American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. doi : PMID S2CID Retrieved 21 March Personality and Individual Differences. CiteSeerX Annals of Human Biology. South African Medical Journal. W; Stowers, J. M Carbohydrate Metabolism in Pregnancy and the Newborn.

Exercise Physiology for Health, Fitness, and Performance. Adrienne; D'Agostino, Ralph B. Fertility and Sterility. Journal of Internal Medicine. Endocrine Reviews. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research.

PMC Fat flat frail feet: how does obesity affect the older foot. XXII Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics; Human Reproduction. Human Biology. Psychology Today. Retrieved What are the risks and benefits of havings liposuction? Medical News Today. Knowledge Center.

Retrieved 2 March Journal of the American College of Surgeons. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. International Journal of Obesity.

The New Zealand Medical Journal. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. American Journal of Epidemiology. et al. Body Fat Distribution in Healthy Young and Older Men" Journal of Gerontology 45 6 , MM Cardiac surgery Cardiothoracic surgery Endocrine surgery Eye surgery General surgery Colorectal surgery Digestive system surgery Neurosurgery Oral and maxillofacial surgery Orthopedic surgery Hand surgery Otolaryngology ENT Pediatric surgery Plastic surgery Reproductive surgery Surgical oncology Transplant surgery Trauma surgery Urology Andrology Vascular surgery.

Gynaecology Gynecologic oncology Maternal—fetal medicine Obstetrics Reproductive endocrinology and infertility Urogynecology. Android obesity features an excess accumulation of fat in the upper part of the body, particularly in the abdomen and chest.

A article notes that females tend to be more prone to gynoid obesity due to the presence of estrogen, which promotes fat deposition in the lower body. Males, on the other hand, tend to be more prone to android obesity due to the presence of testosterone , which promotes fat deposition in the upper body.

However, doctors generally consider android obesity to be more harmful than gynoid obesity because excess abdominal fat can be more metabolically active and release hormones that increase inflammation and insulin resistance.

This may contribute to the development of health problems such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain types of cancer. Apple-shaped obesity refers specifically to android obesity , which involves an excess accumulation of fat in the upper part of the body, particularly in the abdomen and chest.

The android-gynoid ratio is the ratio of the circumference of the waist to the circumference of the hips. Doctors use it as a measure of body fat distribution and to determine whether an individual has an apple-shaped body or a pear-shaped body. Android obesity involves the accumulation of fat in the upper part of the body, primarily in the abdomen and chest.

Both types of obesity can increase the risk of medical conditions, such as cardiovascular disease. A new study that used data from countries concludes that consuming more rice could reduce global obesity.

However, significant questions remain. Obesity can affect nearly every part of the body. It can also increase a person's risk of many other health conditions. Learn more here. There are several ways to measure body weight and composition.

Learn how to tell if you have overweight with these tests, including BMI. Phentermine, a weight loss drug, is not safe to take during pregnancy.

People pregnant, or trying to get pregnant, should stop using the drug…. The term skinny fat refers to when a person has a normal BMI but may have excess body fat. This can increase the risk of conditions such as diabetes….

My podcast changed me Can 'biological race' explain disparities in health? Why Parkinson's research is zooming in on the gut Tools General Health Drugs A-Z Health Hubs Health Tools Find a Doctor BMI Calculators and Charts Blood Pressure Chart: Ranges and Guide Breast Cancer: Self-Examination Guide Sleep Calculator Quizzes RA Myths vs Facts Type 2 Diabetes: Managing Blood Sugar Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction Connect About Medical News Today Who We Are Our Editorial Process Content Integrity Conscious Language Newsletters Sign Up Follow Us.

htm Accessed February Google Scholar. htm Accessed October National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data Documentation, Codebook, and Frequencies. Matthews, DR, Hosker, JP, Rudenski, AS, Naylor, BA, Treacher, DF, and Turner, RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man.

Thompson, ML, Myers, JE, and Kriebel, D. Prevalence odds ratio or prevalence ratio in the analysis of cross sectional data: what is to be done?

