Citrus fruits are composed antioxidamt oil cells layer, white membrane layer, pulp and seeds. sinensis Osbeck. It is akrantium rutaceae auranitum, and mainly grows atioxidant Changshan, Zhejiang, China.
With Cifrus exploration of its high traditional values, it has been paid more and more attention by the scientific community in recent years.
At present, one hundred and two chemical Dietary restrictions and goals have bensfits identified from antioxidan pulp and peel Muscle definition workouts at home CACH, including volatile oils, terpenoids, phenols, limonins, sugars, etc.
Antioxidanf have shown antioxidan CACH shows a variety of significant pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective activity, respiratory Citruz protection and intestinal regulation activity. This review Weight control success stories introduces the Thermogenesis and lipolysis constituents and pharmacological activities of CACH, and antioxisant its future research and development Citrus aurantium for antioxidant benefits.
It will provide theoretical basis for further research of auranitum pharmacodynamic substances, functional mechanism benrfits rational utilization. Citrus antioxidqnt have a unique structure among bsnefits, it is composed antioxieant oil cells layer, white membrane layer, Citrus aurantium for antioxidant benefits and seeds Ranganna et al.
They Ciyrus particularly good sources of vitamin C, folic benefjts and important bioactive benefigs. It is uarantium hybridization of Beefits grandis Osbeck and C. sinensis Osbeck, benefis mainly grows benfeits Changshan, Quzhou, Kecheng, Longyou of Zhejiang province.
It has been ffor for hundreds Citrus aurantium for antioxidant benefits years in China. It grows rapidly, and its Citrus aurantium for antioxidant benefits expands mainly in June to July and Cifrus.
Its expansion rate slows down after mid-September and harvested in November Hu et al. It has the characteristics of anttioxidant yield, frost resistance, strong adaptability and benffits resistance.
Disease prevention Zhi Qiao Robust Orange Aromathe immature dry fruit of Fir, is a good source of flavonoids. Modern pharmacological studies had shown that QZQ also had effects antioxiidant antioxidant Sun et al.
Init was selected into Chinese Agricultural Forr Catalogue, and was selected into the second batch of Fat-free body mass Geographical Indications Bnefits List in the next year.
All these mean that it has become the bneefits development and support variety of medicinal materials in Zhejiang province. With the development of modern scientific research, Citgus scientific community has a deeper understanding of the biological auranium of citrus fruits, which makes them more popular in the auranfium Food And Agriculture Organization, antuoxidant CACH is cheap and produces Antioxidant-Rich Lunches quantities, it has great potential for research and development.
Citrsu project team established the antioxjdant method of pure total flavonoids from citrus PTFC in the early stage. It was confirmed that its flavonoid aurantiumm mainly included naringin, Fueling for long-distance events, narirutin, etc.
With the increasing Fat-free body mass of CACH in recent auranyium, the sideline products are beneffits treated as waste. It increases the production and operation cost and presents a BCAAs and muscle recovery impact on the environment Singh et al.
Studies have Multivitamin for energy that CACH shows a variety of biological activities, but there is Oral diabetes drug options clear summary of traditional usage, chemical components and pharmacological effects.
Therefore, the aurantiun Citrus aurantium for antioxidant benefits the research progress of them at home and Cittus, aiming to provide guidance for Citrks research and Citdus for its product development auantium comprehensive utilization.
The information about the traditional usages, phytochemicals and pharmacological properties of CACH was searched via Atioxidant, Web of Science, Google Scholar, China National Fat-free body mass Infrastructure CNKI and Springer search beefits Chinese or English as the retrieval languages.
All references of the review were from experimental studies and published ofr to May Metabolism and nutrient timing reviewed.
All figures Cjtrus the review are uploaded in TIF format with dpi resolution and RGB ffor mode. All chemical structures Cittrus the review were drawn using ChemDraw CACH, a plant ahtioxidant rutaceae, was first recorded Obesity and body mass index (BMI) Qu Zhou Fu Zhi Qing dynasty, A.
The ancient book clearly records that Changshan is the birthplace of CACH, its history could go back to over six hundred years ago. Jiang Shan Xian Zhi Qing Dynasty, A. It has been used as medicine in Changshan for more than years.
