B vitamins for digestion -
Information about a therapy, service, product or treatment does not in any way endorse or support such therapy, service, product or treatment and is not intended to replace advice from your doctor or other registered health professional.
The information and materials contained on this website are not intended to constitute a comprehensive guide concerning all aspects of the therapy, product or treatment described on the website. All users are urged to always seek advice from a registered health care professional for diagnosis and answers to their medical questions and to ascertain whether the particular therapy, service, product or treatment described on the website is suitable in their circumstances.
The State of Victoria and the Department of Health shall not bear any liability for reliance by any user on the materials contained on this website. Skip to main content. Healthy eating. Home Healthy eating.
Vitamin B. Actions for this page Listen Print. Summary Read the full fact sheet. On this page. About B-group vitamins Vitamin B in food Vitamin B supplements Types of vitamin B Thiamin B1 Riboflavin B2 Niacin B3 Pantothenic acid B5 Vitamin B6 pyridoxine Biotin B7 Folate or folic acid B9 Cyanocobalamin B12 Where to get help.
About B-group vitamins Vitamins naturally occur in food and are needed in very small amounts for various bodily functions such as energy production and making red blood cells.
Vitamin B in food Even though the B-group vitamins are found in many foods, they are water soluble and are generally quite delicate. Thiamin B1 Thiamin is also known as vitamin B1.
Good sources of thiamin wholemeal cereal grains seeds especially sesame seeds legumes wheatgerm nuts yeast pork. Thiamin deficiency Thiamin deficiency is generally found in countries where the dietary staple is white rice. Riboflavin B2 Riboflavin is primarily involved in energy production and helps vision and skin health.
Good sources of riboflavin milk yoghurt cottage cheese wholegrain breads and cereals egg white leafy green vegetables meat yeast liver kidney. Riboflavin deficiency ariboflavinosis Riboflavin deficiency or ariboflavinosis is rare and is usually seen along with other B-group vitamin deficiencies.
Niacin B3 Niacin is essential for the body to convert carbohydrates, fat and alcohol into energy. Good sources of niacin meats fish poultry milk eggs wholegrain breads and cereals nuts mushrooms all protein-containing foods.
Niacin deficiency pellagra People who drink excessive amounts of alcohol or live on a diet almost exclusively based on corn are most at risk of pellagra. Excessive niacin intake Large doses of niacin produce a drug-like effect on the nervous system and on blood fats.
Pantothenic acid B5 Pantothenic acid is needed to metabolise carbohydrates, proteins, fats and alcohol as well as produce red blood cells and steroid hormones. Good sources of pantothenic acid Pantothenic acid is widespread and found in a range of foods, but some good sources include: liver meats milk kidneys eggs yeast peanuts legumes.
Pantothenic acid deficiency Because pantothenic acid is found in such a wide variety of foods, deficiency is extremely rare. Vitamin B6 pyridoxine Pyridoxine is needed for protein and carbohydrate metabolism, the formation of red blood cells and certain brain chemicals.
Good sources of pyridoxine cereal grains legumes green and leafy vegetables fish and shellfish meat and poultry nuts liver fruit. Pyridoxine deficiency Pyridoxine deficiency is rare. Excessive pyridoxine intake Pyridoxine toxicity is mostly due to supplementation and can lead to harmful levels in the body that can damage the nerves.
Biotin B7 Biotin B7 is needed for energy metabolism , fat synthesis, amino acid metabolism and glycogen synthesis. Good sources of biotin liver cauliflower egg yolks peanuts chicken yeast mushrooms. Folate or folic acid B9 Folate, or folic acid the synthetic form of folate which is used extensively in dietary supplements and food fortification External Link is needed to form red blood cells, which carry oxygen around the body.
Good sources of folate green leafy vegetables legumes seeds liver poultry eggs cereals citrus fruits. IV treatments deliver nutrients directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the digestive system, which can be beneficial for people with digestive issues or malabsorption problems.
IV treatments can also provide higher doses of vitamins than oral supplements, which can lead to faster and more effective results. However, IV treatments can be more expensive and require medical supervision, so it is important to talk with a healthcare professional before deciding on a treatment plan.
