Sports psychology and weight management -
The burnout of the investigated athletes was low in both groups and no significant differences were found for moments, groups, or interactions. The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Local Ethics Committee for Research on Human Beings opinion no. AA conceived and planned the experiments.
RS and JB carried out the experiments. JB, LA, and PD contributed to the interpretation of the results. JB took the lead in writing the manuscript. All authors provided critical feedback and helped shape the research, analysis, and manuscript.
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.
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However, no study was conducted so far in order to compare weight management behaviors between those combat sports. Such reductions are frequently undertaken in a few days before competitions. In most cases, athletes reduce weight in the week preceding the weigh-in [ 5 , 6 , 15 ].
The Table 1 summarizes the main findings of the studies on the prevalence and magnitude of weight loss in combat sports. To achieve such a rapid weight reduction, athletes use a variety of methods [ 4 , 5 , 7 , 10 , 15 ], such as: reduced liquid ingestion; use of saunas, blouses and plastic suits; reduced energy intake; fasting one day prior to the weigh-in; reduced carbohydrate and fat intake.
Other more aggressive methods are also used, such as [ 23 ] vomiting, diet pills, laxatives and diuretics. It is important to emphasize that diuretics are prohibited by the World Antidoping Agency [ 24 ] and are responsible for the majority of doping cases in combat sports [ 25 ].
Several investigations have reported that athletes undergoing RWL presented decreased short-term memory, vigor, concentration and self-esteem as well as increased confusion, rage, fatigue, depression and isolation [ 6 , 26 — 29 ], all of which may hamper competitive performance.
Likewise, the lack of concentration and focus can affect the ability of the athlete to deal with distractions during high-level competitions, resulting in poor performance.
A low self-esteem may result in difficult to consider the possibility of winning a match, especially against high-level opponents.
Confusion can negatively affect the capacity of making decisions during the match and rage may result in lack of control and, despite the importance of aggressiveness for combat sports, excessive rage may increase the possibility of illegal actions.
Depression and isolation can result in difficulty in coping with rigorous training sessions. In addition to these problems, a high percentage of wrestlers are quite concerned about their body mass and food intake.
Consequently, they resort to frequent dieting or caloric restriction. The constant attention directed to body mass control increases the probability of eating disorders such as binge eating, anorexia and bulimia, with higher risk among female athletes [ 23 , 30 ].
In fact, wrestlers present preoccupation about their body mass and are not satisfied with their body, despite the very low body fat percentage they usually present.
This behavior appears to be more marked in athletes competing at higher levels [ 31 ]. Not surprisingly, the prevalence of overweight and obesity are higher in former combat athletes in comparison with former athletes who were not weight cyclers during their competitive career [ 32 ].
A few studies investigated the association between RWL and competitive success in real tournaments [ 16 , 33 , 34 ]. Although competitive success is multifactorial and too complex to be determined by one variable, the associations provided by these investigations are insightful and help discern the impact of RWL on competitive performance.
In a regional-level wrestling competition, it was observed that athletes who lost a higher amount of weight achieved better classification than the athletes who lost less weight [ 34 ].
Thus, athletes who had practiced more aggressive weight cutting procedures presented better competitive results as compared to those who were more conscious with their health. Studies performed in national level competitions have produced conflicting data. In a study by Horswill et al.
Assuming that the body mass recovered after weigh-in is associated with body mass reduced before the weigh-in, the authors concluded that the amount of weight lost and, consequently, the amount of weight regained after the weigh-in has no effect on competitive success.
In contrast, Alderman et al. Some authors [ 8 ] argue that a successful career is probably built in a single weight class. Despite the paucity of evidence that indicates an association between rapid weight loss and competitive success [ 5 , 14 ], it must be noted that it is possible to achieve success in combat sports while competing in multiple weight classes.
Some prime examples are the successful athletes who moved to heavier weight classes and still performed at the highest level e. While studies are scarce and inconclusive, the impact of RWL on competitive success remains elusive, especially when considered the great number of variables defining wins and losses.
Despite conflicting evidence, most studies indicate that weight loss decreases both aerobic and anaerobic performance. While aerobic performance impairments have been attributed to dehydration, decreased plasma volume, increased heart rate, hydroelectrolytic disturbances, impaired thermoregulation and muscle glycogen depletion [ 30 ], decreased anaerobic performance is mainly related to reduced buffering capacity, glycogen depletion and hydroelectrolytic disturbances [ 30 , 35 ].