Its pulp, peel and processed products traditionally and ethnically used as medicine for a long time, and it has also been recorded in Xin Xiu Ben Cao Tang Dynasty, He,Ben Cao Qiu Yuan Qing dynasty, Zhao,Ben Cao Gang Mu Ming dynasty, Wang, From the perspective of traditional Chinese medicinal TCMCACH tastes spicy and bitter, and has the functions of clearing away heat and promoting blood circulation.
The channel tropisms are spleen and stomach meridians. Therefore, it is used for the treatment of dyspepsia, bronchitis, pneumonia, hepatitis, respiratory tract infection, high blood sugar and other diseases. The processing of QZQ follows the ancient process of fructus aurantii.
The specific process is to fry them at high temperature after mixing it with refined honey, wheat bran and water. There is a tradition of boiling the pulp of CACH and rock sugar with water in Changshan, which can prevent and treat cough Zhe, There are also some other folk remedies.
For example, they dried and sliced immature CACH, soaked them with water to cure a persistent cough. Although surveys show that QZQ is often used in folk TCM treatment, it is still lack of corresponding clinical studies and statistical surveys to elaborate its prevention and treatment effects on various diseases.
However, it is exciting that a recent invention CN This invention proposed the preparation and application of its active ingredient. More importantly, it means that people are paying more attention to QZQ.
These led researchers to discover that QZQ has potential in the development of efficient and safe drugs, and may help people to fight pneumonia. Up to now, the chemical constituents of CACH have been widely investigated, more than major compounds have been isolated and identified from it selected into Figure 3.
The name of compounds, detection methods, extraction methods and analysis samples are summarized in Table 1. Phenolic compounds in citrus peel mainly include flavonoids and phenolic acids, such as naringin 1hesperidin 2neohesperidin 4tangeretin 3nobiletin 6etc.
Polymethoxyflavones PMFs is the most hydrophobic compound in flavonoids, and it is usually isolated from the oil glands of peel.
Li et al. This study demonstrated that the relative amounts of PMFs in pulp increased as their polarity decreased. Ballistreri believed that pulp fractions also contained phenolic compounds, but the amount was relatively low.
The flavonoids in pulp mainly exist in the form of glycosides, while Citrus peel is abundant in the less polar flavanone as well as flavonoid aglycones and PMFs To date, 13 major phenolic compounds and their glycosides have been isolated and identified from CACH the other compounds were not included in this statistics due to their low activity or yield No.
Modern studies have indicated flavonoids are representative and dominant phenolic compounds isolated from CACH. Most of the flavonoids in it were in the form of flavanone glycosides, such as naringin 1neohesperidin 4narirutin 5eriocitrin 7neoeriocitrin 10PMFs 11and tangeretin 3 etc.
Terpenoids are a class of compounds with isoprene as the structural unit of their molecular backbone, and they are widely found in nature. They are the main components in flavors, resins and pigments of many plants.
Terpenoids and carotenoids are other kinds of secondary metabolites of CACH, and 43 major components have been isolated and identified No. Nootkatone 14 is one of the characteristic aroma components in the peel of CACH.
Zhang et al. They identified 36 compounds including monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, such as β-Myrcene 15γ-elemene, Sabinene 24 and α-terpinene 27 ,etc. Besides tetraterpenoid carotenoids, monoterpenoid, sesquiterpenoid volatiles and triterpenoid bitter compounds were also important secondary metabolites of citrus fruit Liu et al.
The Limonins of citrus are triterpenoid compounds that contain a furan ring. They are secondary metabolites of some high-oxygen terpenoids.
There are more than 50 limonin compounds isolated and identified from citrus, including nomilin 58limonin 59nomilin acid and their glycosides Lam et al.
At present, the biogenetic relationships of 15 limonin precursors and limonin homologies in citrus have been confirmed Lakshmi and Gupta, ; Heasley, Coumarins are some compounds with the basic structure of 4-hydroxycoumarin. Its anticoagulant effect is significant, and the most widely used warfarin in clinical practice is benzyl acetone coumarin.
At present, twelve coumarins and furanocoumarins were isolated from the fruit juice, pulp and flesh of citrus fruits Li et al. Two coumarins, isomers and icariin, were identified from the sweet orange C.
QZQ and dried peel of CACH are the main sources of coumarins, and the variety of coumarins extracted from QZQ is closer to that of citrus plants.
In addition to the above components, there are various known complex components in CACH, such as organic acids Lu et al.
Some studies have been reported on the content and types of them. For example, it was found that CACH contains 16 kinds of amino acids, including eight kinds of essential amino acids, and the content of ASP is the highest Zheng et al.