Occup Environ Med. Tamhane, AR, Westfall, AO, Burkholder, GA, and Cutter, GR. Prevalence odds ratio versus prevalence ratio: choice comes with consequences. Stat Med. GBD Obesity CollaboratorsAfshin, A, Forouzanfar, MH, Reitsma, MB, Sur, P, Estep, K, et al.

Health effects of overweight and obesity in countries over 25 years. N Engl J Med. Fan, JG, Kim, SU, and Wong, VWS. New trends on obesity and NAFLD in Asia. Angulo, P. Obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nutr Rev. Delaney, KZ, and Santosa, S. Sex differences in regional adipose tissue depots pose different threats for the development of type 2 diabetes in males and females.

Obes Rev. Stefan, N. Causes, consequences, and treatment of metabolically unhealthy fat distribution. Fu, X, Song, A, Zhou, Y, Ma, X, Jiao, J, Yang, M, et al.

Association of regional body fat with metabolic risks in Chinese women. Public Health Nutr. Yki-Järvinen, H. Diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease NAFLD. Garg, A. Regional adiposity and insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Alser, M, and Elrayess, MA. From an apple to a pear: moving fat around for reversing insulin resistance.

Int J Environ Res Public Health. Aucouturier, J, Meyer, M, Thivel, D, Taillardat, M, and Duché, P. Effect of android to Gynoid fat ratio on insulin resistance in obese youth. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Chengfu, X, Wan, X, Lei, X, Weng, H, Yan, M, Miao, M, et al. Xanthine oxidase in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hyperuricemia: one stone hits two birds.

Wan, X, Chengfu, X, Lin, Y, Chao, L, Li, D, Sang, J, et al. Uric acid regulates hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance through the NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent mechanism. Lonardo, A, Nascimbeni, F, Ballestri, S, Fairweather, D, Win, S, Than, TA, et al. Sex differences in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: state of the art and identification of research gaps.

Ciardullo, S, Pizzi, M, Pizzi, P, Oltolini, A, Muraca, E, and Perseghin, G. Prevalence of elevated liver stiffness among potential candidates for bariatric surgery in the United States. Obes Surg. Ciardullo, S, Oltolini, A, Cannistraci, R, Muraca, E, and Perseghin, G.

Sex-related association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and liver fibrosis with body fat distribution in the general US population. Am J Clin Nutr. Mayes, JS, and Watson, GH. Direct effects of sex steroid hormones on adipose tissues and obesity.

Heid, IM, Jackson, AU, Randall, JC, Winkler, TW, Qi, L, Steinthorsdottir, V, et al. Meta-analysis identifies 13 new loci associated with waist-hip ratio and reveals sexual dimorphism in the genetic basis of fat distribution. Nat Genet.

Bonacini, M, Kassamali, F, Kari, S, Lopez Barrera, N, and Kohla, M. Racial differences in prevalence and severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

World J Hepatol. Keywords: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, android fat, gynoid fat, risk. Citation: Yang L, Huang H, Liu Z, Ruan J and Xu C Association of the android to gynoid fat ratio with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a cross-sectional study.

Received: 09 February ; Accepted: 27 April ; Published: 15 May Copyright © Yang, Huang, Liu, Ruan and Xu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice.

No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Open supplemental data Export citation EndNote Reference Manager Simple TEXT file BibTex. Check for updates. ORIGINAL RESEARCH article. Introduction Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease NAFLD is a progressive liver condition that can manifest from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and even hepatocellular cancer 1 , 2.

Definitions of NAFLD and fibrotic NASH The Fatty Liver Index FLI is a simple and accurate predictor of hepatic steatosis in the general population 19 , which had already been validated by magnetic resonance spectroscopy 20 , Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry DXA was applied to estimate body adipose amounts.

Results Baseline characteristics of the study population A total of 10, participants Table 1. Baseline demographics of NAFLD patients and NAFLD-free controls. Table 2. Table 3. Logistic analysis of fat distribution and NAFLD. Table 4. Table 5. Features of body fat distribution by sex. k CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar.

x CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Keywords: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, android fat, gynoid fat, risk Citation: Yang L, Huang H, Liu Z, Ruan J and Xu C Association of the android to gynoid fat ratio with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a cross-sectional study.

