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Anthocyanins Health Benefits - World Strongest Antioxidant (2023)Anthocyanins and anti-inflammatory effects -
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Curr Dev Nutr. Kianbakht S, Abasi B, Hashem Dabaghian F. Improved lipid profile in hyperlipidemic patients taking vaccinium arctostaphylos fruit hydroalcoholic extract: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial.
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Effects of anthocyanins on cardiovascular risk factors and inflammation in pre-hypertensive men: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled crossover study. J Hum Hypertens.
Karlsen A, Retterstøl L, Laake P, Paur I, Kjølsrud-Bøhn S, Sandvik L, et al. Anthocyanins inhibit nuclear factor-κb activation in monocytes and reduce plasma concentrations of pro-inflammatory mediators in healthy adults.
Li D, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Sun R, Xia M. Purified anthocyanin supplementation reduces dyslipidemia, enhances antioxidant capacity, and prevents insulin resistance in diabetic patients.
Thompson K, Hosking H, Pederick W, Singh I, Santhakumar AB. The effect of anthocyanin supplementation in modulating platelet function in sedentary population: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial.
Anthocyanin supplementation at different doses improves cholesterol efflux capacity in subjects with dyslipidemia-a randomized controlled trial. Yang L, Qiu Y, Ling W, Liu Z, Yang L, Wang C, et al. Anthocyanins regulate serum adipsin and visfatin in patients with prediabetes or newly diagnosed diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.
Yang L, Ling W, Yang Y, Chen Y, Tian Z, Du Z, et al. Role of purified anthocyanins in improving cardiometabolic risk factors in chinese men and women with prediabetes or early untreated diabetes—a randomized controlled trial.
Zhang H, Xu Z, Zhao H, Wang X, Pang J, Li Q, et al. Anthocyanin supplementation improves anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory capacity in a dose—response manner in subjects with dyslipidemia. Zhang PW, Chen FX Li D, Ling WH, Guo HH.
A CONSORT-compliant, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial of purified anthocyanin in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Zhang X, Zhu Y, Song F, Yao Y, Ya F, Li D, et al.
Effects of purified anthocyanin supplementation on platelet chemokines in hypocholesterolemic individuals: a randomized controlled trial. Nutr Metab. Zhu X, Lin X, Zhang P, Liu Y, Ling W, Guo H, et al.
Upregulated NLRP3 inflammasome activation is attenuated by anthocyanins in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a case-control and an intervention study. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. Zhu Y, Ling W, Guo H, Song F, Ye Q, Zou T, et al.
Anti-inflammatory effect of purified dietary anthocyanin in adults with hypercholesterolemia: a randomized controlled trial. Zhu Y, Xia M, Yang Y, Liu F, Li Z, Hao Y, et al.
Purified anthocyanin supplementation improves endothelial function via NO-CGMP activation in hypercholesterolemic individuals. Clin Chem. Zhu Y, Huang X, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, Sun R, et al.
Anthocyanin supplementation improves HDL-associated paraoxonase 1 activity and enhances cholesterol efflux capacity in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
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Velliquette RA, Grann K, Missler SR, Patterson J, Hu C, Gellenbeck KW, et al. Identification of a botanical inhibitor of intestinal diacylglyceride acyltransferase 1 activity via in vitro screening and a parallel, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
Cerletti C, De Curtis A, Bracone F, Digesù C, Morganti AG, Iacoviello L, et al. Dietary anthocyanins and health: data from FLORA and ATHENA EU projects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. Onnom N, Suttisansanee U, Tongmai J, Khemthong C, Chamchan R, Prangthip P, et al. Consumption of anthocyanin-rich mulberry fruit jelly with a high-fat meal decreases postprandial serum cardiometabolic risk factors in dyslipidemia subjects.
J Nutr Metab. Park E, Edirisinghe I, Wei H, Vijayakumar LP, Banaszewski K, Cappozzo JC, et al. dose—response evaluation of freeze-dried strawberries independent of fiber content on metabolic indices in abdominally obese individuals with insulin resistance in a randomized, single-blinded, diet-controlled crossover trial.
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Strawberry anthocyanin and its association with postprandial inflammation and insulin. Jokioja J, Linderborg KM, Kortesniemi M, Nuora A, Heinonen J, Sainio T, et al. Anthocyanin-rich extract from purple potatoes decreases postprandial glycemic response and affects inflammation markers in healthy men.
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Do Rosario VA, Spencer J, Weston-Green K, Charlton K. The postprandial effect of anthocyanins on cardiovascular disease risk factors: a systematic literature review of high-fat meal challenge studies. Curr Nutr Rep. Huang Y, Park E, Edirisinghe I, Burton-Freeman BM.