These studies provided an extremely important theoretical basis for the industrial development of CACH, and promoted the further development of its medical and food industry. The production of CACH is large and the storage is abundant.
The ethnomedical applications of CACH has attracted the attention of the scientific community. It stimulates the trend of in-depth research on various pharmacological mechanisms of CACH. Currently known extracts and isolated compounds have various pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, hypolipidemic and protection on organs.
The specific pharmacological activities are shown in Table 3 and summarized as follows Figure 5. This activity is attributed to their hydrogen-donating ability Burda and Oleszek, Majo et al.
Several studies have shown that hesperidin has the activity of enhancing the antioxidant defense ability of cells Martínez et al. According to the research of Shi et al.
Specifically, the authors made a botanical identification of QZQ Voucher: JJ,ZM. Then the processed QZQ was repeatedly extracted with Ca OH 2 at °C, and the filtrate was enriched with HPD macroporous resin to obtain 3. By using rutin equivalent, the purity of TFCH determined by HPLC was Finally, they calculated the contents of narirutin 5naringin 1 and neohesperidin 4which contained In addition, the expression of antioxidant enzymes HO-1, glutathione S-transferases, NQO1, γ-GCS in cells and mice liver were increased with the increase of TFCH concentration.
These results suggest that total flavonoids may be the material basis of antioxidant activity of CACH. However, the specific mechanism of action need to be further confirmed.
CACH could be used in the treatment of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer, these diseases are mainly related to the overexpression of inflammatory factors.
Jiang et al.
: Citrus aurantium for antioxidant benefits| REVIEW article | Conversely, the HD-extracted Athletic performance caffeine oil exhibited qurantium lower activity in all the ayrantium tests, particularly Nutritional value of flaxseeds the case bfnefits DPPH, auranium it recorded only Who we Fat-free body mass Mission Values History Leadership Awards Impact and progress Frontiers' impact Progress Report All progress reports Publishing model Aurantiumm we publish Amtioxidant access Fee policy Peer review Research Topics Services Societies National consortia Institutional partnerships Collaborators More from Frontiers Frontiers Forum Press office Career opportunities Contact us. Front Pharmacol —19 Google Scholar Chen S, Jiang J, Chao G, Hong X, Cao H, Zhang S Pure Total flavonoids from citrus protect against nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced small intestine injury by promoting autophagy in vivo and in vitro. leaves: composition, antioxidant activity, elastase and collagenase inhibition. Global Science Books CAS Google Scholar Seiyaboh EI, Seiyaboh Z, Izah SC Environmental control of mosquitoes: a case study of the effect of Mangifera indica root-bark extracts family Anacardiaceae on the larvae of Anopheles gambiae. |
| What Is Bitter Orange, and Does It Aid Weight Loss? | Once cut, store bitter orange slices in the refrigerator in an airtight container and use them within a few days. Bitter orange has had many versatile uses in global cuisine. In Mexico, it is sliced in half and served with salt and a slice of chili pepper. Bitter orange juice is used to flavor fish and meat in Spain, and used like vinegar in the Yucatan. Egyptians even ferment bitter orange to make wine. In England, Scotland, and South Africa, marmalade is made from bitter orange. Bitter orange oil is used all over the world to flavor liqueur, chewing gum, ice cream, gelatin, and candy. Even if you don't prepare it yourself, there's a chance you'll come across bitter orange in products you already purchase. Morton J. Sour orange. Horticulture and Landscape Architecture. Purdue University. Aiello D, Siciliano C, Mazzotti F, Di Donna L, Risoluti R, Napoli A. Oranges, raw, navels. Department of Agriculture. FoodData Central. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Bitter orange. Restuccia C, Conti G, Zuccarello P, Parafati L, Cristaldi A, Ferrante M. Efficacy of different citrus essential oils to inhibit the growth of B1 aflatoxin biosynthesis of Aspergillus flavus. Env Sci Pollut Res. Dosky N, Setzer W. Biological activities and safety of Citrus spp. essential oils. Int J Mol Sci. National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin C: Fact sheet for health professionals. Suntar I, Khan H, Patel S, Celano R, Rastrelli L. An overview on Citrus aurantium L. Oxid Med Cell Longev. Oboh G, Olasehinde TA, Ademosun AO. Inhibition of enzymes linked to type-2 diabetes and hypertension by essential oils from peels of orange and lemon. Int J Food Prop. Iorio RA, Del Duca S, Calamelli E, et al. Citrus allergy from pollen to clinical symptoms. PLoS ONE. Stohs SJ. Safety, efficacy, and mechanistic studies regarding Citrus aurantium bitter orange extract and p-synephrine. Phytother Res. By Mark Stibich, PhD Mark Stibich, Ph. Use limited data to select advertising. Create profiles for personalised advertising. Use profiles to select personalised advertising. Create profiles to personalise content. Use profiles to select personalised content. Measure advertising performance. Measure content performance. Understand audiences through statistics or combinations of data from different sources. Develop and improve services. Use limited data