Bloating is a common digestive problem that can be caused by various factors, such as an unhealthy diet, stress, food intolerances, and more. Vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, and D all play important roles in digestion and can help reduce inflammation in the gut.
While oral supplements can be a convenient way to increase your intake of vitamins, IV treatments may be more effective for restoring low vitamin levels. However, it is important to reach out to a healthcare professional before deciding on a treatment plan.
By incorporating these vitamins into your diet or treatment plan, you can help alleviate bloating and improve your digestive health. Our mobile IV infusions are a convenient way to restore key vitamins and replenish your body quickly.
Our vitamin IV treatments take less than an hour and are administered by one of our registered nurses.
Drip Hydration offers a wide range of IV treatment options. Our IV infusions contain vitamins, fluids, minerals, electrolytes to help address many health and wellness targets. Read More: Vitamin IV Therapy FAQ. In this article, we will discuss seven vitamins that may help reduce bloating.
Vitamin B1 Thiamine Vitamin B2 Riboflavin Vitamin B3 Niacin Vitamin B5 Pantothenic Acid Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine Vitamin B12 Cobalamin Vitamin D. Vitamin B1 Thiamine Vitamin B1 is an essential nutrient that plays a key role in the metabolism of carbohydrates.
Good sources of vitamin B1 include pork, whole grains, and nuts. Vitamin B2 Riboflavin Vitamin B2 is another important nutrient that helps convert food into energy.
Good sources of vitamin B2 include dairy products, eggs, and leafy green vegetables. Vitamin B3 Niacin Vitamin B3 is essential for energy production and helps support a healthy digestive system.
Good sources of vitamin B3 include poultry, fish, and whole grains. Vitamin B5 Pantothenic Acid Vitamin B5 is involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, which can aid digestion and reduce bloating.
Good sources of vitamin B5 include avocado, mushrooms, and whole grains. Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine Vitamin B6 plays a key role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, which can aid digestion and reduce bloating. Dietary vitamin B7 exists in either free form or protein-bound form.
Ingested protein-bound forms of vitamin B7 are firstly broken down by gastrointestinal proteases and peptidases to biocytin biotinyl- L -lysine and biotin-oligopeptides Figure 1.
These products are further processed in the intestinal lumen to release free biotin before absorption. Free biotin from the gastrointestinal tract is rapidly absorbed.
Absorption of free biotin by the proximal intestine is mediated by SMVT, which also transports vitamin B5 and antioxidant lipoates , In the intestine, SMVT is exclusively expressed on the apical membrane of polarized intestinal absorptive cells and thus SMVT system is the only biotin uptake system in the mammalian gut It has long been recognized that the normal microbiota of large intestine can synthesize large amounts of biotin.
Vitamin B7-producing microbiota includes B. fragilis , F. varium , and Campylobacter coli Meanwhile, vitamin B7-consuming bacteria must gain vitamin B7 from the environment to maintain microbial functions and these bacteria lack the vitamin B7 biosynthetic pathways.
For instance, Lactobacillus possesses genes involved in obtaining biotin from environments Human body lacks the capacity to produce vitamin B7, for which vitamin B7 is mainly supplied by the jejuna and to a lesser extent, from the distal gut.
However, absence of gut microbiota may negatively affect circulating vitamin B7 levels. In rodent model, enhanced vitamin B7 transport was observed in decreased intestinal pH Since lactic acid bacteria such as Bifidobacterium , Lactobacillus , Enterococcus , and Streptococcus can produce lactic acid and lower the local acidity in the intestinal lumen 45 , 46 , it is suggested that supplementation of lactic acid bacteria might increase the absorption of vitamin B7.
Rat intestinal infection of Salmonella enterica serotype Salmonella typhi results in a significant reduction in intestinal vitamin B7 intake Obese mice induced by a high-fat diet demonstrate a changed gut microbiota profile, resulting in fewer microbes expressing genes for vitamin B7 synthesis As a result, a reduction in vitamin B7 synthesis and lowered plasma vitamin B7 levels in obese mice were observed, indicating the significant importance of intestinal microbiota in maintaining vitamin B7 levels in obesity The composition of gut microbiota may be influenced by vitamin B7.