Maximizing the health effects of strawberry anthocyanins: understanding the influence of the consumption timing variable. Do Rosario VA, Chang C, Spencer J, Alahakone T, Roodenrys S, Francois M, et al.
Anthocyanins attenuate vascular and inflammatory responses to a high fat high energy meal challenge in overweight older adults: a cross-over, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Clin Nutr. Kapoor P, Tiwari A, Sharma S, Tiwari V, Sheoran B, Ali U, et al.
Effect of anthocyanins on gut health markers, firmicutes-bacteroidetes ratio and short-chain fatty acids: a systematic review via meta-analysis. Sci Rep. Liang A, Leonard W, Beasley JT, Fang Z, Zhang P, Ranadheera CS, et al.
Anthocyanins-gut microbiota-health axis: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. Bastin AR, Sadeghi A, Abolhassani M, Doustimotlagh AH, Mohammadi A. Malvidin prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. IUBMB Life. Calfío C, Donoso F, Huidobro-Toro JP.
Anthocyanins activate membrane estrogen receptors with nanomolar potencies to elicit a nongenomic vascular response Via no production. J Am Heart Assoc. Choi KH, Park MH, Lee HA, Han JS. Cyanidinrutinoside protects INS-1 pancreatic β cells against high glucose-induced glucotoxicity by apoptosis.
Zeitschrift Fur Naturforschung - Sec C J Biosciences. Gan Y, Fu Y, Yang L, Chen J, Lei H, Liu Q, et al. CyanidinO-glucoside and cyanidin protect against intestinal barrier damage and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced colitis.
Heysieattalab S, Sadeghi L. Effects of delphinidin on pathophysiological signs of nucleus basalis of Meynert lesioned rats as animal model of Alzheimer disease.
Neurochem Res. Home About FAQ My Account. Department of Food Science Faculty Publications. Authors Shiyu Li , Purdue University Binning Wu , Purdue University Wenyi Fu , Purdue University Lavanya Reddivari , Purdue University Follow.
Abstract Ulcerative colitis UC , which is a major form of inflammatory bowel disease IBD , is a chronic relapsing disorder of the gastrointestinal tract affecting millions of people worldwide. Date of this Version DOWNLOADS Since October 28, Included in Food Science Commons.
Blue fruits get their vibrant color from polyphenols, though these plant compounds provide more than just a burst of color. Here are 7 delicious blue…. Antioxidants are incredibly important, but most people don't really understand what they are. This article explains it all in human terms.
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Definition Foods list Benefits Side effects Supplements Bottom line Fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and legumes are not only rich in vitamins and minerals but also contain a range of plant compounds that benefit your health.
What is anthocyanin? Anthocyanin-containing foods. Health benefits of anthocyanins. Potential side effects of anthocyanins. Can you supplement with anthocyanins? The bottom line. Just one thing Try this today: Two ways to add a dose of anthocyanins to meals are through a handful of berries at breakfast and some shredded cabbage sprinkled on top of lunches and dinners.
Was this helpful? How we reviewed this article: History. Oct 6, Written By Alina Petre. Medically Reviewed By Jared Meacham, Ph.
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Anthocyanins ACNs are phytochemicals with numerous bioactivities, eftects. Health benefits from Smart choices when eating out ACN-rich foods, extracts, and supplements have been studied anti-inflamatory Anthocyanins and anti-inflammatory effects trials CT. However, the individual effect of single Anthocyanins and anti-inflammatory effects Anrhocyanins their correlation Athocyanins doses and specific bioactivities or molecular targets have not been thoroughly analyzed. This review shows a recompilation of single anthocyanins composition and concentrations used in CT, conducted to investigate the effect of these anti-inflammatory derivatives in obese condition. Single anthocyanin doses with changes in the levels of frequently monitored markers were correlated. In addition, the analysis was complemented with reports of studies made in vitro with single ACNs.Anthocyanins and anti-inflammatory effects -
Full-text reading allowed to exclude trials that tested ACN sources whose single ACN compositions were not reported in at least one peer-reviewed article, trials that did not measure inflammation-associated markers, and trials in which markers could not be quantified relative to placebo control.
Forty-nine articles were analyzed to extract the source of ACN interventions, individual ACN composition, dose, and change of obesity-related inflammation markers. Obesity-related inflammation markers were expressed as fold-change relative to placebo controls. Using the 10 most commonly measured markers and single ACN doses for each analyzed trial, correlations were calculated using the Metaboanalyst algorithm web-based platform 5.
The results are presented in a heatmap Figure 2. Studies made in healthy subjects' cohorts were subtracted from data in Figure 2 to identify the main factors describing data from CTs and extract other possible correlations.
Thirty-nine studies comprising the whole dataset and subgroups described in Sections 3. The online platform Clustvis was used for heatmap and PCA generation Figure 2. Heatmap of reviewed clinical trials measuring obesity-related inflammation parameters.