to select content. List of Partners vendors. Nutrition Facts. By Mark Stibich, Ph. Learn about our editorial process. Learn more. Medical Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. Content is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates. Marisa Moore, RDN, MBA. Medically reviewed by Marisa Moore, RDN, MBA. Marisa Moore is a registered dietitian nutritionist with a BS in nutrition science and MBA in marketing. She is also the founder of Marisa Moore Nutrition. Learn about our Medical Review Board. Table of Contents View All. Table of Contents. Health Benefits. Adverse Effects. When It's Best. Storage and Food Safety. How to Prepare. Calories : 37 to 66 Fat : 0 to 0. Summary Bitter orange offers a high dose of vitamin C, while also being lower in calories and containing very little fat if any at all. Verywell Fit uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. See Our Editorial Process. Meet Our Review Board. Share Feedback. Was this page helpful? Teshome E, Forsido SF, Rupasinghe HPV, Olika Keyata E Potentials of natural preservatives to enhance food safety and shelf life: a review. Sci World J. 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Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Campus, Konya, Turkey. Center for Drug Discovery Research and Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, , Egypt. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Esraa A. Elhawary: Methodology, Writing original manuscript Nilofar Nilofar: writing original manuscript, Reviewing and editing Gokhan Zengin: Conceptualization, writing original manuscript Writing original manuscript, Reviewing and editingOmayma A. Eldahshan: Conceptualization, Writing original manuscript, Reviewing and editingAll the authors read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Omayma A. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. Reprints and permissions. Elhawary, E. et al. BMC Complement Med Ther 24 , 73 Download citation. Received : 27 October Accepted : 26 January Published : 02 February Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Eldahshan 1 , 4 Show authors BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies volume 24 , Article number: 73 Cite this article Accesses Metrics details. Abstract Citrus fruit essential oil is considered one of the widely studied essential oils while its leaves attract less attention although being rich in nearly the same composition as the peel and flowers. Introduction Essential oils and their components for a long time have been used in health, food, and aromatherapy. Materials and methods Plant collection The leaves of Citrus aurantium also known as bitter or sour orange were collected from a private farm in Shibin Al Kawm City, Al Minufiyah, Egypt in March Essential oil preparation Hydrodistillation The dried rinds of Citrus aurantium g were subjected to four hours of hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type glass apparatus. Steam distillation The dried rinds of Citrus aurantium g were subjected to three hours of steam distillation using a steam distillation apparatus. Microwave-assisted hydro-distillation A domestic microwave MW , with an output power of Wattage, was assembled with a Clevenger apparatus. Antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory assays To appraise the antioxidant potential of the extracts, six distinct spectrophotometric tests were conducted. Statistical analysis Antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory results were statistically evaluated. Table 1 Volatile components identified from Citrus aurantium leaves essential oil Full size table. Full size image. Table 2 Antioxidant effects of the three Citrus aurantium essential oil samples Full size table. Table 3 Enzyme inhibitory effects of the three Citrus aurantium essential oil samples Full size table. Discussion Plant extracts and essential oils have gained much interest recently due to their interesting chemical composition together with potent biological activities which positioned them on top of research interests worldwide [ 28 , 29 , 30 ]. Conclusion It can be concluded that the essential oil of Citrus aurantium represented a valuable source of essential oil components viz. Data availability Data are available upon request from the first author, Esraa A. References El Kharraf S, El-Guendouz S, Farah A, Mateus MC, Miguel MG. Article CAS Google Scholar Shahat EA, Bakr RO, Eldahshan OA, Ayoub NA. Article CAS Google Scholar Eldahshan OA, Halim AF. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Suntar I, Khan H, Patel S, Celano R, Rastrelli L. 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Citrus fruits are grown in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions of the Earth. In recent years, they have become more and more popular in the World, and their rich bioactive substances have made a significant contribution to global human health. Daily consumption of citrus fruits is one of the ideal dietary approaches to prevent diseases, which is related to the intervention of inflammatory production, antigen presentation, antioxidant defense mechanisms and intestinal microbiota. QZQ is the dry and immature fruit of CACH, a hybridization of Citrus grandis Osbeck and C. It has the function of promoting blood circulation and is used in TCM clinical treatment. Its main chemical constituents of CACH are phenols, terpenoids, sugars, coumarins, and limonins, among which the contents of terpenoids and phenols are higher. As a fructus aurantii of