Visceral fat and diabetes -
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SYBR Green-I dye binds to the minor groove of double-stranded DNA dsDNA , and the fluorescence is greatly enhanced by binding. During the various stages of PCR, different intensities of fluorescence signals can be detected depending on the amount of dsDNA present.
The fluorescence is recorded at the end of each cycle and monitored from cycle to cycle. The crossing points are identified by the intersection of the best-fit line with the log linear portion of the standards amplification curve. The standard curve is the plot of the crossing point versus the log of copy number.
The concentration of the products in the sample was calculated by extrapolation to the standard curve by using the Light Cycler analysis software. mRNA obtained from all rats and real-time PCR were repeated three times on each sample.
Acrp30 was quantified by Western blot analysis. A rabbit antibody raised against full-length murine Acrp30 that was derivatized with I was used to decorate the blots.
Blots were analyzed with a Phosphor Imager Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, CA and quantified with ImageQuant 1. Each gel contained four standards of purified mouse Acrp30 at four different concentrations to ensure linearity and reproducibility of the signal.
The lower limit of detection was 1—5 ng of Acrp Plasma glucose was measured by the glucose oxidase method Glucose Analyzer II; Beckman Instruments, Palo Alto, CA , and plasma insulin and glucagon were measured by radioimmunoassay Linco Research, St.
Charles, MO. Plasma 3 H-glucose specific activity was measured in duplicate on the supernatants of Ba OH 2 and ZnSO 4 precipitates of plasma samples after evaporation to dryness to eliminate tritiated water.
The significance of group differences was evaluated using repeated-measures ANOVA for multiple comparisons. The Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated to estimate the linear relationship between variables. All values are presented as means ± SE.
During the pancreatic clamps insulin and somatostatin infusions , plasma glucose levels were maintained at baseline, and plasma FFA and insulin levels were similar in all groups.
Furthermore, these rates were similar to those observed in young and CR rats The action of insulin to suppress EGP was also significantly affected by removal of VF Fig.
Furthermore, these rates were similar to those observed in young 4. At 8 weeks after surgery, their body weight was similar to the equivalent FBN rats i. Thus, these 8 weeks were associated with rapid fat growth. Postabsorptive plasma glucose and FFA levels were similar in both groups Table 4.
This was accompanied by a significant increase in the plasma FFA concentration, suggesting resistance to the antilipolytic effect of insulin as well.
Although plasma insulin levels were higher than during the basal period, it should be pointed out that insulin was infused peripherally during the pancreatic clamp procedure.
Indeed, resistance to the inhibitory action of insulin on EGP was also present in the face of hyperglycemia, which may have an independent effect on decreasing EGP.
However, all animals became diabetic when most of the VF regenerated Fig. The expression of leptin and TNF-α were estimated in VF and SC fat. CR rats had plasma leptin levels 3. Prevention treatment strategies have been successfully applied to type 2 diabetes.
Lifestyle modifications largely designed to alter fat mass and distribution are the cornerstone of these interventions and have been shown to delay the onset of hyperglycemia in individuals at high risk for the disease 20 , Similarly, chronic CR has dramatic beneficial effects on glucose tolerance and insulin action in rodents 12 and in primates Importantly, reduction in visceral adiposity is a common feature of all these interventions.
However, it has been difficult to discern whether a reduction in the size of intra-abdominal fat depots plays a causative role or is simply a covariant tightly associated with one or more causative factors.
Here, we show that surgical removal of two intra-abdominal fat depots prevents the onset of age-dependent insulin resistance and markedly delays the onset of glucose intolerance and diabetes in a rodent model of obesity and diabetes.
Our findings indicate that a modest decrease in total fat mass per se does not have a significant impact on insulin action. However, not all fat depots have equal metabolic import. Adipose tissue from different anatomical sites has markedly different effects on metabolic outcomes.
In fact, removal of a similar amount of adipose tissue from the peri-renal and peri-epididymal sites VF led to dramatic improvements in peripheral and hepatic insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance.
The onset of diabetes in the ZDF rats tracked very closely with the regeneration of VF several weeks after its surgical removal. Our results may provide useful information in the contentious debate regarding the mechanism s by which CR improves metabolic parameters and extends life in rodent models Until recently, the effects of CR on life extension 24 , 25 were related directly to the decreased intake of nutrients rather than to secondary effects on body weight, fat mass, or distribution of body fat.
This study documents that insulin action can be improved in the absence of CR, challenging the notion that nutrient excess per se is the prominent cause of insulin resistance in this aging model.