Data from clinical trials were collected as a percentage of change relative to placebo controls. Anthocyanin doses are expressed as total mg consumed during the entire trial. Spaces showing absent acylated anthocyanins or proanthocyanidins mean that they were not determined.
Ac, Acylated anthocyanins; Cy, cyaniding; Dp, delphinidin; Mv, malvidin; Pl, pelargonidin; Pn, peonidin; Pt, petunidin; Proant, proanthocyanidins. Complete abbreviations are shown in Supplementary Table 1.
Studies investigating the properties of individual ACNs against obesity-related inflammation in the last 5 years — were reviewed. Only cell and animal models were analyzed since results from CTs using single purified ACNs were unavailable.
From this search, 19 studies comprising 26 single ACN tests were analyzed. Regarding maximum anthocyanin absorption, most studies reported that the required time to reach the maximum concentration t max for ACNs was approximately 1. Plasma concentrations of intact ACNs ranged from 0.
Among the variability sources in metabolomics and pharmacokinetics analyses, several variables significantly influence the respective results. For instance, physicochemical properties of the delivery matrix might cause chemical interactions of anthocyanins and other compounds.
Most of the studies in Table 1 used aqueous extracts or juice; however, two studies administered steamed purple sweet potato and homogenized raspberries, respectively 18 , In plant foods, anthocyanins and other phenolics are present in free form but also bound covalently to macromolecules such as fiber.
The binding of phenolics with dietary fiber modifies the released form of bioaccessible phytochemicals from the food matrix and the actual amount of phenolics and their metabolites absorbed in the intestine and detected in plasma and urine Moreover, ethanol present in anthocyanin-rich beverages exerts crucial effects on anthocyanin intestinal bioavailability, favoring their transport across intestinal epithelia That contributes to the partial explanation of the variability of maximum anthocyanin concentration in plasma in studies using the same anthocyanin source; for instance, in a study by Marques et al.
In that study, the plasma concentration of anthocyanin metabolites was approximately 10 times higher than the parent anthocyanin concentration. Plasma and urine preparation also accounts for part of the variability in pharmacokinetics studies of anthocyanins.
While studies such as Fernandes et al. The greatest plasma concentration was achieved for delphinidinO-glucoside by a single dose of 1, mg Delphinol ® at 1 h However, even greater concentrations of ACN-related metabolites were found in plasma.
For instance, in a study where mL of aqueous extract of red grape pomace providing 2. The dosing and administration scheme plays a relevant role in the maximum concentrations detected in plasma.
A study by Kalt et al. Regarding ACN excretion, parent molecules and their metabolites have been detected and quantified in urine.
The maximum concentration of ACNs and metabolites is usually greater in urine than in plasma, and it is important to notice that pelargonidin has been detected in urine from healthy volunteers with no consumption of ACN-rich foods 32 , evidencing that ACN bioavailability depends on several metabolites that must be considered for determining their bioactivities.
For the literature considered in this review, the maximum urine concentration of metabolites was found in a trial where g of steam-cooked potato providing mg of anthocyanins to healthy men, with a urine concentration of 1. In this regard, several ACN metabolites have been identified in plasma and urine in human studies, where the most frequently reported are gallic acid, cyanidin-O-glucuronide, protocatechuic acid, methylpyrogallol-sulfate, 4-methoxybenzoic acidglucuronide, 4-hydroxymethoxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxyhippuric acid, vanillic acid, isoferulic acidO-glucuronide, catechol, 4-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid, hippuric acid, phloroglucinol, and phloroglucinaldehyde 18 , 19 , 21 — In addition, to the evidence showing ACN bioavailability, the detection process of such information must be carefully noticed.
There are several pitfalls and limitations when discussing pharmacokinetic parameters from polyphenols and other phytochemicals. When comparing results from different studies, it is important to consider the factors influencing the variability of reported data.
For instance, sample preparation of biological fluids before analysis of polyphenolic species by mass spectrometry impacts the quantification and detection of some chemical species, as well as inner parameters from the mass spectrometry equipment such as the ionization type and source, detection method, and chromatographic column.
In general, for pharmacokinetics analyses of anthocyanin and phenolics by mass spectrometry, the most common and reliable approach is a targeted mass spectrometry analysis with multiple reaction monitoring using positive ionization.
Even though some studies include both positive and negative ionization in their studies to cover as many compounds as possible 33 , it has been reported that even interlaboratory experimentation using the same approach, reagents, and parameters results in inevitable variability in identifying phytochemicals Moreover, some physiological conditions, such as inflammations, have been demonstrated to promote variability in the pharmacokinetics of some drugs Concerning the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of ACNs, it is relevant to highlight that the plasma concentrations of ACN metabolites are generally higher than those of the unmetabolized ACNs.