Vitamin B7-consuming bacteria with free biotin transporter, including Prevotella , Bifidobacteria , Ruminococcus , and Lactobacillus , require vitamin B7 to maintain their microbiological functions Hence, vitamin B7 deficiency might interfere with the abundance of the above bacteria.
For instance, deprivation of vitamin B7 has been reported to cause intestinal dysregulation and overgrowth of Lactobacillus murine Vitamin B9 folate is a micronutrient for the synthesis and functional regulation of many biomacromolecules in humans , In fortified foods, supplements, and pharmaceuticals, vitamin B9 occurs in the synthetic form of folic acid As a critical cofactor in one-carbon metabolism, vitamin B9 could transfer carbon units in methylation reaction, DNA and RNA biosynthesis, and amino acid metabolism Megaloblastic anemia is one of the most common symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency.
The main reason for this disease is the inhibition of the maturation of erythropoietic precursors , Lack of vitamin B9 also correlates with neural tube defects Natural folate and folic acid have similar absorption processes In food, vitamin B9 usually occurs as folate polyglutamate, which is hydrolyzed to the monoglutamate form by glutamate carboxypeptidase II before the absorption in the brush border of the proximal part of the jejunum Figure 1 ; Monoglutamate folate can be transported by the proton-coupled folate transporter PCFT across the apical membrane of enterocytes , After vitamin B9 is metabolized to 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate in the enterocytes by dihydrofolate reductase, it can be transported by multidrug resistance-associated protein MRP into the portal vein.
Vitamin B9 could experience enterohepatic circulation, which means it can be discharged into the bile and then reabsorbed in the intestine. Bacteria synthesized folate might be absorbed in the colon because the colon has abundant PCFTs for vitamin B9 absorption , Moreover, the enzymes that favor the absorption of vitamin B9, such as folate hydrolase, γ-glutamyl hydrolase, and folate hydrolase 2, are also highly expressed in the colon , The gut microbiota also plays a valuable role in producing and consuming vitamin B9 , According to an evaluation of human gastrointestinal bacterial genomes, Folate-producing strains have been extensively screened to fortify vitamin B9 content — Liu et al.
Zhang et al. screened high vitamin B9-producing strains from 12 lactic acid bacteria and then obtained its variant, Lactobacillus plantarum GSLP-7 V after stressing with drugs Based on a vitamin B9 deficient rat model induced by a vitamin B9-free diet, they further proved GSLP-7 V and its fermented yogurt could restore serum vitamin B9 and homocysteine Hcy to normal levels.
A case that is closer to clinical application is L. reuteri ATCC PTA It has been proved to be safe for humans and could produce vitamin B9 with additional para-aminobenzoic acid Collectively, the microbiome has beneficial potential in treating vitamin B9 deficiency.
A vitamin B9-supplement diet slightly increased gut bacterial community richness according to the abundance-based coverage estimator, compared to a vitamin B9-deficient diet in the high-fat-diet-induced obesity mouse model.
The relative abundance of Actinobacteria was significantly increased, while it is the opposite for Clostridia However, Wang et al. reuteri , and Lactobacillus mucosae Vitamin B9 deficiency can influence bacterial diversity.
Compared to a micronutrient-sufficient diet in gnotobiotic mice, the vitamin B9 deficiency diet increased β diversity after day treatment. But a day full diet treatment did not change this trend Another study based on human gut microbiota assessed fecal microbiota composition. The fecal microbiota community has lower α and β diversity when healthy volunteers with less vitamin B9 diet.
And the fecal microbiota community has a higher potential to produce vitamin B9 in vitro experiments Vitamin B9 also can influence the amount of SCFAs in the gastrointestinal tract. In the study of Wang et al. proved the vitamin B9-produced probiotics, L.
sakei LZ, could increase SCFAs content, especially for propionic acid and butyric acid in the fecal slurry cultures Vitamin B12 cobalamin is a member of the corrinoids that is required by methionine synthase and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase , Methionine synthase is pivotal in catalyzing the conversion of Hcy to methionine.