Overall, the dramatic improvement in peripheral and hepatic insulin action after removal of visceral but not SC adipose tissue resembles the effects of prolonged CR in aging rodents However, a closer look at other associated variables in the two intervention models also reveals striking differences.
CR results in marked reductions in body weight, total fat mass, and lean body mass. Conversely, the surgical removal of VF markedly improves metabolic parameters in the absence of any detectable changes in body weight, fat mass, and lean body mass.
Furthermore, the reduction in VF is the result of a proportional decrease in all VF depots with CR, whereas it is entirely due to decreased epididymal and perinephric fat in our surgical model. Thus, decreased VF could largely account for the beneficial metabolic effects of chronic CR.
However, our results cannot quantify the relative contribution of mesenteric, epididymal, and perinepric fat depots in mediating these effects. Insulin resistance is a major risk factor for the development of diabetes in humans and animals Here, we used the Zucker Fatty rat model, which resembles common features of obese patients developing type 1 diabetes This model is characterized by marked hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance Thus, removal of VF dramatically improved insulin sensitivity in Zucker Fatty rats.
Thus, selective intra-abdominal fat depots play a major role in modulating insulin action and glucose tolerance in these two animal models. Can we speculate on potential mechanism s by which these depots regulate insulin action in distant sites?
One possibility is that increased plasma levels of FFAs and glycerol impair insulin action in both the liver and muscle 29 — In fact, it has been suggested that VF is resistant to the antilipolytic effects of insulin, and its removal may have decreased the flux of FFAs and glycerol to these target organs However, the concentrations of FFAs and glycerol were unchanged in these experimental models at both basal conditions and during the studies.
It should also be pointed out that the venous drainage of the mesenteric fat is portal, whereas that of the epididymal and perinephric fat is caval. Recent evidence indicates that adipose cells are also capable of biosynthesis and secretion of several metabolically active factors Some of these factors circulate in plasma and are active at distant targets 19 , In this regard, it is of interest that the mRNA encoding for the novel circulating protein resistin was much higher in epididymal and perinephric adipose tissue than in SC adipose tissue.
The extraction of VF also resulted in marked changes in the expression of the fat-derived peptide TNF-α in the SC adipose tissue. TNF-α may be directly involved in the development of insulin resistance in obesity through its effects on insulin signaling VF removal was also associated with decreased plasma concentrations of both insulin and leptin.
Leptin mRNA in SC adipose tissue was also decreased. The decline in circulating levels of these hormones may simply reflect their improved biological action.
However, it is also likely that a decrease in plasma insulin concentrations and perhaps decreased carbon flux into the hexosamine pathway may account for the decreased expression of leptin in SC adipose tissue after VF removal Finally, removal of VF resulted in a significant decrease in plasma Acrp30 levels.
Thus, because Acrp30 normally induces a potentiation of insulin action, the improvements in systemic insulin sensitivity seen with VF removal was probably mediated through mechanisms distinct from an increase in circulating Acrp30 levels.
Our results indicate that the surgical removal of selective intra-abdominal fat depots prevents the age-related decrease in peripheral and hepatic insulin action and may regulate gene expression in SC adipose tissue. Furthermore, removal of VF delays the onset of diabetes in the ZDF model of obesity and diabetes.
Thus, we propose that specific interventions designed to reduce intra-abdominal adiposity will greatly improve insulin action. Further studies will be necessary to identify the specific fat-derived signals by which selective depots of adipose tissue regulates glucose fluxes and gene expression at distant sites.
Peripheral insulin sensitivity in aging rats. Shown are results for young 2-month-old and old month-old F1 hybrids of F and Brown Norway rats. Hepatic insulin sensitivity in aging rats.
The ability of insulin to suppress EGP was studied using glucose tracer methodology see research design and methods. R a , rate of EGP. Development of diabetes and the regrowth of VF in ZDF rats. Six rats from each group were studied using a pancreatic clamp, and the rest were monitored for 4 months until they developed diabetes.
Gene expression of TNF-α and leptin. Medical News Today. Health Conditions Health Products Discover Tools Connect. Reversing diabetes: Visceral fat more important than overall weight.
By Timothy Huzar on September 30, — Fact checked by Jessica Beake, Ph. Share on Pinterest According to a small study, even people of moderate weight can reverse diabetes by losing visceral fat. Type 2 diabetes. Weight loss without overweight? Preliminary study. Remission in two-thirds.
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