As a significant number of mechanistic insights of bioactive compounds such as anthocyanins come as a result of in vitro and in vivo models, future studies focusing not only on evaluating parent molecules but also on their metabolites would help elucidate the indirect mechanisms of action by which anthocyanins promote health benefits.
To investigate whether there is a relationship between individual ACNs and the reported effects, data on ACN composition and doses were collected or estimated from CTs investigating ACN interventions in obesity-related inflammation.
Data were analyzed to dissect whether objective correlations could be obtained. Database on Polyphenol Content in Foods 26 , Phenol-Explorer, and Food Data Central 27 contain the composition of multiple polyphenol sources. However, as shown in Table 2 , the content of ACNs differs substantially in some studies.
This could be attributed to ACN concentrations depending on factors including specific cultivar, year, and zone of ripping or even to the used extraction and detection method as discussed in the previous section. For example, to report the red raspberry composition, Ponder et al.
Thus, ACN determination based on literature reports is challenging; however, standardized sample preparation and detection methods in future studies should provide more homogeneous and comparable results easier to interpret.
For example, Phenol-Explorer data provide valuable information about the phenolic composition and total ACN content of food sources that can be complemented as new single ACN determinations are reported. Therefore, identifying individual ACNs and their concentration in CTs allows one to analyze and compare their effects to get more information about pure compounds' effects and synergistic or antagonistic behaviors.
In addition, purified and fully characterized mixtures of anthocyanins could contribute to understanding their efficacy and mechanisms of action. Medox ® dietary supplement is the most common ACN extract that contains mostly delphinidins and cyanidins with minor concentrations of petunidins, malvidins, and peonidins and does not contain pelargonidins.
Medox ® is among the best characterized and standardized ACN-rich products see Table 2. Table 2. Summary of the anthocyanins ACN content reported in sources cited in this review. Regardless, there are many other ACN-rich nutraceuticals, e. Since data obtained from trials using purified ACNs cannot be directly compared with those using uncharacterized sources, the reported ACN compositions in Table 2 were used to estimate individual ACN quantities in CTs where quantifications of ACNs were unavailable.
To collect recent data regarding the effect of ACNs on obesity-related inflammation, the literature was reviewed. ACN effect has been evaluated on healthy men and women, older adults, and volunteers with obesity, type II diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and metabolic syndrome.
This review included CTs that evaluated inflammation markers altered by obesity conditions in volunteers receiving fruits, extracts, juices, or tablets rich in ACNs.
The CTs were conducted for up to 24 weeks with a maximum daily ACN dose of 1, mg. The main objective of these interventions focused on evaluating the beneficial effects of ACNs on anthropometric parameters e.
However, the specific anthocyanin effect remains unclear. To graphically depict the most represented and modified markers studied in the reviewed literature, data from CTs can be observed in Figure 2.
This heatmap shows how the distinct ACN sources changed the measured markers in the selected studies. Among them, five reported the quantity of the ACN source fruit or extract without specifying ACN determination 56 — 60 , 19 reported the total ACN content of applied doses 61 — 79 , eight reported total and individual ACN concentrations 40 , 41 , 44 — 46 , 52 , 53 , 55 , and 17 used the Medox ® dietary supplement 51 , 80 — Measurements of markers directly related to lipid metabolism are the most represented data, followed by inflammation markers such as interleukins 6 and 10 IL-6 and IL and tumor necrosis factor α TNFα.
Regarding administered ACNs, it can be observed that there is a great variation in part due to acylated ACN and proanthocyanidin content being heterogeneous. As the color code indicates, determinations for C-reactive protein CRP 67 , high-density lipoprotein HDL 79 , and insulin 59 showed the most significant changes.
As basal concentrations of analyzed markers varied among cohorts, data from healthy subject cohorts were not included in Figure 2 but were analyzed separately. Kaspar et al. As this trial was the only one that reported an increase in IL-6 levels, it is possible that the high petunidin content 42 in purple potatoes may be connected to that change.
Guo et al. Ivanova et al. infusion 4 mg cyanidin daily for 4 weeks produced a decrease in LDL and TG levels The reported ACN dose by Ivanova et al. Principal components analysis PCA is a technique that allows the reduction of dimensions of datasets containing multiple features per observation.
Thus, the PCA technique was used because the obtained dataset contained many variables related to each study. Figure 3A shows a PCA from 39 of the 49 included studies in Figure 2 , where data from calculated ACN doses and shifts produced in measured markers were studied.
Two principal components explained From the PCA, it was observed that most of the studies with high variances blue group in Figure 3A were those in which the highest ACN doses among included studies were used 46 , 56 , 64 , 69 , 84 , 91 , 93 , To avoid the doses being the main variable describing variance, PCA was performed excluding ACN doses.
