Visceral fat and high blood pressure -
Another study mentions that both volume and quality of visceral and subcutaneous fat to metabolic risk including hypertension [ 34 ].
Other findings may not show the association of visceral fat and hypertension like in a 3-month weight-loss intervention study showed significant reduction in lean leg mass, instead of visceral fat, was positively associated with systolic blood pressure [ 35 ].
Another study concluded that waist circumference had an advantage over visceral fat thickness as an obesity index to identify components of metabolic syndrome that included hypertension [ 36 ]. In spite of some findings of negative associations between visceral fat and metabolic risks, there are still more published data about incident associations of metabolic risks that include hyperetnsion and visceral fat.
Our findings contribute to the growing research related to the association between visceral fat and risk of hypertension [ 37 ]. After multivariate adjustment, the association between visceral fat reduction and improvement in SBP and DBP was increased in male subjects, indicating that relationship between visceral fat reduction and BP decrement in men was independent of body weight, BMI and other potential confounders.
However, such association was not found in females even after multiple adjustments, which shows that gender difference may exist when exploring the effects of visceral fat reduction on BP changes. There are several plausible mechanisms that may explain the relationship between reduction in visceral fat and improvement in BP.
First, previous studies have demonstrated that visceral fat is associated with secretion of adipocytokines, which contribute to the development and progression of BP elevation [ 15 , 38 , 39 ]. Second, visceral fat contributes free-fatty acids through the portal vein, which may lead to insulin resistance which was shown to be associated with the prevalence and incidence of hypertension [ 39 , 40 , 41 ].
Third, cardiac sympathetic activity was observed to be higher in visceral obesity than in subcutaneous obesity, which suggests possible link between blood pressure and visceral fat [ 42 ].
Fourth, visceral fat may be associated with activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system which has been implicated in obesity-associated hypertension [ 43 ]. The differences observed between genders in the current study might be explained by multiple possibilities. First, visceral adipose tissue is lost preferentially with short term and modest weight loss, but the effect is attenuated with extension of time and greater weight loss [ 16 ].
In our study, males tend to have higher weight but less visceral fat than females then after the intervention, the males lost more body weight and visceral fat than females. Therefore, the association between visceral fat reduction and improvement in BP was stronger in males than females.
Also, gender differences observed in the study might be attributed to the variability in hormone levels, body fat percent, fat distribution, attitudes and behaviors towards the same dietary intervention program [ 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ].
However, we did not assess these potential factors in the current study. Some limitations of this study should be noted. Second, the sample size was relatively small thus it was difficult to perform further stratified analysis by quartile. Third, the self-administered food questionnaire and physical activity questionnaire are not able to provide sufficient precise data to further analyze and support the observed differences between genders.
Fourth, the study was not designed to identify biochemical biomarkers, therefore we cannot analyze the potential mechanisms underlying changes in BP in response to insulin sensitivity and adipocytokines. Fifth, sodium and potassium intake are associated with studies on hypertension, however, those data were not obtained in the present study.
The strengths of our work mainly include the longitudinal study design that showed the relationship between visceral fat reduction and BP improvements in a weight loss program, thus, expanded upon prior work that has shown associations between visceral fat and incident hypertension.
Second, the analysis performed under each gender setting showed different results between genders which suggests that further exploration of potential mechanisms is necessary. In summary, our study found a significant correlation between the reduction of visceral fat area and improvements in systolic and diastolic BP in overweight or obese male subjects, confirming the importance of visceral fat reduction in a weight loss program on the relevant health outcome.
Our findings indicate that the evaluation of changes in visceral fat may be necessary when designing intervention programs for hypertension.
Furthermore, research regarding gender-specific associations between visceral fat and blood pressure changes is warranted. The dataset supporting the conclusions of this article is included within the Additional file 1.
Database of participants. Individual deidentified participant data is available, including basic information, body composition and BP parameters. Other documents, such as study protocol, statistical analysis plan is not available.
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Estimates suggest obesity may account for one-fifth of all cases. The new scientific statement evaluated research on managing and treating obesity, particularly abdominal obesity.
Experts concluded that reducing calories and aerobic exercise were the most beneficial. Bariatric weight loss surgery has been shown to reduce the risk for coronary artery disease better than weight loss achieved without surgery.
This may be due to the larger amount of weight loss achieved with surgery and the resultant changes in metabolism that are typical after bariatric surgery.
The statement also addresses what's known as the "obesity paradox. The analysis concludes this may be because people classified as overweight or obese are often screened earlier for cardiovascular disease than people with healthy weight, so they are diagnosed and treated earlier.
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Visceral fat and high blood pressure details. Anx adiposity has been Natural fat burner supplements to play a key role in Viscerzl compared gat other Coenzyme Q supplements of regional or general obesity. Anti-cancer mind and body connection aim of current ;ressure was to evaluate the relationship between pressue fat Viscerql and changes in blood pressure in a group of overweight or obese Chinese individuals. An observational study was conducted with participants ChiCTR-OOC Body composition, blood parameters and blood pressure were assessed at the beginning and end of the intervention. Males and females were categorized separately into quartiles according to changes in visceral fat during the intervention. Multiple linear regression models were used to assess the associations of changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure with changes of visceral fat area, adjusted for potential confounders. It can increase Mens fertility supplements risk of certain health conditions, such Pressire diabetes, prediabetes, and heart disease. Belly fat Viscerral also pressrue subcutaneous fat Visceral fat and high blood pressure, which is stored just under the skin. Subcutaneous fat, the type of fat also found in the arms and legs, is easier to see. The only way to definitively diagnose visceral fat is with a CT or MRI scan. However, these are expensive and time-consuming procedures.
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