The subsequently adenosylated of methionine would generate S-adenosylmethionine to supply methyl groups for biological methylation modifications of proteins and nucleic acid. Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase is involved in mitochondrial metabolism.
A daily intake of 4 μg is adequate to maintain the normal biological functions of vitamin B12 , which could be satisfied by dietary supplementation with 5—30 μg Vitamin B12 deficiency is correlated with several pathological progressions due to its important role in methylation and catabolism.
Without sufficient vitamin B12 to convert total homocysteine tHcy to methionine, circulating level of accumulated tHcy might increase the risk of CVD , Moreover, vitamin B12 deficiency is responsible for cognitive impairment and neurological disorders, which might result from the accumulation of tHcy and methylmalonic acid — In addition, deficiency of vitamin B12 has also been reported to perform a positive association with osteoporosis , macular degeneration , , and frailty For human, the major source of vitamin B12 is animal products while intestinal microbiota synthesis might also contribute to a minor fraction Vitamin B12 could be absorbed by both passive diffusion and receptor mediated endocytosis in the intestine Figure 1.
Passive diffusion is negligible in physiological doses — μg supplied by food or supplementation The absorption of vitamin B12 by receptor mediated endocytosis is a multistep process — In the upper gastrointestinal tract, vitamin B12 is released from the protein carriers with the assistance of gastric acid and pepsin and then binds to haptocorrin under the acidic condition.
After the degradation of haptocorrin by pancreatic proteases, the released vitamin B12 binds to intrinsic factors in duodenum. After entering the mucosal cells, vitamin Bintrinsic factor complex is dissociated from cubilin in the early endosomal compartment.
In the lysosome, intrinsic factor is degraded and released vitamin B12 enters the cytoplasm via LMBD1. The exit of free vitamin B12 from enterocyte might depend on MRP1.
With enterohepatic circulation, the secreted vitamin B12 in duodenum would bind to intrinsic factor and then reabsorbed into the circulation. Intestinal microbiotas are either producers or consumers of vitamin B Moreover, the intestinal absorption of vitamin B12 could be in turn influenced by intestinal microbiota Several bacteria have been reported to be vitamin B12 producers, such as L.
reuteri , and Enterococcus faecium , It is supposed that vitamin Bproducing bacteria supplementation could improve vitamin B12 utilization in the gastrointestinal tract.
Such an assumption has been proved in mice fed with vitamin B12 deficient diets. The supplementation of L.
reuteri CRL, a vitamin Bproducing strain, prevented the signs of vitamin B12 deficiency, suggesting the therapeutical effect of intestinal bacteria in vitamin B12 deficiency However, these beneficial effects might be limited if the bacteria are colonized in the colon , where lack of necessary transporters.
In order to develop a probiotic treatment for vitamin B12 deficiency, the position of bacterial colonization should be considered. Hence, the overgrowth of bacteria might compete with the exogenous vitamin B12 with their host and then reduce the bioavailability In small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, consumption of vitamin B12 by the increased anaerobesis was considered a major reason for vitamin B12 deficient symptoms Reducing the abundance of vitamin Bconsuming bacteria is of benefit to vitamin B12 deficiency.
For instance, daily probiotic treatment of Lactobacillus performed a beneficial effect on both bacterial overgrowth and vitamin B12 absorption, suggesting the probiotic treatment might improve the vitamin B12 deficiency via inhibiting the vitamin Bconsuming bacteria overgrowth , Besides production or consumption of vitamin B12, intestinal microbiota might indirectly change the bioavailability of vitamin B12 via exerting influences on the absorption-related physiological factors.
Gastrointestinal diseases associated with reduced acid secretion or enzyme content might interfere with the release of vitamin B12 from food or the translation of vitamin B12 to intrinsic factors Reduced vitamin B12 absorption is also observed in IBD, which is characterized by abnormal gut permeability , As a probiotic, Lacidofil treatment significantly improved the gastric acid secretion in H.
pylori -infected mongolian gerbils, which conduced to the release of vitamin B12 from food Some gut bacteria have also presented the remission effect on IBD, which might improve the absorption of vitamin B12 via normalizing the gut permeability Besides, excessive competition between gut microbiota and the host might interfere with the bioavailability of vitamin B For instance, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron expresses an essential surface-exposed lipoprotein for vitamin B12 transport named BtuG The higher binding affinity of BtuG could remove vitamin B12 from intrinsic factors and reduce vitamin B12 absorption.