Figure 3B , describing Hypothesizing that high variance in both PCAs should reflect the accurate determination of concentrations and their effects, details of CTs in such cases are mentioned. Trials by Zunino et al.
On the other hand, Li et al. Figure 3. Principal component analysis PCA of data from Figure 2 studying cohorts with pathologies including A or not B single anthocyanin doses as factors. C Correlation of HDL with delphinidin doses in trials included in A, B.
A The Red group represents trials with low variance and the blue group represents trials with high variance. B The red group represents trials with low variance, the blue group represents trials with high variance in A, B , the green group represents trials with high variance that used Medox ® , and the purple group represents trials with high variance that used uncharacterized or partially characterized anthocyanin sources.
Besides the studies with high variances in Figures 3A , B , the highest variances in Figure 3B were found in trials using Medox ® green group 80 , 82 , 87 , 88 and interventions with cyanidin, malvidin, and petunidin, as main components purple group 45 , 63 , 73 , Trials by Hassellund et al.
Although Chan et al. Interestingly, the four studies 63 , 82 , 87 , 88 shared interventions using predominantly delphinidin but only the trial using the cohort with diabetes found a significant CRP drop. This fact may point toward an important function for CRP as a sensitive marker for future research addressing the ACN effect in cohorts with diabetes.
Intervention times among the trials using uncharacterized ACN sources with positive values for PC1 ranged from 4 to 8. Doses did not correlate with the found variance since the study by Kianbakht et al. While Soltani et al. The most crucial difference between the trials may be the cohorts since subjects in Kianbakht et al.
This difference may explain why Kianbakht et al. using a low dose of ACN tablets 2. The results among the studies with higher variances in PCAs reflected that concentrations of single ACNs in the database could not be completely correlated with observed effects.
Moreover, certain differences suggested that greater changes in markers were associated with their higher initial baseline and severity of the diseases in the studied cohorts. To evaluate the effect of increased baseline levels, the correlation of the most common obesity-related inflammation markers with single ACN supplementation doses was assessed Supplementary Figure S1.
Although the performed analysis showed that HDL, LDL, and TG levels were the most modified values by all ACNs, HDL level was the only parameter significantly correlated with delphinidin doses Figure 3C. Specifically, observations made from trials with diabetic subjects encourage future research to dissect the effects of delphinidin and the mechanisms of action in these cohorts.
The poor correlation found for most ACNs may be due to several factors, namely, the influence of the ACN-free fraction, synergic or additive effects from other ACNs, and modified bioavailability among different matrices.
As comparisons made among the complete dataset did not produce conclusive data and doses of single ACNs should be homogenous in CTs in which only Medox ® was used, a PCA was performed on a subset of these CTs.
Figures 4A , B shows PCAs for complete including dosing, Figure 4A and only markers ACN doses not included, Figure 4B data. When dosing was incorporated into the analysis Figure 4A , PC1 comprised predominantly ACN doses and described As observed in the global analysis of CT, including dosing, studies from the research group of Li, Zhang, Zhu, and co-workers 91 , 93 , 95 showed high variance Figure 4A , green group in the opposite way to the trial in which the lowest ACN quantity was tested purple dot CT with moderate variance 82 , 87 , 88 also appeared separated from the central cluster in both PCAs blue group in Figures 4A , B.
When ACN dosing data were excluded from this analysis Figure 4B , only five trials conserved high variance blue and green groups 80 , 82 , 84 , 87 , When dosing was not included in PCA, two main factors explained A CT conducted by Hassellund et al.
As other markers were unaffected in the Hasselllund study, increased glucose level determined its main variance. On the other hand, Yang et al. Similarly, Yang et al. Li et al. Differences between the results of the mentioned trials may be attributed to the status of diabetes progression or the treatment duration.
Future CTs including stratification of the diabetes stages and Medox ® supplementation for 12, 18, and 24 weeks would clarify the impact of each factor.
Figure 4. Principal component analysis of clinical trials addressing obesity-related inflammation in Medox ® A, B or uncharacterized C, D subsets. Analyses A, C included single anthocyanin doses as factors while B, D analyses did not.
Colors are used to separate groups of trials discussed in the text. A The red group represents trials with low variance, the blue group represents trials with moderate variance, and the green and purple groups represent trials with high variance.
B The red group represents trials with low variance, the blue group represents trials with moderate variance in A, B , and the green group represents trials with high variance in A, B. C The red group represents trials with low variance, and the blue group represents trials with high variance.
D The red group represents trials with low variance, the blue group represents trials with positive values for PC2, the green group represents trials with negative values for PC1 or PC2, and the purple group represents trials with positive values for PC1. Interestingly, results reported by Aboonabi et al.
