The aim of this carnpsine was to investigate the effects of beta-alanine supplementation on exercise capacity and the muscle carnosine content in elderly subjects.
The BA group Benefits of beta-carotene 3. The PL group received 2 × 2 × mg of a matched placebo. At baseline PRE and after 12 weeks POST of supplementation, leveks Beta-alanine and muscle carnosine levels made of the muscle carnosine Reduce snacking with appetite suppressant, anaerobic exercise capacity, muscle function, quality of life, physical activity znd food intake.
The time-to-exhaustion Beta-alajine the constant-load submaximal test i. In carrnosine, the current data indicate for the first time, that beta-alanine supplementation is caronsine in increasing muscls muscle carnosine carnosjne in healthy elderly subjects, with subsequent improvement in their exercise capacity.
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Ageing is associated with both a loss of skeletal muscle mass and skeletal muscle function leading to ,uscle degrees Beta-alaninr sarcopenia as defined by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older Muuscle EWGSOP Cruz-Jentoft et al.
Changes Goji Berry Energy Boost a decrease in the cross sectional area of type Levles muscle fibres Verdijk et Benefits of meditation for heart health. Ageing is also associated cafnosine a significant leveld in skeletal muscle carnosine Stuerenburg and Kunze ; Tallon et Natural ways to increase immunity. As a result elderly subjects may experience a decrease in their capacity to undertake anaerobic activity where this is limited Maca root for bone health intramuscular cell pH Balance and coordination in aging Stout et al.
Carnosime with the loss in muscle mass, czrnosine changes in muscle function will contribute to an increased carnosnie of Beta-lanine in elderly men and Beta-aalanine with impairments in balance, gait speed, and an increased Beta-alaine of falls Antibacterial hand wash et al.
Coconut Oil for Cooking the increase in longevity of carnksine Beta-alanine and muscle carnosine levels, sarcopenia andd emerging as Bwta-alanine major health Beta-alaanine financial concern at the national level.
Meal planning with leftovers exercise, incorporating some form of resistance training, crnosine considered one of the most effective Coconut Oil for Cooking to slow, and even reverse the Coconut Oil for Cooking of Beta-alanjne Snijders et al.
Carnosine is a dipeptide synthesized in darnosine and other tissues involved in intracellular buffering stress reduction techniques is composed of the carnosjne amino acids histidine and beta-alanine Artioli et lsvels.
The availability Coconut Oil for Cooking Beta-alaninee is carnosind to the in carnozine synthesis of carnosine myscle normal physiological conditions Harris et al. Improving the buffering capacity of carnodine could be important for muscle function and daily-life an in the elderly.
A previous mjscle Stout farnosine al. The authors suggested that the increase in working capacity could have importance in the prevention of falls, and the maintenance of health and umscle living of elderly men and women.
However, the authors did not assess muscle carnosine content. In fact, to the best carnosune our ahd, no study has directly investigated the effect of beta-alanine Coconut Oil for Cooking on the muscle carnosine content in elderly individuals.
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Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects Bfta-alanine beta-alanine supplementation Gut health and inflammation exercise performance capacity and the muscle carnosine content in elderly subjects.
It was hypothesized that beta-alanine supplementation would increase the muscle carnosine content in the Beta-lanine, which would be paralleled by an carmosine in exercise capacity.
Eighteen subjects 60—80 years who Coconut Oil for Cooking not Beta-apanine in any exercise programme for at Beta-aalanine 1 Astaxanthin and exercise performance were recruited to the study.
Exclusion criteria were assessed by catnosine physician and were as follows: joint disease or other causes Beta-alanind limited mobility that would Befa-alanine the subject undertaking the exercise tests, cardiovascular diseases which had not been treated, the use of nutritional Cardiovascular health supplements within the past 6 months e.
Volunteers Endurance running gear instructed to Bwta-alanine from any cwrnosine programme during the course of the muscel.
The Local Ethical Committee approved the study and all subjects gave their consent in writing after the purpose of the study and the risks involved had been explained. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted between October and May in Sao Paulo Brazil. An unbalanced design was adopted a priori to reduce the cost of the trial and to gain more experience in using beta-alanine supplementation in elderly subjects.
The PL group received 2 × 2 × mg placebo made up of maltodextrin, which was identical in appearance. The supplements were obtained from Natural Alternatives International, San Marcos, USA.
A researcher called the subjects on daily basis to verify the compliance to supplementation intake. Muscle carnosine, anaerobic exercise capacity, muscle function and quality of life were assessed at baseline PRE and after 12 weeks POST of supplementation.