Vitamin B12 serves as a critical cofactor of diverse enzymes in human gut microbes for nucleotide synthesis, amino acid metabolism, carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and secondary metabolite synthesis , The biosynthesis of vitamin B12 involves about 30 enzyme-mediated steps and only a small fraction of bacteria could produce this vitamin Most gut bacteria utilize vitamin B12 that escapes the absorption in the ileum and reaches the large intestine The competition of vitamin B12 in gut microbiota might influence their growth, colonization, and metabolic processes 5 , , In vitro study of colonic model suggested that vitamin B12 supplementation may increase α diversity, but the results depend on the form and dose of cobalamin administered In another in vitro study, α diversity is reduced after methylcobalamin supplementation but not in cyanocobalamin treatment group In mice, no significant difference in α diversity had been observed after vitamin B12 treatment, even under different doses , A study suggested that cyanocobalamin supplementation had an increase in the α diversity and exerted a significant difference in β diversity at the genus level However, some studies were unable to support this conclusion , In humans, vitamin B12 intake could promote the increase of α diversity in adults but not in infants or children 72 , , , However, the association between vitamin B12 intake and β diversity was only observed in infants at 6 months of age and in older veterans rather than in other observed groups, including infants at the age of 4 or 5 months, lactating women, and children aged between 2 and 9 years 72 , , , In the colonic model, cobalamin supplementation would increase the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes and is opposite to Proteobacteria and Pseudomonas After 7 days of methylcobalamin supplementation, an increased proportion of Acinetobacter and declined a fraction of Bacteroides , Enterobacteriaceae , and Ruminococcaceae had been observed in another colonic model-based study In the studies of murine, the associations between vitamin B12 supplementation and the relative abundance of bacteria have been also reported , , The supplementation of vitamin B12 has elevated the fraction of Firmicutes and reduced the proportion of Bacteroidetes.
Compared to methylcobalamin, cyanocobalamin treatment resulted in higher levels of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria and lower levels of Firmicutes in mice. In humans, vitamin B12 intake might increase the proportion of Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia 72 and reduce the abundance of Bacteroidetes However, some clinical studies also suggested that vitamin B12 intake had no influence on bacterial abundance , , — These controversial results might be due to the different study designs and participants.
In vitro study suggested that the addition of cobalamins increases the generation of SCFAs, especially butyrate and propionic acid Another in vitro study indicated that low-dose cyanocobalamin-enriched spinach could increase the generation of butyrate and acetate In mice, a reduction of SCFAs has been observed in dietary vitamin B12 restriction However, the effect of oral vitamin B12 on cecal SCFA was absent in mice with dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis In this review, we summarized current knowledge about the interaction between gut microbiota and vitamin B nutrition Figure 2 to infer the consequence of probiotics supplementation, which might be helpful to optimize the treatment of probiotics.
Vitamin B perform as essential micronutrients for human. The absorption process of multiple dietary vitamin B requires the assistance of many transporters, which generally occurs in the small intestine Table 1.
As cofactors of multiple enzymes, supplement with vitamin B can change the diversity, abundance, and functions of gut microbiota Table 4. Understanding the interactions between vitamin B and gut microbiota can help us prevent vitamin B deficiency and, more importantly, allow us to recognize beneficial potential of probiotics on human healthy.
Figure 2. Summary of the relationship between vitamin B and gut microbiota. Vitamin B can affect the diversity, composition, and abundance of gut microbiota by influencing cofactors.
Gut microbiota affects vitamin B by producing or consuming and by modifying the physiological properties of the gastrointestinal tract. Solid lines represent effect, dashed lines represent transportation. The blue lines show the effect of vitamin B on gut microbiota, and the green lines show the effect of vitamin B on gut microbiota.
Red lines represent the process of substance transfers into circulation. Yellow lines represent the effects of circulation substances on organs. The metabolites of gut microbiota and dietary vitamin B can affect human health. SCFAs, short chain fatty acids.