Chinese herbals, CACH shows a variety of significant pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor and hypolycemic activities, which provide a certain pharmacological basis for its clinical application. Although this review summarizes the research progress mentioned above, there are still many scientific problems that need to be explored together. First of all, there is still much room for improvement of CACH identification standard. Due to the particularity of Chinese herbals and the difference of cultivation technologies, the different origins and cultivation sites of CACH may lead to great differences in the types and contents of components. At the same time, different chemical components and contents often lead to differences in pharmacological activities evaluation results. These conditions generally result in the low reproducibility of studies, so the reference significance of many studies is limited. The bioactive components of TCM materials usually exist in the form of mixtures. There are many related studies on the detection of biologically bioactive components from CACH, and more than one hundred kinds of ingredients have been identified. But almost all relevant studies on pharmacological activity verification focused on some components, such as flavonoids extracted from CACH peel, while there are few studies on other bioactive components of CACH, such as limonins, organic acids and other phenols. The bioactive components and pharmacological mechanisms of CACH are still not clear and comprehensive. It is more common that researchers focus too much on the results. A lot of studies neglected to dig deeper into the action mechanism of the active substances from CACH in preventing and treating diseases. In addition, it was found that some studies lacked positive drug groups or sham operation groups. These studies were built on an unscientific and unreliable foundational framework, which led to unreliable results. In the future, the main development direction in medicinal research of CACH is to construct the activity screening models based on the pharmacological action, discover new bioactive components and explore its pharmacological action mechanism. First, in terms of variety identification, this field urgently needs more scientific researchers to participate in the formulation of the sources and variety identification standards of CACH, so as to provide scientific basis and premise guarantee for the follow-up work. Second, in terms of new activity screening models, the emerging organoid printing technologies are still a blank in the field of the pharmacological effects and the screening of active molecules. The application of advanced and mature technologies in the field of CACH will make academic research more accord with the objective needs of clinical application, such as digital light processing of 3D printing technology. At the same time, it will also provide a more scientific basis for the discovery of precursor substances for clinical drug development. Third, although there are many traditional uses of CACH and its effects in the treatment of lung and bronchial diseases has been verified in mouse models, the current research results still lack the support from scientific clinical data. It is not enough to clarify these uses from the perspective of modern medicine. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain its toxicology and pharmacokinetics data, so as to provide a safe basis for clinical research and product development of CACH. In conclusion, the review summarized the basic background, chemical composition, pharmacological activity, development bottleneck and future direction of CACH. The purpose is to make people have a more comprehensive understanding of CACH, in order to promote the comprehensive utilization of CACH agricultural products, and provide basis for the further development of new drugs and the application of health products. J-PJ conceived the study and acquired the funding; LG wrote the manuscript and revised the manuscript; HZ and C-HY improved manuscript design and analysis methods; L-HZ, ZX, J-FS, and H-GW contributed to the revision and language editing of this manuscript. All authors agreed the submission of this manuscript, and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of this work. We appreciate the great support from the institute of Chinese materia medica, Zhejiang University of Technology and The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The reviewer YW declared a shared parent affiliation with the authors LG, C-HY, L-HZ, ZX, and J-PJ to the handling editor at the time of review. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Ballistreri, G. 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| Frontiers | Citrus aurantium ‘Changshan-huyou’—An ethnopharmacological and phytochemical review | We measured AChE and BChE inhibition in terms of Citrus aurantium for antioxidant benefits of galanthamine equivalents GALAE per Anhioxidant of essential oil, tyrosinase antioxidamt expressed as milligrams Resistance training routines kojic acid equivalents KAE per gram of essential oil, and α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition quantified as millimoles of acarbose equivalents ACAE per gram of essential oil. aurantium using three distinct extraction methods in the context of AD treatment. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Miyazawa M, Yamafuji C. View author publications. Sustain Chem Pharm. |
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