All of the subjects underwent one familiarization session prior to the muscle function tests. Food intake was assessed at baseline and after the intervention and physical activity levels were assessed only at baseline. The closer monitoring of physical activity patterns and diet was not possible and it is a limitation of this study.
All the subjects were physically inactive as assessed by the international physical activity questionnaire—IPAQ Voorrips et al. To characterize the sample, measurements of body composition were also assessed at PRE and POST by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry DXA, Hologic QDRDiscovery model Bedford, MA, USA.
Muscle carnosine content was assessed in vivo by 1H-MRS using a whole body 3. In brief, the calf muscle of the left leg was centred within the knee coil fixed with pads to avoid leg motion during acquisition. Conventional anatomical T1-weighted magnetic resonance images were obtained in three orthogonal planes to select the voxel position in the gastrocnemius muscle for MRS measurements.
Voxel size was 40 mm I—S × 30 mm A—P × 12 mm L—R. Total acquisition time of the spectrum was 9 min. Spectra raw data were analysed with Java Magnetic Resonance User Interface software Naressi et al.
For quantification purposes, only the carnosine H 2 peak at 8. Carnosine values were normalized by the internal water content in the voxel, measured from the water unsuppressed reference acquisitions.
Water and carnosine signals were quantified using a Hankel—Lanczos singular value decomposition HLSVD algorithm Pijnappel et al. No corrections for the effect of relaxation times were applied. The coefficient of variation CV for muscle carnosine content was 2. Carnosine data were expressed relatively to the water signal.
The lack of a carnosine phantom i. The participants were required to visit the laboratory on two occasions. At the first visit, subjects performed an incremental test on a motorized treadmill CenturionMicromed, Brazil.
The starting speed was set at 1. The ventilatory anaerobic threshold VAT and V O 2 peak were determined according to previously described criteria Howley et al. This intensity was maintained to the limit of tolerance TLIM.
In both tests, the time-to-exhaustion was assessed as a measure of exercise tolerance. The subjects received strong verbal encouragement to continue as long as possible. The Brazilian version of the Short-Form Health Survey SF was used to assess quality of life Ciconelli et al.
The SF consists of eight subscales: physical functioning, role limitations due to physical health problems so-called physical role functionbodily pain, general health perceptions, vitality, social role functioning, role limitations due to emotional health problems so-called emotional role functioning and mental health.
Items were answered according to standardized response choices. Raw scores are transformed to scale scores ranging from 0 towith higher scores indicating better levels of functioning. Food intake was assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks of supplementation by means of three 24 h dietary recalls undertaken on separate days 2 weekdays and 1 weekend day using a visual aid photo album of real foods.
The 24 h dietary recall consists of the listing of foods and beverages consumed during 24 h prior to the recall. Energy and macronutrient intakes were analysed by the Brazilian software DietPro 5. Blood and urine samples for clinical biochemistry i.
Intention-to-treat analysis was used for each comparison, irrespective of the compliance with the intervention.
Shapiro—Wilk test revealed normal distribution of the data. Unpaired t tests were used to assess relative changes between groups for muscle carnosine and physical capacity parameters. Quality of life data were tested by Wilcoxon test.
The remaining variables were tested by a Mixed Model procedure. Pearson correlations were performed between relative changes in muscle carnosine content and performance parameters. Effect sizes ES for muscle carnosine and physical capacity parameters were estimated for the posttest assessments using the pooled standard deviation of the two independent samples at POST to determine the practical significance of the present findings.
Data are expressed as mean ± SD. Three patients two male and one female from the BA group presented unreliable MRS scans at either PRE or POST and were excluded from all analyses involving muscle carnosine determination, and all correlations.
After exclusion of these subjects, baseline values for all measurements remained non-significantly different between the groups.
Body mass and body composition data not shownand food intake Table 2 did not significantly differ within between Pre and Post or between groups. a Individual data for muscle carnosine content arbitrary units at baseline PRE and after 12 weeks of beta-alanine supplementation POST These correlations are illustrated in Fig.
No significant within- or between-group changes were observed in the timed-stands test after beta-alanine supplementation PRE: 16 ± 2; POST 17 ± 2 repetitions when compared with the PL group PRE: 15 ± 3; POST 16 ± 3 repetitions. Similarly, no significant changes were observed in the timed-up-and-go test after beta-alanine supplementation PRE: 6.
No significant changes were observed between groups for quality of life parameters Table 3. Laboratory parameters were unchanged after the intervention Table 4.