Table 3. Gut microbiota affect the absorption of vitamin B via modifying the physiological properties of gastrointestinal tract. In addition to supplements, the probiotic product has recently been approved by FDA as the therapeutical approach for disease treatment, which has significantly extended the application of probiotics.
Considering their ability for vitamin B production and intestinal function modification, probiotics might be a potential therapeutical approach for vitamin B deficiency. Although conventional vitamin B supplements have been applied, they are insufficient to treat vitamin B deficiency patients of malabsorption.
In this population, improved intestinal absorption rather than vitamin B supplementation would be a more efficient approach to improve vitamin B nutrition. Despite the beneficial effect on human health, risks are remaining in probiotics treatment. The overgrowth of Lactobacillus murinus after vancomycin treatment might deplete vitamin B7 available, suggesting the potential risk of nutrition competition after probiotics treatment.
For the purpose of reducing the risk of nutrition competition, vitamin B should be supplied along with probiotics. Another consideration of vitamin B supplementations in probiotics treatment is the beneficial effect of vitamin B on the growth and function of gut microbiota.
But types and dosages of vitamin B should be optimized as supplements of probiotics treatment. Overall, probiotics treatment could be a potential treatment for vitamin B deficiency, and vitamin B supplement might either reduce the risk of probiotics-induced vitamin B deficiency or improve the efficacy of vitamin B.
Nonetheless, these assumptions are still requiring further scientific and clinical studies to optimize the combination of vitamin B and probiotics treatment. HH and JK designed the manuscript. ZW, LS, JWZ, SL, YXZ, RW, YCZ, JHZ, ZZ, JD, and LC performed the literature review. ZW, JHZ, and ZZ drafted the manuscript.
ZW, HH, KH, and JK revised the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.
Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Fenech M. Vitamins associated with brain aging, mild cognitive impairment, and alzheimer disease: biomarkers, epidemiological and experimental evidence, plausible mechanisms, and knowledge gaps.
Adv Nutr. doi: PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Calderon-Ospina C, Nava-Mesa M. B vitamins in the nervous system: current knowledge of the biochemical modes of action and synergies of thiamine, pyridoxine, and cobalamin. CNS Neurosci Ther.
Selhub J, Troen A, Rosenberg I. B vitamins and the aging brain. Nutr Rev. Bjorklund G, Peana M, Dadar M, Lozynska I, Chirumbolo S, Lysiuk R, et al. The role of B vitamins in stroke prevention. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. Roth W, Mohamadzadeh M.
Vitamin B12 and gut-brain homeostasis in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke. Morris M. The role of B vitamins in preventing and treating cognitive impairment and decline.
Clarke M, Ward M, Strain J, Hoey L, Dickey W, McNulty H. B-vitamins and bone in health and disease: the current evidence. Proc Nutr Soc. LeBlanc J, Milani C, de Giori G, Sesma F, van Sinderen D, Ventura M. Bacteria as vitamin suppliers to their host: a gut microbiota perspective.
Curr Opin Biotechnol. Said H, Nexo E. Gastrointestinal handling of water-soluble vitamins. Compr Physiol. Dimidi E, Christodoulides S, Scott S, Whelan K.
Mechanisms of action of probiotics and the gastrointestinal microbiota on gut motility and constipation. Chotikatum S, Naim H, El-Najjar N. Inflammation induced er stress affects absorptive intestinal epithelial cells function and integrity.
Int Immunopharmacol. Mirsepasi-Lauridsen H, Vallance B, Krogfelt K, Petersen A. Escherichia coli pathobionts associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Microbiol Rev. Yoshimatsu Y, Mikami Y, Kanai T. Bacteriotherapy for inflammatory bowel disease.
Inflamm Regen. Valdes A, Walter J, Segal E, Spector T. Role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health. Fan Y, Pedersen O. Gut Microbiota in Human Metabolic Health and Disease. Nat Rev Microbiol.
Lynch S, Pedersen O. The human intestinal microbiome in health and disease. N Engl J Med. Tang W, Backhed F, Landmesser U, Hazen S. Intestinal microbiota in cardiovascular health and disease: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol. Agus A, Clement K, Sokol H.
