L. Nutrition Strategies for the Marathon Fuel for Training and Racing, 37 , — Donini, L. How to estimate fat mass in overweight and obese subjects. International Journal of Endocrinology , , 1—9. Evaluation of body composition using three different methods compared to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. European Journal of Sport Science , 9 3 , — V, Charlesworth, S. Prediction of DXA-determined whole body fat from skinfolds: importance of including skinfolds from the thigh and calf in young, healthy men and women. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 59 5 , — Reliability and validity of bioelctrical impedance in determining body composition. Journal of Applied Physiology , 64 2 , — Lean, M. Predicting body composition by densitometry from simple anthropometric measurements. AMerican Journal of Clinical Nutritiom , 63 , 4— Norton, K. Anthropometrica: A Textbook of Body Measurement for Sports and Health Courses. Australian Sport Commission, Ed. Sydney, Australia. a, de Oliveira, G. Technical error of measurement in anthropometry. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Do Esporte , 11 , 81— A physical profile of elite female ice hockey players from the USA. Body fat measurement in elite sport climbers: Comparison of skinfold thickness equations with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Journal of Sports Sciences , 27 5 , — com Follow up your progress using a technique to measure the muscle cross-sectional area. Retrieved from www. php on March 31, Schmidt, P. Static and Dynamic Differences among Five Types of Skinfold Calipers Author s : Paul K. Schmidt and J. Journal of Human Biology , 62 3 , — Siri, W. Body composition from fluid spaces and density: analysis of methods. Techniques for Measuring Body Composition. Washington: National Academy of Sciences , — Stewart, A. International Standards for Anthropometric Assessment. International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry. |
| Recent Posts | Second, reversal of overweight or obesity may be not only difficult to maintain but may itself be correlated with increased health risks Williamson and Levy, When only males were considered in the analysis, all differences to the BOD POD became non-significant, and both the skinfold and ultrasound methods were within ± 1. Durnin and Womersley 19 w. Does dehydration reduce performance? The Framingham Study. Built on the Scolaris platform by:. |
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