Since a DXA scan directly measures the different types of fat stored in every region of your body, we will know how to take action that limits and loses your fat, and reduces your risk for disease. And remember, this fat storage is a result of organs insulating themselves from toxins by encapsulating the toxins in fat.

Ideally your android fat will always be lower than your gynoid fat. Not only do you get the Android and Gynoid measurements, you have a straightforward number and overview of how much fat you store in this vital chamber of health in your body!

The factors that influence fat distribution are partially controllable by you, and even the genetic factors can be mitigated to some extent.

Of these, you have complete control over the last four—toxins, physical activity, nutrition and stress management. If you possess the relevant information; if you know where you want to go; and if you command the knowledge of the means to get there; the problem which remains is one of execution.

But knowledge in the realm of fitness, nutrition, and health never exists in concentrated or integrated forms but as dispersed bits of incomplete and frequently subjective knowledge a.

A DexaFit DXA scan empowers you with accurate and outcome-based feedback. Now all you need to do is decide where you want to go; figure out the means to get there; and, finally, execute! As discussions around diverse diets on identical twins unfold, our guide to DEXA scans becomes your compass in navigating the intricacies of personal health.

Discover the science behind DexaFit's renowned services and unlock insights into how DEXA scans can propel you towards optimal health and wellness. Join the wave of those seeking precision, and let DexaFit be your trusted companion on this enlightening journey.

Unraveling the truth behind the viral 'ice hack weight loss' trend on TikTok. What is visceral fat and why is it dangerous to your health?

Learn all about visceral fat, how to measure it, ways to reduce it, and how Dexascan imaging can help. Visceral body fat is different from the thin, pinchable layer of fat you might notice on your arms or thighs.

While an appropriate amount of body fat is normal and healthy, visceral body fat is particularly hazardous to your health. Discover the science behind how body fat burns and the ways you can get your body to burn the most fat, even at rest.

In this article, we've got you covered on all you need to know about body composition plus 3 ways to dramatically improve it this year. The elusive buzz word is tossed around frequently by the health and fitness community but what does it actually mean??

You've always heard that you're supposed to eat protein after a workout - but why? See why you need to be making this diet change. The trend of being "skinny fat" is on the rise but should this become a norm or do we need to continue the encouragement of a healthy lifestyle?

While for female participants, The multivariate-adjusted smoothed curve fitting models were used to investigate the association between Android fat mass, Gynoid fat mass and Android to Gynoid ratio and BMD in males and females.

There was a linear positive association between Android fat mass and BMD in each region, regardless of male or female Fig. Similarly, there was also a linear positive association between Gynoid fat mass and individual regional BMD in different gender participants Fig. However, there was no apparent curvilinear association between the Android to Gynoid ratio and BMD in each region in males or females Fig.

The association between Android fat mass and BMD. Total femur; B. Femoral neck; C. Total spine. The association between Gynoid fat mass and BMD.

The association between Android to Gynoid ratio and BMD. Android fat mass was positively associated with Total femur BMD, Femoral neck BMD and Total spine BMD. Similarly, there was a similar positive association between Gynoid fat mass and BMD in both males and females Results were shown in Table 2.

In different age groups, Android fat mass Males, Supplementary Table 1 , Supplementary Fig. In different race groups, Android fat mass Males, Supplementary Table 3 , Supplementary Fig.

In this US population-based cross-sectional research, we investigated the difference in body fat distribution in different gender and the association between body fat mass and BMD. There was a positive association between body fat distribution Android and Gynoid and BMD at each site Femur and Lumbar spine in both males and females.

Lastly, this association persisted when subgroup analyses for age and race were performed. The main finding of this study was that body fat mass Android or Gynoid was positively associated with BMD, regardless of gender Males or Females or sites Femur or Lumbar spine , which was inconsistent with our hypothesis or conventional perception.

Gender differences were found in body fat distribution, consistent with the previous studies [ 24 , 25 ]. In males, fat was more likely to be concentrated in the abdomen Android fat , and in females, fat was more likely to be concentrated in the buttocks Gynoid fat [ 26 ].