Gut microbiota-derived metabolites as central regulators in metabolic disorders. Cox T, Lundgren P, Nath K, Thaiss C. Metabolic control by the microbiome.
Genome Med. Lu Y, Yuan X, Wang M, He Z, Li H, Wang J, et al. Gut microbiota influence immunotherapy responses: mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. J Hematol Oncol. Connell E, Le Gall G, Pontifex M, Sami S, Cryan J, Clarke G, et al.
Microbial-derived metabolites as a risk factor of age-related cognitive decline and dementia. Mol Neurodegener. Xu X, Poulsen K, Wu L, Liu S, Miyata T, Song Q, et al. Signal Trans Target Ther. Martin-Gallausiaux C, Marinelli L, Blottiere H, Larraufie P, Lapaque N.
Scfa: mechanisms and functional importance in the gut. Hossain K, Amarasena S, Mayengbam S. B vitamins and their roles in gut health. Uebanso T, Shimohata T, Mawatari K, Takahashi A.
Functional roles of B-vitamins in the gut and gut microbiome. Mol Nutr Food Res. Lonsdale D. A review of the biochemistry, metabolism and clinical benefits of thiamin E and its derivatives.
Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. Peterson C, Rodionov D, Osterman A, Peterson S. B vitamins and their role in immune regulation and cancer. World Health Organization. Vitamin and mineral requirements in human nutrition.
Geneva: World Health Organization Google Scholar. Sechi G, Serra A. Lancet Neurol. CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Butterworth R. Hepatic encephalopathy in alcoholic cirrhosis.
Handb Clin Neurol. Rindi G, Laforenza U. Thiamine intestinal transport and related issues: recent aspects. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. Smithline H, Donnino M, Greenblatt D. Pharmacokinetics of high-dose oral thiamine hydrochloride in healthy subjects. BMC Clin Pharmacol.
Ganapathy V, Smith S, Prasad P. Pflugers Arch. Nabokina S, Inoue K, Subramanian V, Valle J, Yuasa H, Said H. Molecular identification and functional characterization of the human colonic thiamine pyrophosphate transporter.
J Biol Chem. Magnusdottir S, Ravcheev D, de Crecy-Lagard V, Thiele I. Systematic genome assessment of B-vitamin biosynthesis suggests co-operation among gut microbes. Front Genet. Zhang G, Dai J, Lu Z, Dunaway-Mariano D.
The phosphonopyruvate decarboxylase from Bacteroides fragilis. Shi Z, Qiu Y, Wang J, Fang Y, Zhang Y, Chen H, et al. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a cross sectional study. J Neuroimmunol. Kuboniwa M, Hendrickson E, Xia Q, Wang T, Xie H, Hackett M, et al.
Proteomics of porphyromonas gingivalis within a model oral microbial community. BMC Microbiol. Soto-Martin E, Warnke I, Farquharson F, Christodoulou M, Horgan G, Derrien M, et al. Vitamin biosynthesis by human gut butyrate-producing bacteria and cross-feeding in synthetic microbial communities.
Costliow Z, Degnan P. Thiamine acquisition strategies impact metabolism and competition in the gut microbe Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Park J, Hosomi K, Kawashima H, Chen Y, Mohsen A, Ohno H, et al.
Dietary vitamin B1 intake influences gut microbial community and the consequent production of short-chain fatty acids. Ringe H, Schuelke M, Weber S, Dorner B, Kirchner S, Dorner M. Infant botulism: is there an association with thiamine deficiency?
Ghosal A, Chatterjee N, Chou T, Said H. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection and intestinal thiamin uptake: studies with intestinal epithelial Caco-2 monolayers. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol.
Ashokkumar B, Kumar J, Hecht G, Said H. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli inhibits intestinal vitamin B1 thiamin uptake: studies with human-derived intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. Allaart J, van Asten A, Vernooij J, Grone A.
Effect of Lactobacillus fermentum on beta2 toxin production by clostridium perfringens. Appl Environ Microbiol. Allaart J, van Asten A, Grone A. Predisposing factors and prevention of clostridium perfringens-associated enteritis.