From this observation and the differences between prediabetic and diabetic cohorts, it can be inferred that ACN supplementation may be more useful in critical health conditions where the inflammatory response is exacerbated. The same PCA analyses for the whole group and the Medox ® group were done for the subset of CTs in which sources of uncharacterized or only partially characterized ACNs were used.
Two main factors described PCA in Figure 4C blue group shows that results from five CTs were apart from the most prominent cluster around the plot origin 46 , 56 , 64 , 69 , When dosing data were not included in the analysis Figure 4D , none of the non-clustered trials was apart from the main cluster; instead, trials by Chan et al.
This result, in contrast with that obtained from the Medox ® subset, suggests that no significant correlations exist between concentrations used for uncharacterized sources and their effects on measured metabolic markers.
Several observations can be made by analyzing the outliers in Figure 4D. A CT conducted by Basu et al. Similarly, Chai et al. Although data regarding oxLDL and MDA levels grouped both trials in PCA, no similarities were found in ACN composition [primarily cyanidin for Chai et al.
Besides, Chai et al. From studies that found similarly modified CRP levels to the trial by Chai et al. Although Chew et al. CT conducted by Do Rosario et al. Regarding selected cohorts, Do Rosario et al. Although Do Rosario et al. Both studies used similar daily doses with slightly different compositions Table 2.
Queen garnet plum contains mainly cyanidin glucoside and ruthenoside, while red raspberries have predominantly cyanidin and delphinidin glucosides.
As the main component in both studies that reported decreased TNFα levels, cyanidin could reflect a similar mechanism in older adults and subjects with obesity. Do Rosario et al.
This fact suggests that the correlation between cyanidin content and CRP levels in Chai et al. and Chew et al. studies is complex 55 , Recently, Do Rosario et al. These contrasting results may reflect the issue discussed in a meta-analysis by Sangsefidi et al.
Our analysis suggests that CRP levels should be determined alongside other cytokines to effectively describe inflammation in future research addressing the ACN effect. Triacyl glyceride levels after ACN interventions for studies by Soltani et al. Soltani et al. intervened in hyperlipidemic subjects; therefore, bigger changes in lipid markers reinforce the observation that ACN interventions substantially modulate several markers in subjects with increased baseline levels.
The CT conducted by Kianbakht et al. Conversely, Chan et al. Both studies reported the total anthocyanins used, but the composition was investigated in the literature and databases Table 2.
From this comparison, it may be implied that ACNs with low dosing through long periods result in better outcomes than shorter periods with high doses. In addition, ACN bioavailability obtained with a unique high dose was found higher than the same dose divided throughout the day Such difference may be explained if metabolites derived from intact ACNs show effects and health benefits, thus justifying future detailed studies addressing the effects of single ACNs and their metabolites.
A comparison between studies testing raspberries revealed that even though the ACN dose was almost fold higher in the study by Schell et al.
Jeong et al. reported quantity of the used fruits, but ACN doses Discrepancies may be due to variability in parameters such as specific cultivar, zone, and ripening year, which are not considered in Table 2. Differences could also be due to an increased bioavailability of the ACNs present in the capsules used by Jeong et al.
Specifically, the black raspberry extract used by Jeong et al. and Schell et al. regarding IL-6 and TNFα serum levels 72 , In those studies, daily cyanidin doses were similar study compared to Schell et al. Since the rest of the compounds were scarce in the trial by Li et al.
Furthermore, it is important to note the treatment time because the lowest TNFα level was achieved in only 4 weeks 72 with a non-purified source of ACNs compared with 24 weeks of Medox ® treatment In both cases, the patients presented diabetes, but Schell et al.
subjects also presented obesity, possibly indicating ACNs are more relevant for TNFα levels in subjects with obesity. Results from further studies should be used to contrast these data and improve our understanding of specific markers that better display the anti-inflammatory properties of ACNs.
However, more studies should be conducted to better examine the anti-inflammatory effect and other mechanisms of action of ACNs. From the observed studies with more increased markers Figure 2 , only the CT reported by Lehtonen et al.
Three of all the studies found that ACN intervention changed serum insulin concentration, and Lehtonen et al. Therefore, the augmented marker only had a small influence on the overall data. Nevertheless, it is important to notice that only six studies among the 49 included reported insulin levels.
The small representation of insulin levels supports the need for this determination in future studies investigating obesity-related inflammation to clarify involved mechanisms in the ACN effect. Postprandial studies in which ACN ability to modify changes produced by ingestion of meals were not included in PCAs as they evaluate short-term ACN effect maximum 1 week.