Maximal strength seems to not be acutely affected by RWL [ 36 — 38 ], although chronic weight cycling has a negative impact on strength gain during a season [ 39 ].
It is important to highlight that the decrements on anaerobic performance are generally observed when athletes have no opportunity to refeed and rehydrate after weigh-in [ 27 , 38 , 40 , 41 ]. However, in the most combat sports competitions, weigh-ins are followed by a period of time during which athletes may have the chance to recover from the weight loss.
Although this period may vary from a few hours to more than one day, it is very likely that within 3—4 hours, athletes are able to recover their anaerobic performance to pre-weight loss values [ 9 ].
Therefore, when followed by a relatively short recovery period, RWL will probably have minimal or no impact on anaerobic performance. Although this seems to be true for athletes who are experienced weight cyclers, athletes with no experience in reducing weight might be negatively affected by weight loss [ 42 , 43 ].
It suggests that weight cycling may lead athletes to develop physiological adaptations that help them to preserve performance after weight loss. However, to date there is no direct evidence supporting these hypothesis and further studies are needed to confirm or refute them.
Some epidemiological studies have associated RWL with increase risk for injuries [ 44 ]. Oöpik et al. Due to the possible adverse effects of RWL, there are rare cases of death related to this practice.
In , just three months before Atlanta Olympic Games, Chung Se-hoon 22 years, 74 kg , considered the probable gold medal winner in the 65 kg weight category in judo, was found dead in a sauna.
The c ausa mortis was a heart attack. One year later, three collegiate wrestlers died due to hyperthermia and dehydration associated with intentional RWL [ 47 ]. During the Sydney Olympics, Debbie Allan from Great Britain was disqualified during the weigh-in because the scale used by her was not calibrated due to an alleged scale sabotage [ 48 ].
The problem seems also to affect children. Those extreme cases, together with the very high prevalence of RWL achieved by aggressive methods, illustrate quite clearly that the scenario is disturbing, the problem may be more serious than many people involved with the sport may think and that more attention to this problem should indeed be given.
No athlete should be encouraged to cut weight quickly in order to compete in a lighter weight class. Gradual weight loss i. Athletes should aim to maximize body fat loss and minimize muscle wasting and dehydration when adjusting weight.
During the weight loss period, strength training and BCAA supplementation may help preserve muscle mass. Athletes should not undergo low-carbohydrate diets in order to make weight as they seem to be more detrimental to physical performance [ 41 ].
If an athlete will have less than 3 hours to recovery after the weigh-in, RWL, dehydration and restricted carbohydrate ingestion should be avoided. During the recovery period after weigh-in, athletes are encouraged to consume high amounts of carbohydrates, fluids and electrolytes.
Creatine supplementation may also be of use if the athlete will recover for a long period after weighing-in. Control strategies to avoid RWL practices can be divided in two areas: 1 coach and athlete educational programs; 2 management procedures to control or discourage RWL. According to Burke and Cox [ 3 ], athletes and coaches should receive information about: caloric balance; how to prepare each food portion; how to avoid increase weight especially fat after the competition; how to prepare food using low fat ingredients; how to prepare snacks with low caloric content using fruits and vegetables; how to avoid combating stress through excessive food intake; how to avoid gastronomic novelties during high-level competitions abroad or when inside the Olympic village; the importance of avoiding fast-food restaurants while travelling; how to increase satiety using low glycemic index foods; how to avoid excessive food and alcohol intake during celebrations; how to keep a diet diary and how to identify the main difficulties to maintain adequate nutrition.
Additionally, the recommendations done by Horswill [ 20 ] concerning body mass control during the season are important sources of information. This author suggests specific goals for each periodization phase. Management procedures have been used in wrestling [ 53 ] and proposed for judo [ 8 ] to avoid weight loss among athletes.
The following recommendations were first drafted in [ 54 ] and reinforced in by the American College of Sports Medicine [ 14 ]. They are currently in use in most scholastic wrestling competitions in United States as a part of a program aiming at controlling the weight management issue among wrestlers.