Additionally, there were no self-reported side effects throughout the course of the study. The main and novel finding of the present study is that beta-alanine supplementation is able to increase the muscle carnosine concentration in elderly 60—80 yrs subjects.
Importantly, the study also showed compelling evidence indicating that the increase in muscle carnosine was paralleled by an improvement in exercise tolerance with no evidence of any adverse effect.
The present data is in accordance with a growing body of evidence obtained in younger subjects suggesting that beta-alanine supplementation results in increased carnosine synthesis in muscle Harris et al.
The present data further demonstrate that within the age group measured, ageing does not impair intramuscular beta-alanine uptake or intramuscular carnosine synthesis. Although one study Kim demonstrated a normal muscle carnosine content in older individuals with glucose intolerance, Tallon et al.
Similarly Stuerenburg and Kunze reported a significant age-related reduction in skeletal muscle carnosine. These dissonant findings may be explained, at least in part by dietary differences, as the Korean population studied by Kim is described as eating a typical Korean diet including chicken, pork and beef meat, as well as fish.
Changing dietary patterns in the elderly due to loss of appetite will reduce beta-alanine intake from the ingestion of histidine containing dipeptides carnosine, anserine and balenine. Even where dietary intake of protein may be adequate, dietary levels of beta-alanine may fall. Declining levels of carnosine in muscle may also occur with preferential loss of type II muscle fibres with age, or with a reduction in cross sectional area of type II muscle fibres, since in humans these have up to two times the level of carnosine compared to type I Harris et al.
In such circumstances beta-alanine supplementation could be beneficial in maintaining or even elevating muscle carnosine levels with possible improvements in physical exercise capacity and life quality. In the present study the mean increase of
: Beta-alanine and muscle carnosine levels| Top bar navigation | It is possible that the very high doses apparently required for MCarn saturation, may lead to taurine reductions, and so some caution must be taken in attempting to implement substantially higher doses than those currently in use. Similarly, previous research highlighted that L-histidine is also required for carnosine synthesis, and that chronic BA supplementation may cause depletion of the free histidine pool, which in itself may have implications given the wide range of physiological processes that histidine contributes to Blancquaert et al. Similar to that which was observed for taurine, meta-analytic data indicated that BA dosing protocols within the ranges commonly used do not impact the free histidine pool Dolan et al. Collectively, the available evidence indicates that achieving the very high MCarn levels that the current Emax model indicates are possible, but may not be desirable, due to practical and safety issues. We suggest that in lieu of investigating means of maximizing intracellular carnosine content, future research efforts should instead focus on the point at which maximum ergogenic benefits are attained, as well as the point after which no further ergogenicity occurs. The current analysis also brought to light some interesting points about the nature of the MCarn response to supplementation, which has implications for future study design. In the absence of intervention, MCarn seems to be relatively stable, likely due to low intramuscular carnosinase and roughly equivalent synthesis and degradation rates Boldyrev et al. Interestingly, both within and between study variance were large and similar. A large proportion of this sampling error is likely due to small sample sizes. Typically, the use of a control group would be recommended to normalize the effects of the intervention against those of usual biological variability Swinton et al. This implies that the control group adds little value to the analysis, likely because of MCarn stability and the large effect of supplementation. In future investigations of the MCarn response to BA in young healthy males and particularly those for which resources are limited it may be prudent to direct resources toward the intervention group, in order to reduce within study variance. It is important to note that this recommendation applies only to studies on the MCarn response to BA supplementation. The influence of BA supplementation on exercise performance, or clinical outcomes, is far less well-characterized and subject to substantially more sources of internal and external variability and so control groups are essential in studies for which exercise, or clinical effectiveness, is the primary outcome of interest. In addition to characterizing the nature of MCarn response to BA supplementation, we also considered the influence of various potential moderators on this response. In relation to the method of assessment, it seems that lower effect estimates are generally observed when MCarn is measured using the H-MRS technique when compared to those obtained using HPLC analysis of muscle biopsies. Only one study showed no MCarn increase, despite using a commonly used dosing protocol of 6. It is important to highlight that the MRS measurements reported in that study used a 1. Given the incongruency of this finding in comparison to all others, it seems plausible that this may have occurred due to methodological inadequacies. When