However, the information provided by these CTs in which inflammatory markers were evaluated resembles, to some extent, the results obtained with more prolonged treatments. The CTs have evaluated the ACN effect after consumption of meals high in fat 25 , 77 , 97 — 99 or high in fat and carbohydrates — , and also have evaluated postprandial effects after consuming only ACN-rich meals , Particularly, the high-fat meal challenge studies have been recently reviewed , and protective effects on oxidative stress and antioxidant status, triacylglycerol and total cholesterol concentrations, vascular endothelial function, and inflammatory biomarkers have been identified after ACN consumption.
Furthermore, positive changes regarding vascular stiffness 98 , insulin sensitivity , oxLDL , malondialdehyde 99 , and expression of pro-inflammatory and antioxidant genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells 25 among others have been found.
A deep analysis of metabolites reported in the postprandial studies and the interaction of ACNs and such metabolites with gut microbiota is out of the scope of this review.
However, a detailed discussion about gut microbiota interactions with ACNs and their metabolites from animal studies has already been published , On the other hand, studies discussing bioavailability, as those mentioned in Section 3, and analysis of reported metabolites 25 , , , should be addressed in future works.
To get a better understanding of individual ACN impact, studies that evaluated the effect of single ACNs were reviewed — Among the analyzed studies, pelargonidin, malvidin, delphinidin, and cyanidin produced the most remarkable changes for inflammation- and obesity-related markers , , , , — Those works with the highest variance used aglycones anthocyanidins even though 9 of the 26 entries tested anthocyanins.
Concentrations used in these studies were 30 μM for pelargonidin in LPS-treated HUVEC cells , ; 10, 50, and μM for delphinidin in SKOV3 cells, neonatal rat cardiomyocytes or HCT cells, respectively , , ; μM for malvidin in LPS-treated human peripheral mononuclear cells ; and μM for cyanidin in LPS-treated Caco-2 cells Gan et al.
also determined the efficacy of cyanidin and cyanidin glucoside on 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced colitis in mice. Notably, in both models, they found that the effect of cyanidin and cyanidin glucoside was not statistically different.
This last observation may confirm the hypothesis that anthocyanidins and anthocyanin glucosides produce similar results. Since we did not find information to make other comparisons between anthocyanidins and their corresponding glucosides, future experimentation would shed some light on this matter.
Moreover, VEGF can be diminished by delphinidin or delphinidin glucoside, and the concentrations reported for this effect are quite dissimilar from 40 to μM , Of particular interest are the findings by Jia et al.
Finally, classical inflammation markers such as TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, and NFκB were mainly measured in cyanidin-treated models, proving to be an excellent candidate for preventing inflammation , , — Although pelargonidin has also been shown to prevent LPS-induced inflammation markers in HUVEC cells, further studies are required to fully understand how this prevention occurs Although comparisons made in this review are subject to many sources of variation, our data showed that pelargonidin might have promising characteristics individually or synergistically with cyanidin.
Furthermore, the comparison made in Section 3. However, the low potency of ACNs in general and specifically pelargonidin has been associated with instability in the human physiological environment, and some studies have attempted to develop delivery strategies to improve pelargonidin bioavailability Therefore, encapsulation might be an alternative to deliver ACNs to exert their beneficial effects effectively.
On the other hand, cyanidin is the most abundant ACN in several fruit and vegetable sources; for this reason, it has been widely studied. However, few studies have compared the potency of individual ACNs , , , , raising the question of whether compounds other than cyanidin could also be helpful for specific biological activities.
From our search for the last 5 years of studies on single ACNs, seven of the entries tried a cyanidin-based compound, seven a delphinidin-based compound, three a pelargonidin-based compound, two a malvidin-based compound, and none of them a peonidin-based compound. Structure—activity relationships have explored the influence of glycosylation on the biological activity of ACNs and compared their antioxidant activity , However, further explorations and comparisons for individual compounds linking anti-inflammatory and obesity-related biological activities are needed to better understand their relative efficacies.
Various studies have addressed whether ACNs have specific molecular targets regarding chemical structure. For instance, through docking-based virtual screening, Liu et al.
Cyanidin binding to this site inhibits ILA-induced gene expression in human and mouse cells by inhibiting the ILRA interaction with the ILA interleukin. Anthocyanins may also help prevent cancer cells from multiplying and spreading. For instance, one test-tube study suggests that they may activate certain genes that kill prostate cancer cells Anthocyanins also appear effective at preventing leukemia and ovarian cancer cells from spreading.
Keep in mind that most studies have been done exclusively in test tubes or animals. Therefore, more research involving humans — in addition to more anthocyanin-specific research — is needed.
In a week study, people who drank 6. In another, those who drank 10 ounces mL of anthocyanin-rich plum juice daily saw a significant drop in blood pressure that remained 6 hours later.
While participants from all age groups experienced this drop, it was most significant in older adults In addition, anthocyanins may lower triglyceride and LDL bad cholesterol levels while increasing HDL good cholesterol levels 6 , 22 , 23 , Anthocyanins may also benefit your brain.