Comput Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. Elmadfa I, Heinzle C, Majchrzak D, Foissy H. Influence of a probiotic yoghurt on the status of vitamins B, B and B in the healthy adult human.
Ann Nutr Metab. Fabian E, Majchrzak D, Dieminger B, Meyer E, Elmadfa I. Influence of probiotic and conventional yoghurt on the status of vitamins B1, B2 and B6 in young healthy women. Pan X, Xue F, Nan X, Tang Z, Wang K, Beckers Y, et al.
Illumina sequencing approach to characterize thiamine metabolism related bacteria and the impacts of thiamine supplementation on ruminal microbiota in dairy cows fed high-grain diets. Front Microbiol. LeBlanc J, Laino J, del Valle M, Vannini V, van Sinderen D, Taranto M, et al.
B-group vitamin production by lactic acid bacteria—current knowledge and potential applications. J Appl Microbiol. Ghosal A, Said H.
Thakur K, Tomar S, Singh A, Mandal S, Arora S. Riboflavin and health: a review of recent human research. Sinha T, Naash M, Al-Ubaidi M. Flavins act as a critical liaison between metabolic homeostasis and oxidative stress in the retina.
Front Cell Dev Biol. Suwannasom N, Kao I, Pruss A, Georgieva R, Baumler H. Riboflavin: the health benefits of a forgotten natural vitamin. Int J Mol Sci. Ben S, Du M, Ma G, Qu J, Zhu L, Chu H, et al. Vitamin B2 intake reduces the risk for colorectal cancer: a dose-response analysis. Eur J Nutr.
McNulty H, Strain J, Hughes C, Ward M. Riboflavin, mthfr genotype and blood pressure: a personalized approach to prevention and treatment of hypertension. Mol Aspects Med. Powers H. Riboflavin vitamin B-2 and health. Am J Clin Nutr. Akiyama T, Selhub J, Rosenberg I.
Fmn phosphatase and fad pyrophosphatase in rat intestinal brush borders: role in intestinal absorption of dietary riboflavin. J Nutr. Balasubramaniam S, Christodoulou J, Rahman S.
Disorders of riboflavin metabolism. J Inherit Metab Dis. Barile M, Giancaspero T, Leone P, Galluccio M, Indiveri C. Riboflavin transport and metabolism in humans. Revuelta J, Ledesma-Amaro R, Lozano-Martinez P, Diaz-Fernandez D, Buey R, Jimenez A.
Bioproduction of riboflavin: a bright yellow history. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. LeBlanc J, Burgess C, Sesma F, de Giori G, van Sinderen D. Lactococcus lactis is capable of improving the riboflavin status in deficient rats.
Br J Nutr. Houston J, Levy G. Effect of carbonated beverages and of an antiemetic containing carbohydrate and phosphoric acid on riboflavin bioavailability and salicylamide biotransformation in humans.
Statements regarding dietary vifamins B vitamins for digestion Anti-inflammatory supplements been evaluated vitaminss the FDA and Vitamisn not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent vor disease or health Immunity-boosting practices. To report an issue with this product or seller, click here. Customer Extract educational data, including Product Star Ratings help customers to learn more about the product and decide whether it is the right product for them. Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon. It also analyzed reviews to verify trustworthiness. Customers like the quality, energy and value of the vitamin. They mention that it's the best B vitamin, it does give them energy and that the price is great. These vitamins digsetion a variety of enzymes do their jobs, ranging from foe energy from carbohydrates difestion fat to B vitamins for digestion down amino acids and transporting B vitamins for digestion and digesiton nutrients Chamomile Tea for Cough the body. B vitamins for digestion of the advances that changed the way we look at vitamins was the discovery that too little folate is linked to birth defects such as spina bifida and anencephaly. Another line of research about folate and two other B vitamins, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12, explores their roles in reducing some types of cancer and heart disease. The contents of this website are for educational purposes and are not intended to offer personal medical advice. You should seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Sie scherzen?
Im Vertrauen gesagt habe ich auf Ihre Frage die Antwort in google.com gefunden
Ist Einverstanden, diese bemerkenswerte Meinung
Eindeutig, die ideale Antwort
Genau, Sie sind recht