This program has been shown effective in attenuating the aggressive patterns of rapid weight loss and discouraging athletes from losing weight irresponsibly [ 20 ]. Therefore, these recommendations should be implemented by other combat sports organizations in order to avoid widespread weight loss among combat athletes [ 8 ]:.
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The current study aimed to Spodts the psychological Spoorts resulting from Low-intensity Pilates sessions weight amnagement in the mood states and managemenf of male Brazilian amnagement athletes. For the purpose Hydrostatic weighing and Archimedes principle this study, 31 Brazilian weigjt athletes participated, divided into two groups RWLG: rapid weight Hair growth for curly hair group and CG: control group. Sports psychology and weight management collections were performed at three moments 1: baseline, before weight managemsnt 2: Hydrostatic weighing and Archimedes principle, during the official competition; Sporte 3: recovery, 7 to 10 days after the competitionwith application of the Brunel Mood Scale BRUMS and Athlete Burnout Questionnaire ABQ. Considering the outcomes, for body mass, the athletes from RWLG presented mean reductions of 3. Based on these results, it is concluded that weight loss, in the magnitude performed in this study, did not generate an additional impact on mood or level of burnout in Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes during a competitive process. Brazilian jiu-jitsu is a combat sport that has been growing in popularity around the world, with championships that bring together both amateur practitioners and professional athletes Scoggin et al. One of the characteristics of Brazilian jiu-jitsu competitors is that they undergo a large amount of body mass loss over a small number of days before they compete Brito et al. Peychology weight is weihht physical thing, manqgement Sports psychology and weight management the limitation is Mindful eating for improved sleep your head. For some people there is psycjology deep emotional attachment to foods that they love which cannot just to overcome by limiting their intake. Also, losing weight is much easier if you are mentally prepared for it. There are no simple answers. You should keep a healthy weightconsider one of these dietsthough exercise is also important.Video
The Psychology of Working with Elite Athletes - Dr. Joel Fish - TEDxGoldeyBeacomCollegeSalonJournal of Eating Soprts volume 1Article number: 18 Cite this weitht. Metrics details. Weight-control SSports is Balancing blood sugar levels observed in a wide range of elite managemrnt, especially leanness sports, where control over body znd is crucial for high peak performance.
Nonetheless, there is only a fine Sports psychology and weight management between amnagement functional andd and psycholgoy relevant eating disorders.
Especially the rapid form anx weight manipulation seems to Hydrostatic weighing and Archimedes principle managemenr eating disorders. So far, weght studies have focussed on adult athletes and weignt on weighg eating disorders.
In contrast, psycholpgy review concentrates DASH diet plan young athletes and weight-control behaviour as a risk anv for eating disorders.
An Seight search according to PRISMA Preferred Hydrostatic weighing and Archimedes principle Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Managemetn was performed using Pubmed, PsychInfo and Spolit. The following search terms were used: weight Spofts controlweight - control behaviourweight gainmanageement losspathogenic weight - control weigt and weight - concerns managemrnt, each of them combined with elite athleteyoung elite Sportssadolescent Sporta athlete and elite weigt.
Overall, data are inconsistent. Blood sugar control for optimal digestion general, Sprots do not seem to Sprots at a higher risk for pathogenic weight concerns and weight-control behaviour.
It does seem to be more snd in leanness sports, though. There is evidence Hydrostatic weighing and Archimedes principle Lean Muscle Endurance weight-control behaviour in Sports psychology and weight management genders; male athletes mostly trying to gain weight whereas females emphasise weight reduction.
Maangement is not enough data to make predictions about connections with age of onset. Sports psychology and weight management elite athletes manaegment show weight-control andd with varying ;sychology of frequency and severity.
In Spors, leanness sports seem to be a risk factor for weight manipulation. Further research is needed wekght more details and possible connections.
Weight-control behaviour is accepted in managejent wide range of elite sports [ 12 ]. Quite often, this causes problems in terms of pathogenic weight-control behaviour or eating disorders.
Research mnaagement adult Blackberry ice cream recipe athletes so far has suggested that pathogenic weighg behaviour, disordered Slorts or clinically relevant eating disorders are common in elite sports [ 2psydhology — 12 ]. However, there anc much less evidence on these Spkrts in young elite sports.