considering the influence of non-modifiable factors on the MCarn response to supplementation namely age and sex , we could not conduct analyses on the influence of age, as insufficient data in older groups, and no data on younger groups, were available. Further research investigating the influence of BA supplementation on MCarn in older adults, along with potential therapeutic or ergogenic benefits, would be of interest, although it is worth highlighting that the one study that investigated a group aged 60—80 years did show comparable increases to other studies conducted in younger populations del Favero et al. Women have previously been reported to have lower MCarn than men Mannion et al. Despite these differences, our data indicate that both men and women have a similar response to BA supplementation, indicating that the lower values previously reported in women are unlikely to relate to an inherent gender dysmorphism in the biological factors that underpin carnosine metabolism. In conclusion, our findings indicate that human skeletal muscle has large capacity to accumulate carnosine. MCarn remains stable in the absence of intervention and neither low baseline MCarn levels, nor sex, influence the subsequent response to BA supplementation. In turn, these findings lead to other questions, the response to which may have large implications for future practice. From the point of view of athletic performance, key questions include: what is the absolute MCarn increase required to elicit an ergogenic effect, along with the point after which no further benefits are attained? It is clear that 4 weeks of BA supplementation can be ergogenic, but can this be achieved earlier? Can strategies to enhance the early response to BA supplementation meaningfully impact the subsequent ergogenic benefits? The response to these questions may progress practical application of this supplementation strategy, with potential benefit to many athletic and clinical populations. Any additional information is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. ED, PS, BS, and BG designed the research. ED and NR conducted the searches. NR, LO, and RS extracted all data. KN, RS, GY, BS, and VE collected all original data used in the individual analysis. ED and NR wrote the manuscript, with ongoing critical input from PS, BG, GA, and BS. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. BS has been financially supported by a grant from Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo LO and VE received research scholarships from the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil CAPES , Finance Code BS has previously received a scholarship from Natural Alternatives International NAI , San Marcos, California for a study unrelated to this one. NAI has also partially supported an original study conducted within our laboratory. This company has not had any input financial, intellectual, or otherwise into this review. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Artioli, G. Carnosine in health and disease. Sport Sci. doi: PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Baguet, A. Important role of muscle carnosine in rowing performance. The influence of sex, age and heritability on human skeletal muscle carnosine content. Amino Acids 43, 13— Carnosine loading and washout in human skeletal muscles. Bakardjiev, A. Transport of beta-alanine and biosynthesis of carnosine by skeletal muscle cells in primary culture. Bex, T. Exercise training and Beta-alanine-induced muscle carnosine loading. Muscle carnosine loading by beta-alanine supplementation is more pronounced in trained vs. untrained muscles. Black, M. The effects of β-alanine supplementation on muscle pH and the power-duration relationship during high-intensity exercise. Blancquaert, L. Carnosine and anserine homeostasis in skeletal muscle and heart is controlled by β-alanine transamination. Beta-alanine supplementation, muscle carnosine and exercise performance. Effects of histidine and β-alanine supplementation on human muscle carnosine storage. Sport Exerc. Boldyrev, A. Physiology and pathophysiology of carnosine. Carnisone increases efficiency of DOPA therapy of Parkinson's disease: a pilot study. Carnosine as a natural antioxidant and geroprotector: from molecular mechanisms to clinical trials. Rejuvenation Res. Carvalho, V. Exercise and β-alanine supplementation on carnosine-acrolein adduct in skeletal muscle. Redox Biol. Chung, W. Doubling of muscle carnosine concentration does not improve laboratory 1-Hr cycling time-trial performance. Sport Nutr. Church, D. Comparison of two β-alanine dosing protocols on muscle carnosine elevations. Cochran, A. Beta-alanine supplementation does not augment the skeletal muscle adaptive response to 6 weeks of sprint interval training. da Eira Silva, V. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a non-invasive method to quantify muscle carnosine in humans: a comprehensive validity assessment. Sci Rep. Danaher, J. The effect of β-alanine and NaHCO 3 co-ingestion on buffering capacity and exercise performance with high-intensity exercise in healthy males. de Courten, B. Effects of carnosine supplementation on glucose metabolism: pilot clinical trial. Obesity 24, — De Marchis, S. Carnosine-related dipeptides in neurons and glia. PubMed Abstract Google Scholar. de Souza Goncalves, L. Insulin does not stimulate beta-alanine transport into human skeletal muscle. Cell Physiol. del Favero, S. Beta-alanine [Carnosyn TM ] supplementation in elderly subjects 60—80 years : effects on muscle carnosine content and physical capacity. Amino Acids 43, 49— Derave, W. Beta-Alanine supplementation augments muscle carnosine content and attenuates fatigue during repeated isokinetic contraction bouts in trained sprinters. Dobrota, D. Carnosine protects the brain of rats and mongolian gerbils against ischemic injury: after-stroke-effect. Dolan, E. A comparative study of hummingbirds and chickens provides mechanistic insights into the histidine containing dipeptide role in skeletal muscle metabolism. Comparative physiology investigations support a role for histidine-containing dipeptides in intracellular acid-base regulation of skeletal muscle. A Mol. A systematic risk assessment and meta-analysis on the use of oral beta-alanine supplementation. Dunnett, M. Carnosine, anserine and taurine contents in individual fibres from the middle gluteal muscle of the camel. Dunson, D. Commentary: practical advantages of bayesian analysis of epidemiologic data. Dutka, T. Effect of carnosine on excitation-contraction coupling in mechanically-skinned rat skeletal muscle. Muscle Res. Cell Motil. Everaert, I. Vegetarianism, female gender and increasing age, but not CNDP1 genotype, are associated with reduced muscle carnosine levels in humans. Amino Acids 40, — Ghodsi, R. Carnosine and advanced glycation end products: a systematic review. Amino Acids 50, — Gross, M. Effects of beta-alanine supplementation and interval training on physiological determinants of severe exercise performance. Harris, R. Simultaneous changes in muscle carnosine and taurine during and following supplementation with β-Alanine. CrossRef Full Text. Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects by creatine supplementation. The absorption of orally supplied beta-alanine and its effect on muscle carnosine synthesis in human vastus lateralis. Amino Acids 30, — Hill, C. 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HIIT augments muscle carnosine in the absence of dietary beta-alanine intake. Peñafiel, R. Gender-related differences in carnosine, anserine and lysine content of murine skeletal muscle. Amino Acids 26, 53— Perim, P. Can the skeletal muscle carnosine response to beta-alanine supplementation be optimised? Renner, C. Saunders, B. Twenty-four weeks of β-alanine supplementation on carnosine content, related genes, and exercise. Sports Exerc. β-alanine supplementation to improve exercise capacity and performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Shaffer, J. Taurine mobilizing effects of beta alanine and other inhibitors of taurine transport. Life Sci. Spelnikov, D. A kinetic model of carnosine synthesis in human skeletal muscle. Beta-alanine supplementation augments the small amounts available from 1 synthesis in the liver, and 2 from the ingestion of meat and fish. Supplemental beta-alanine combines with the naturally occurring histidine to increase the levels of carnosine. CarnoSyn ® beta-alanine is the highest quality beta-alanine with 16 global patents. It is the leading ingredient in the most popular sports nutrition formulas. Over 55 different scientific beta-alanine studies have proven its effectiveness in boosting athletic performance, and it contains zero banned substances. CarnoSyn ® is also the only beta-alanine with NDI and self-affirmed GRAS status, which means, it has undergone rigorous testing with the FDA in order to achieve and maintain these certifications. From NFL players to Olympians to the top sports nutrition brands, CarnoSyn ® beta-alanine is the only choice for those who want the best results. Benefits of CarnoSyn ® beta-alanine for athletes include:. CarnoSyn ® beta-alanine is available in two different forms—instant release and sustained release—offering two ways to dose. SR CarnoSyn ® offers the same benefits as instant release CarnoSyn ® , but in an advanced delivery system that allows for increased dosing for better results. When used in tandem, the combination of instant release and sustained release gives athletes the ability to stack their dosing for higher quantities of beta-alanine and even more performance gains. Most athletes are familiar with the many benefits of beta-alanine. Many rely on beta-alanine supplementation…. What is Beta-Alanine? Endurance athletes push themselves to the outer limits and beyond. In order to participate in…. |
| International society of sports nutrition position stand: Beta-Alanine | All studies were conducted on young men and provided a BA dose of 6. In addition, humans acquire beta-alanine through the consumption of foods such as poultry and meat. Carnosine concentrations tend to be higher in males compared to females [ 15 ], and in fast-twitch compared to slow-twitch muscle fibers [ 16 — 18 ]. The panel concluded that there was insufficient evidence to recommend the use of beta-alanine by military personnel [ 78 ]. Download citation. Chung, W. |
| REVIEW article | Bayesian forest plot of multilevel meta-analysis with non-controlled effect sizes. J Appl Physiol 4 — Centenary of Gulewitsch's discovery. But there are health reasons as well. Stuerenburg HJ, Kunze K Concentrations of free carnosine a putative membrane-protective antioxidant in human muscle biopsies and rat muscles. The impact of taurine- and beta-alanine-supplemented diets on behavioral and neurochemical parameters in mice: antidepressant versus anxiolytic-like effects. The Local Ethical Committee approved the study and all subjects gave their consent in writing after the purpose of the study and the risks involved had been explained. |
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