Genome-wide association studies from the UK Biobank suggested that specific loci might determine fat distribution [ 27 ]. On the other hand, gene-environment-related effects were one of the possible mechanisms.

Metabolomics [ 28 ], microbiomics [ 29 ], and the dietary lifestyle of individuals might all be involved. The positive association was similar to the conclusions reached by numerous previous studies, for example, in Asian regions [ 11 , 16 , 30 ], and European regions [ 31 , 32 ].

Also, some studies have concluded that there was no association or negative association between fat distribution and BMD [ 33 , 34 , 35 ]. Possible reasons for the inconsistent conclusions drawn from the above studies were as follows: 1 the sample size was too small, with most studies including only tens or hundreds of samples; 2 differences in age, gender, and ethnicity of the included participants; 3 differences in adjusted covariates when performing correlation analyses; and 4 other unknown reasons.

Several possible explanations for the higher body fat mass associated with higher BMD. First, the more body fat there was, the greater the mechanical load on the bones. The mechanical load was very important for BMD maintenance [ 36 , 37 ], and BMD would also decrease if one lost weight [ 38 ] or were in a weightless environment [ 39 ].

Second, hormones in high body fat individuals were important for protecting BMD. Estrogen was an early discovery of adipocyte-derived hormone, where androgens in adipocytes were transformed into estrogen by the action of aromatase [ 40 , 41 ].

In addition, other hormones such as leptin [ 42 ] and insulin [ 43 ] were also involved in the adipose-bone mechanistic process. Finally, adipocytes and bone cells had a common origin from mesenchymal stem cells, and to some extent, adipogenesis and osteogenesis were dynamic processes involving multiple factors [ 44 , 45 ].

The clinical significance of the present study was that, among other diseases, obesity could be considered a heterogeneous disease, where different body fat distribution might produce completely different or even opposite effects [ 46 , 47 ]. However, for bone BMD, all were positively correlated and did not vary by the sites femur or lumbar spine or other differences sex, age and race.

Existing studies were not well explicit in exploring the association between fat distribution and BMD, and the lack of mechanistic studies made it difficult to explain this phenomenon.

One possible reason was that, in the elderly, android fat and gynoid fat were interlinked and interconvertible [ 48 ]. Another possible explanation was that whether android fat or gynoid fat, they both had endocrine functions that produced estrogen, leptin, and others that had beneficial impacts on Bone [ 49 ].

In the future, more studies were needed to investigate the underlying reasons for the positive effect of body fat distribution on BMD. In the end, the subgroup analysis led to the same conclusion.

This indicated that the effect of body fat distribution on BMD was also not significantly related to age and race. The strengths of this study were the following: 1 a representative large sample study; 2 the association of fat distribution Android and Gynoid on BMD at different sites Femur and Lumbar spine was explored in different gender populations; 3 adjusted for multiple covariates; 4 subgroup analysis was performed.

Therefore, to the best of our knowledge, the results of this study needed to be interpreted with caution. In addition, this positive correlation was also present in subgroups of age and race.

However, the positive association between fat distribution and BMD was unrelated to sites Femur or Lumbar spine or gender Males or Females. The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Jaacks LM, Vandevijvere S, Pan A, McGowan CJ, Wallace C, Imamura F, et al. The obesity transition: stages of the global epidemic. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar.

Wang Y, Beydoun MA, Min J, Xue H, Kaminsky LA, Cheskin LJ. Has the prevalence of overweight, obesity and central obesity levelled off in the United States? Trends, patterns, disparities, and future projections for the obesity epidemic.

Int J Epidemiol. Ashwell M. Obesity in men and women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. PubMed Google Scholar. Pischon T, Boeing H, Hoffmann K, Bergmann M, Schulze MB, Overvad K, et al. General and abdominal adiposity and risk of death in Europe. N Engl J Med. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar.

Zong G, Zhang Z, Yang Q, Wu H, Hu FB, Sun Q. Total and regional adiposity measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and mortality in NHANES Obesity Silver Spring. Article CAS Google Scholar. Selvaraj S, Martinez EE, Aguilar FG, Kim KY, Peng J, Sha J, et al. Association of central adiposity with adverse cardiac mechanics: findings from the hypertension genetic epidemiology network study.

Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. Wiklund P, Toss F, Jansson JH, Eliasson M, Hallmans G, Nordström A, et al. Abdominal and gynoid adipose distribution and incident myocardial infarction in women and men.

Int J Obes Lond. Folsom AR, Kushi LH, Anderson KE, Mink PJ, Olson JE, Hong CP, et al. Associations of general and abdominal obesity with multiple health outcomes in older women: the Iowa Women's health study. Arch Intern Med. Ma M, Feng Z, Liu X, Jia G, Geng B, Xia Y.

The saturation effect of body mass index on bone mineral density for people over 50 years old: a cross-sectional study of the US population. Front Nutr. Padwal R, Leslie WD, Lix LM, Majumdar SR. Relationship among body fat percentage, body mass index, and all-cause mortality: a cohort study.

Ann Intern Med. Article PubMed Google Scholar. Fan J, Jiang Y, Qiang J, Han B, Zhang Q. Associations of fat mass and fat distribution with bone mineral density in non-obese postmenopausal Chinese women over 60 years old.

Front Endocrinol Lausanne. Article Google Scholar. Fu X, Ma X, Lu H, He W, Wang Z, Zhu S. Associations of fat mass and fat distribution with bone mineral density in pre- and postmenopausal Chinese women.

Osteoporos Int. Lv S, Zhang A, Di W, Sheng Y, Cheng P, Qi H, et al. Assessment of fat distribution and bone quality with trabecular bone score TBS in healthy Chinese men. Sci Rep. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Yu Z, Zhu Z, Tang T, Dai K, Qiu S.

Effect of body fat stores on total and regional bone mineral density in perimenopausal Chinese women. J Bone Miner Metab. Chain A, Crivelli M, Faerstein E, Bezerra FF. Association between fat mass and bone mineral density among Brazilian women differs by menopausal status: the Pró-Saúde study.

Douchi T, Yamamoto S, Oki T, Maruta K, Kuwahata R, Nagata Y. Relationship between body fat distribution and bone mineral density in premenopausal Japanese women.

Obstet Gynecol. CAS PubMed Google Scholar. Yang S, Center JR, Eisman JA, Nguyen TV. Association between fat mass, lean mass, and bone loss: the Dubbo osteoporosis epidemiology study.

Vogel JA, Friedl KE. Body fat assessment in women. Special considerations. Sports Medicine Auckland, NZ. Wells JCK. Sexual dimorphism of body composition. Endocrinol Metab.

Google Scholar. Zillikens MC, Yazdanpanah M, Pardo LM, Rivadeneira F, Aulchenko YS, Oostra BA, et al. Sex-specific genetic effects influence variation in body composition. Lovejoy JC, Sainsbury A. Sex differences in obesity and the regulation of energy homeostasis.

Obes Rev. Lu Y, Mathur AK, Blunt BA, Gluer CC, Will AS, Fuerst TP, et al. Dual X-ray absorptiometry quality control: comparison of visual examination and process-control charts. Gynoid obesity vs. android obesity. Frequently asked questions. How we reviewed this article: Sources. Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and draws only from peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations.

We avoid using tertiary references. We link primary sources — including studies, scientific references, and statistics — within each article and also list them in the resources section at the bottom of our articles.

You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy. Share this article. Latest news Ovarian tissue freezing may help delay, and even prevent menopause. RSV vaccine errors in babies, pregnant people: Should you be worried?

Scientists discover biological mechanism of hearing loss caused by loud noise — and find a way to prevent it. How gastric bypass surgery can help with type 2 diabetes remission.

Atlantic diet may help prevent metabolic syndrome. Related Coverage. Rice and obesity: Is there a link? READ MORE. What are the effects of obesity? Medically reviewed by Angela M. Bell, MD, FACP. How to tell if you have overweight. Medically reviewed by Avi Varma, MD, MPH, AAHIVS, FAAFP.

How can phentermine affect pregnancy?