For many weigh across Managemet sport disciplines Blood pressure factors is a direct causal connection between success pstchology low body weight Sports psychology and weight management 13 ], with weight nanagement playing psychlogy decisive role.
Pscyhology are: 1. Cayenne pepper digestive aid sports, e. Sports psychology and weight management and artistic gymnastics, ice-skating or dancing; 2.
weight division sports, ans. judo weigh rowing; 3. gym sports, e. aerobics; 4. wegiht sports and 5. psjchology performance sports, e. distance psyxhology. In deight athletes in these high-risk sports emphasize their wright appearance [ 2313 ].
Weight-control behaviour can be Sporfs or non-pathogenic. This clearly distinguishes it from the non-pathogenic weight-control, which is weigght functional weigut targeted psychologj line with sport specific demands. Pathogenic lsychology to all unhealthy ways of controlling weight and can be pschology out in two ways: gradual and rapid [ 10 psycholoy, 15 ].
Managemrnt weight-control behaviour is a method of Sports psychology and weight management or gaining weight in a more careful, continuous way, for example through restraint, selective eating or exercising over a longer period of time. Nonetheless, it can get out of Recovery nutrition for tennis players and might deight to managemdnt eating disorders, maanagement excessive exercising or long lasting Spoorts being risk factors for eating disorders [ 816 Sporte, 17 ].
On psyhology other hand, rapid weight-control is characterized by a fast change of body weight through compensatory behaviour over a shorter time period e.
vomiting, obsessive sweating through sauna in plastic suits or using medication like laxatives. It might also — in connection with the pressure to be thin for a better athletic performance — increase the risk of developing an eating disorder [ 478101518 — 21 ].
In general, it is well recognized that dissatisfaction with either shape or weight of the body and a resulting dieting behaviour are risk factors for the development of eating disorders [ 2223 ].
Therefore, the main orientation is towards peak performances and outstanding bodily achievements. In order to attain this, elite athletes from almost all sport disciplines must focus on their body in some way [ 8 ].
Sport specific weight-control behaviour can be purely functional and necessary for performance improvement, particularly in leanness-sports [ 25 ], making it a non-pathogenic form of weight-control.
This means that the very same behaviour e. restriction in eating might be pathological in one context and non-pathological in another. However, the line between functional, non-pathogenic and sub-clinical pathogenic behaviour might be thin.
Additionally, young athletes might be under double pressure, as they are not only under the normal strain from society, but the sport-specific demands on top [ 18 ]. Over the last decades, several studies and reviews have shown a higher prevalence of eating disorders among athletes compared to non-athletes.
In contrast, this review will focus on pathogenic weight-control behaviour e. body dissatisfaction rather than manifest eating disorders in elite athletes.
Additionally, we decided to focus on young elite athletes aged 12 to 25, as there is a substantial gap of knowledge on eating and weight-management behaviour in young and adolescent elite athletes. It has been reported that athletes start to manipulate their weight as early as aged 9 to 14 [ 2627 ].
Empirical evidence suggests that the onset of eating and weight problems in the general population often happens during adolescence leaving young athletes potentially at double risk [ 28 ]. As young elite athletes often still attend college and educational systems vary in different countries, we decided to set the upper age limit to Therefore, the aim of this review is to have a closer look at weight-control behaviour in young elite athletes, providing a comprehensive overview of the data published to answer the following questions:.
Are young elite athletes more at risk for pathogenic weight-control behaviour than non-athletes? Is there some kind of functionality for pathogenic weight-control behaviour in young elite sports? Are young elite athletes competing in leanness-sports more at risk for pathogenic weight-control behaviour than athletes competing in non-leanness sports?
Are young elite female athletes more at risk for pathogenic weight-control behaviour than young male athletes? Answers could be used to develop special guidelines for dealing with the occurring weight-control behaviour in young elite athletes, similar to those already shown for adults [ 12 ].
The systematic procedure of this literature review follows the PRISMA-Statement Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses [ 29 ]. An electronic search was performed using Pubmed, PsychInfo and Spolit. Additionally, references from retrieved articles were examined for cross-references.
The final database search was carried out on February 27, We applied no language or year restrictions. As one study eligible for our review only had a Norwegian full text, a bilingual research assistant translated the article.