A recent review of randomized control trials — the gold standard in scientific research — suggests that these compounds boost your memory, attention, and brain processing speed For instance, a review of seven short- and long-term studies claims that diets rich in anthocyanins may improve verbal learning and memory in children, adults, and older adults with cognitive impairment Another review of 21 long-term studies suggests that supplementing with flavonoids improves attention, memory , and brain processing speed in healthy adults — as well as memory in children and older adults Anthocyanin-rich cherry juice appears to offer similar benefits.
In a week study, older adults with mild to moderate dementia saw significant improvements in verbal fluency and short- and long-term memory after drinking 6. The strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of anthocyanins may benefit your brain and heart, as well as reduce your risk of type 2 diabetes and certain cancers.
Anthocyanin-rich foods are generally considered safe. However, the same cannot necessarily be said about anthocyanin supplements. Animal studies indicate that high dose polyphenol supplements may damage your kidneys , cause tumors, or unbalance your thyroid hormones Polyphenol supplements may also interact with medications and lower the absorption of certain nutrients from your diet Anthocyanin-rich foods are generally safe.
However, anthocyanin supplements may be a cause of concern. While a variety of anthocyanin supplements are available, they are regulated by the FDA as food, so less strictly than drugs.
Moreover, whole food sources of anthocyanins tend to be rich in a variety of other nutrients, which you would miss if you get anthocyanins solely from supplements.
Anthocyanins can be found in supplement form. Anthocyanins are a group of antioxidants found in red, blue, and purple fruits and veggies. A diet rich in these compounds may prevent inflammation and protect against type 2 diabetes, cancer, and heart disease.
Regularly eating anthocyanin-rich foods may also benefit your memory and overall brain health. For best effects, get these antioxidants from fresh, ripe plant foods rather than sourcing them from supplements.
Try this today: Two ways to add a dose of anthocyanins to meals are through a handful of berries at breakfast and some shredded cabbage sprinkled on top of lunches and dinners. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available.
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CyanidinO-glucoside counters the response to TNF-alpha of endothelial cells by activating Nrf2 pathway. Stewart, C.
CD36 ligands promote sterile inflammation through assembly of a Toll-like receptor 4 and 6 heterodimer.
Anthocyanins are a group of Gymnasium training workouts compounds present anti-inflammaory Anthocyanins and anti-inflammatory effects foods. Although they have consistently shown an anti-inflammatory effect both in vitro and in vivo, annd mechanisms of action are not Anthoccyanins understood and have only recently begun anti-inflammstory be elucidated. Aanti-inflammatory aim of this anti-inflammattory Anthocyanins and anti-inflammatory effects to highlight the anti-inflammatory activity effeects anthocyanins, including their effect on the Anthocyanins and anti-inflammatory effects of several genes Anv in inflammation. Fiber optic network maintenance available evidence suggests that their anti-inflammatory action can be attributed primarily to their antioxidant properties, which result in downregulation of the redox-sensitive nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway. Other pathways at least partly involved in the inflammatory response, particularly the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, also appear to play a role. A discussion is presented on the most effective dose of anthocyanins, the differential contribution of specific compounds, the comparative effects of anthocyanins versus other anti-inflammatory phenolic compounds, and the extent to which the observed biological activities are exerted by anthocyanins themselves or their metabolites. While acute, localized inflammation is a life-saving mechanism to protect an organism from pathogens, a chronic, low-grade, systemic proinflammatory state is a risk factor for a wide range of conditions such as insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative disease. Ahthocyanins LiPurdue University Anti-inf,ammatory WuPurdue University Wenyi Anti-inflammatpryPurdue University Lavanya ReddivariPurdue University Follow. Anthocyannis colitis Effetcswhich is a Delicious sunflower seeds form of inflammatory bowel disease IBDis a chronic relapsing Anthocyaninns of Anthocyanins and anti-inflammatory effects gastrointestinal tract affecting millions of anti-inflammmatory worldwide. Alternative natural therapies, including dietary changes, are Anthocyanins and anti-inflammatory effects investigated to manage or treat UC since current treatment options have serious negative side effects. There is growing evidence from animal studies and human clinical trials that diets rich in anthocyanins, which are pigments in fruits and vegetables, protect against inflammation and increased gut permeability as well as improve colon health through their ability to alter bacterial metabolism and the microbial milieu within the intestines. In this review, the structure and bioactivity of anthocyanins, the role of inflammation and gut bacterial dysbiosis in UC pathogenesis, and their regulation by the dietary anthocyanins are discussed, which suggests the feasibility of dietary strategies for UC mitigation. The Anti-inflammatory Effects of Dietary Anthocyanins against Ulcerative Colitis.
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