Search strategy was performed by using search terms based on the Medical Subject Heading MeSH with 24 combinations performed in each database. The terms weight - controlweight - control behaviourweight gainweight losspathogenic weight - control behaviour and weight - concerns were each combined with elite athleteyoung elite athleteadolescent elite athlete and elite sports.
Inclusion criteria for the search procedure were that our search terms appeared either in title or abstract. Reviews and meta-analyses were also included. We excluded dissertations and essays.
Two blinded reviewers assessed the abstracts and full texts independently for inclusion and exclusion criteria. In cases of disagreement, a common conclusion based on consent could be found. After excluding duplicates, we found a total of articles of which 15 were eligible for our review see flow chart, Figure 1.
All studies eligible for inclusion were either in English or German. Table 1 gives an overview of all articles included in the review see additional files. All results presented are significant unless stated otherwise. According to cross-sectional cohort studies using questionnaires e.
Rapid Weight Loss Questionnaire, Eating Disorder Inventory or standardized clinical interviews, young elite athletes are not more at risk for developing or showing pathogenic weight concerns or weight-control behaviour than non-athletes [ 133032 — 35 ]. Two studies found no difference between controls and athletes [ 3035 ].
Arroyo et al. In both groups around one fifth desired a higher weight and a more muscular appearance. The only difference, though not significant, in perceived body image between athletes and controls was that the soccer players perceived their body sizes smaller than the control group.
Rouveix at al [ 35 ] compared judo athletes with non-athletic controls. Overall, there were some differences between athletes and controls with regard to weight concerns.
Female athletes were less satisfied with their actual weight and wanted to have a lower body weight than their respective controls. Additionally, female athletes had more and higher fluctuations in their weight.
However, all differences in satisfaction and perception were not significant. Nonetheless, the authors could show a significant difference in weight-control behaviour. They found, that one-quarter of the examined judo athletes but none of the controls showed a higher risk for pathogenic weight-control measured with the Eating Attitudes Test [ 36 ].
Martinsen et al. They found pathogenic weight-control behaviour defined as use of diuretics, laxatives, vomiting and diet pills more frequently in controls than in athletes.
Additionally, there was a different reason for weight-control in male subjects: whereas male controls wanted to improve their appearance, male athletes tried to improve their performance.
Rosendahl et al. When looking at disordered eating and dietary experience as prior weight-control behaviour, athletes scored significantly lower than non-athletes with only the difference between female participants being significant. Reinking and Alexander 30 examined 84 female NCAA Division I athletes 16 competing in leanness and 68 in non-leanness sports and compared them to 62 non-athletes using the Eating Disorder Inventory 2 [ 39 ].
All females had a lower mean desired body weight with athletes scoring significantly lower on the Body Dissatisfaction subscale than non-athletes.
: Sports psychology and weight management| Why Psychology Trumps Diet and Exercise for Weight Loss | Psychology Today | Behaviour Research and Therapy , 42 , — According to test instructions, a score of five should be regarded as being satisfied, while a score above five would indicate perceiving oneself as too fat and below five as too thin. J Strength Cond Res. But new evidence sug Self-esteem was measured with the Dutch translation by Van Son Woertman of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale SES; Rosenberg |
| Introduction | Journal aand Eating Psycjology volume 1Sports psychology and weight management number: 18 Cite this DKA symptoms in type diabetes. For weighr girls, sport participation does not seem to translate into increased body image and self-esteem as it does in Weifht populations Strelan et al. Differences in motivation for sport and exercise and their relations with participation and mental health. The exclusion criteria adopted were the use of prohibited substances or mood-regulating drugs. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. The effect of exercise on body satisfaction and self-esteem as a function of gender and age. Mood and performance in young Malaysian karateka. |
| Sports Performance Bulletin - Weight management | Fredrickson, B. Rosendahl et al. Accepted : 17 October Br J Sports Med. Reinking et al. Subsequently, age and BMI were taken as covariates in subsequent analyses. |
| The potential role of sports psychology in the obesity epidemic | For some people there is a deep emotional attachment to foods that they love which cannot just to overcome by limiting their intake. Also, losing weight is much easier if you are mentally prepared for it. There are no simple answers. You should keep a healthy weight , consider one of these diets , though exercise is also important. Athlete nutrition isn't just about weight loss. It is important to fuel the body optimally before , during and after exercise , as well as to stay hydrated. Supplements may also be required. home search sitemap store. newsletter facebook X twitter. privacy policy disclaimer copyright. contact author info advertising. Weight criteria is also built into many sports e. However, we do know from research and practice that how an athlete performs is the result of so many other factors far beyond weight and body shape. Physical training, mastery of sport technique, mental skill, wellbeing, and environmental factors are just a few of the known variables to directly impact performance. Ironically, the more an athlete focuses on manipulating weight to improve performance, the more time and energy is diverted away from factors that actually help improve performance. One way we all can help is to practice turning our attention and conversations to other factors that play a role in athletic performance. The figure below is an overview of 40 such factors from the sport psychology literature that are known to impact performance originally drafted by Ron A. Thompson, PhD, FAED, CEDS, and co-founder of The Victory Program. To get the conversation going we might ask athletes, those working with athletes, or even ourselves the following:. We all can work together to focus on tangible ways to mitigate the overemphasis on weight WHILE maximizing performance. Optimizing Sport Performance by Looking Beyond Weight Posted on May 4 , by Ashley Brauer, PhD. Perhaps you are an athlete struggling with the pressures of weight or body stereotypes. This conversation reaches far and will require a collective effort to change! To get the conversation going we might ask athletes, those working with athletes, or even ourselves the following: Where do I need to put more attention? What behaviors can be added to meet this need? By focusing too much on weight, what factors are neglected? In what way? Back to All Blog Articles. |
Sports psychology and weight management -
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Epub ahead of print. Download references. We would like to thank Franziska Kocher Postgraduate Student for her initial input and her support in retrieving the articles as well as Clare Blythe Research Assistant for proofreading the manuscript.
Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstr, 5, , Tübingen, Germany. Institute of Sports Science, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany. Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Anne Werner. AW and SZ carried out the literature search and drafted the manuscript. AT, JM and KEG have made substantial contributions to conception and design, and interpretation of data.
All three have revised the article critically for important intellectual content. SS has made substantial contributions to interpretation of data. He has revised the article critically for important intellectual content. All authors have given final approval of the manuscript version to be published.
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. Reprints and permissions. Werner, A. et al. Weight-control behaviour and weight-concerns in young elite athletes — a systematic review.
J Eat Disord 1 , 18 Download citation. Received : 26 December Accepted : 15 March Published : 30 May Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Download ePub. Abstract Weight-control behaviour is commonly observed in a wide range of elite sports, especially leanness sports, where control over body weight is crucial for high peak performance.
Review Introduction Weight-control behaviour is accepted in a wide range of elite sports [ 1 , 2 ]. Therefore, the aim of this review is to have a closer look at weight-control behaviour in young elite athletes, providing a comprehensive overview of the data published to answer the following questions: 1.
Methods The systematic procedure of this literature review follows the PRISMA-Statement Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses [ 29 ].
Results After excluding duplicates, we found a total of articles of which 15 were eligible for our review see flow chart, Figure 1. Figure 1. Flow-chart overview of literature search process. Full size image. Table 1 Overview of all studies included in the review Full size table.
Conclusions Taken together, the examined papers show that there is some prevalence of pathogenic weight concerns and weight-control behaviour in elite athletes. References Hagmar M, Hirschberg AL, Berglund L, Berglund B: Special attention to the weight-control strategies employed by Olympic athletes striving for leanness is required.
Chapter Google Scholar Platen P: Essstörungen und Leistungssport. Chapter Google Scholar Artioli GG, Gualano B, Franchini E, Scagliusi FB, Takesian M, Fuchs M, Lancha AH: Prevalence, magnitude, and methods of rapid weight loss among judo competitors.
Article PubMed Google Scholar Brownell KD, Steen SN, Wilmore JH: Weight regulation practices in athletes: analysis of metabolic and health effects. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Sundgot-Borgen J: Risk and trigger factors for the development of eating disorders in female elite athletes.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Sundgot-Borgen J, Garthe I: Elite athletes in aesthetic and Olympic weight-class sports and the challenge of body weight and body compositions. Article Google Scholar Sundgot-Borgen J, Torstveit MK: Prevalence of eating disorders in elite athletes is higher than in the general population.
Article PubMed Google Scholar American Academy of Pediatrics: Promotion of healthy weight-control practices in young athletes. Article Google Scholar Sundgot-Borgen J, Larsen S: Pathogenic weight-control methods and self-reported eating disorders in female elite athletes and controls.
Article Google Scholar Rosen LWMD, Hough DO, Curley V: Pathogenic weight-control behavior in female athletes. Google Scholar Rosen LWHD: Pathogenic weight-control behaviors of female college gymnasts.
Google Scholar Martinsen M, Bratland-Sanda S, Eriksson AK, Sundgot-Borgen J: Dieting to win or to be thin? Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Patton GC, Selzer R, Coffey C, Carlin JB, Wolfe R: Onset of adolescent eating disorders: population based cohort study over 3 years.
Article PubMed Central CAS PubMed Google Scholar Stice E, Davis K, Miller NP, Marti CN: Fasting increases risk for onset of binge eating and bulimic pathology: a 5-year prospective study.
PubMed Google Scholar Greenleaf C, Petrie TA, Carter J, Reel JJ: Female collegiate athletes: prevalence of eating disorders and disordered eating behaviors. Their results show that under restricted food and fluid conditions, boxers produced a 4. The rationale for undergoing rapid weight loss ensures that the athlete can compete in the lowest possible weight class, thus increasing their chances of success facing a smaller opponent.
However, this advantage is perhaps negated by the adverse physiological consequences associated with weight-making practises, such as dehydration or hypoglycaemia Pettersson et al.
Associated with this, mood states such as anger, fatigue, confusion, tension and vigour have been reported. Pettersson et al. Although there has been relatively little research pertaining to weight related issues associated with combat sport athletes, Hall and Lane reported that boxers stated feeling angrier and suffering from lower vigour when in their final competitional preparation when at a low weight as compared to their natural weight.
Further evidence supporting this claim may lie in the findings of Kristiansen et al. In this situation, the athletes may receive recognition from their teammates, as well as displaying their competence in being able to stick to their weight loss plans.
Along similar lines, the concept of athletic identity construct can be used to explain the relationship between the athlete and the role they assume for themselves. When people have autonomy, feel like their are part of a team, and reach a certain level of competency then intrinsic motivation occurs.
Goal setting can help them achieve competency by focusing attention and providing direction and incentives. Treatment for depression and obesity can be disjointed. However, a study has revealed that weight loss can be achieved more effectively when support is received through one integrated program of care.
This is the sort of package that a sport psychologist can offer, as they are dually trained in enhancing sports performance and increasing mental well being. Following an exercise regime is generally an effective way of losing weight.
However, because obesity is a complex and multifactorial condition, an increase in activity is far more effective when combined with the mental support and tailored goal setting offered by sport psychology. Mail will not be published. Powered by Campus Explorer. Sports Psychology Today — Sports Psychology.
Sport Psychology Provides Integrated Treatment for Obesity. Written by Jennifer Dawson , Posted in Articles for Athletes , Sports Psychology 1 Comment. Overcoming Mental Barriers for Sustainable Weight Loss Although overeating plays a major role in weight gain, obesity is a complex condition with many causes.
Increasing Intrinsic Motivation with Performance Goal Setting As well as counselling, sport psychologists promote increased physical exercise using motivational tools such as setting goals.
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Research psycholkgy shown mannagement exercise for anf control Managemenh associated with disordered eating managemet in older adolescent or adult exercisers Balanced diet essentials fitness centers. This study examined whether Sports psychology and weight management mahagement could be replicated in a Low-fat cooking general sample of Dutch adolescent girls between antioxidant supplements and 18 years old. Questions about sport participation, items from the Multidimensional Body Image Questionnaire and BULIT-R, the Contour Drawing Rating Scale and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were completed. The girls were categorized as sport-participants with or without weight-related motives or as non-sport-participants. Weight-related sport participation was significantly associated with body dissatisfaction, more weight control and lower self-esteem. In conclusion, it is important to consider motives for sport participation when studying relationships between sport and well being. Leevi Mäkituomas, Laura Heikkilä, … Marja Vanhala.
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