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Why you shouldn't buy an expensive body fat scale and how they workBIA body impedance interpretation -
This correlation was more in agreement with the gold standard technique when compared to other indices, including body weight. The equation Hoffer et al. In , RJL Systems commercialized the impedance meter for the first time and the BIA method began to gain popularity.
The device measured impedance by attaching electrodes to the back of the right hand and on top of the right foot. Prior to this, body composition could only be measured by caliper or underwater weighing.
Such methods needed to be carried out by skilled technicians, were uncomfortable, required complicated installation or use of equations, and could not accommodate a wide variety of populations. Alternatively, BIA was easy, fast, less expensive, and non-invasive. Therefore, many body composition researchers, nutritionists, and medical experts began to use BIA.
Studies proved BIA measures had high correlations with gold standard methods, such as underwater weighing and DEXA. However, technical limitations of BIA began to surface in the late s. Two primary limitations of BIA were its assumption of the human body as a single cylinder and its use of a single frequency 50 kHz.
This technique may have worked for users with standard body types, but it was not as accurate for other populations that might not fit a conventional mold, such as fit elderly adults and most medical patients. To increase the accuracy of results, researchers derived various population-specific equations for determining body composition.
These equations were based on what is known as empirical data. Empirical data is knowledge acquired by means of observation or experimentation. By collecting data from a sample population deemed to represent the expected characteristics of the entire population, researchers can derive equations that may be used to predict outcomes.
In body composition, researchers have identified trends in muscle and fat mass and have used this data to predict body composition based on specific variables. In , research was published in which the impedance index was combined with factors such as body weight and gender into empirical equations.
Over time, numerous other equations were developed based on additional factors such as age, ethnicity, and body type. For instance, age is a common factor in empirical equations used for body composition. In general, most individuals tend to lose lean body mass with age due to a sedentary lifestyle.
Based on this trend, empirical equations often skew lean body mass up for younger individuals and down for older individuals. However, such data manipulation can cause inaccuracies and significant misassessments regarding health risks in population outliers such as obese youth or fit older adults.
Suppose a device that relies on empirical equations to estimate body composition is used on two people who have the same amount of lean body mass, but one person is 30 years old and the other is 40 years old. In the late s, Japanese manufacturers released various types of BIA body composition devices for general public use.
Gradually, BIA devices became more popular for personal use rather than professional medical assessments due to technological constraints mentioned in the previous section. Some devices measured the impedance between both feet as the user stands on the scale, while others measured the impedance between both hands while holding the device.
In , Dr. Robert Kushner proposed that the technical limitations of BIA could be improved by measuring the human body as five separate cylinders right arm, left arm, torso, right leg, left leg instead of one.
Each of these cylinders have different lengths and cross sectional areas, resulting in varying impedance values. When considering the single cylinder model, the thinness and smaller cross-sectional area of the limbs reduce their impact on whole body impedance. According to Kushner, measuring segmental impedance alone would not be sufficient; instead, all five body cylinders would also need to be measured at different frequencies to distinguish intracellular, extracellular and total body water.
This distinction would allow for a better understanding of fluid distribution, providing an accurate measure of the hydrated state of lean mass. In other words, the technical limitations of BIA could be overcome by measuring the different body segments at different frequencies.
By doing so, the impedance in the limbs and torso were measured separately, yielding highly accurate results without using empirical data based on factors like age, gender, ethnicity, athleticism, and body shape.
Thus, the InBody DSM-MFBIA body composition analyzer is a precision medical device. Many BIA products today provide segmental measures of muscle and fat mass, but most of these products are still unable to take segmental impedance measurements, particularly in the torso.
The InBody measure each segment separately and shows the impedance values of all five cylinders of the body at each frequency in the Impedance Section of the InBody Result Sheet. InBody uses multiple currents at varying frequencies to provide precise body water analysis.
When measuring impedance with electrodes, contact resistance occurs. InBody accounts for contact resistance with strategically placed electrodes to ensure that measurements are accurate and reproducible.
InBody measures your impedance independently, so your results are not affected by your age, gender, ethnicity, athleticism, or body shape.
BIA Tech Problem The ability to distinguish between extracellular and total body water is important to identify fluid imbalances related to acute inflammation or edema. Many BIA devices use only one frequency at 50 kHz to measure impedance.
As a result, patients with increased extracellular water may be misidentified as being healthy. InBody uses a combination of low and high frequencies to determine extracellular, intracellular, and total body water. The use of multiple frequencies allows InBody devices to achieve a high level of precision.
Medical practitioners can use InBody for measurements of body composition and fluid status. Total body water TBW is stored throughout the body and can be separated into 2 compartments:. Early BIA devices used a single 50 kHz frequency to calculate TBW.
Therefore, ICW was estimated proportionally based on the ECW. This estimation was used to determine TBW, lean mass, and fat mass. The estimation of intracellular water was based on the assumption that the ratio of ICW to ECW in healthy adults is about However, individuals with body compositions that differ from conventionally healthy adults, such as elderly, obese or chronic disease patients, often have a higher ratio of ECW.
Thus, in these patient populations, relying on the ICW:ECW ratio could result in significant error. InBody uses multiple frequencies ranging from 1 kHz to 1 MHz to provide precision body water analysis. Electrical currents interact differently with the cells at different frequencies, which allows the InBody to quantify the different fluid compartments.
Low frequencies are better suited for measuring ECW, while high frequencies can pass through cell membranes to measure ICW and therefore TBW. An accurate measure of TBW and the ability to analyze ICW versus ECW allows for a deeper analysis of individual body composition.
Compartmental water measures can be used to properly quantify and identify changes in fluid balance to reflect nutritional status and fitness progress.
If the starting measurement position changes, the length of the measured cylinder also changes. This directly impacts impedance and introduces error.
When the human body comes in contact with an electrode, resistance occurs. To accurately measure the resistance in the human body, it is important to control the measurement location.
These designs can cause measurements to start in the palm, which has a high impedance and can cause inaccuracies, or lead to inconsistent measurement starting points, reducing the reliability of results. The anatomical design of the hand electrode creates a simple holding position that is easy to reproduce.
Utilizing the anatomical characteristics of the human body, when an InBody user grasps the hand grip, current flows from the palm electrode and the electrical energy, or voltage, is initiated at the thumb electrode. When current and voltage overlap, impedance can be measured.
By separating current and voltage into the hand and foot electrodes, the point of overlap can be controlled to isolate the five cylinders of the body limbs and torso and consistently start at the same location on the wrists and ankles for reproducible results.
With this design, the point of measure stays the same even when the user changes the holding position of the hand electrode or the contact points on the hands and feet.
Traditional BIA views the human body as one cylinder. However, the torso of the body needs to be measured separately because its short length and large cross-sectional area mean that even a small measurement mistake can lead to substantial error.
Direct segmental measurement bioelectrical impedance analysis regards the human body as five cylinders: left arm, right arm, torso, left leg, and right leg.
InBody independently measures each cylinder to provide accurate measurements for the entire body. Traditional BIA systems viewed the human body as a single cylinder, using whole-body impedance to determine total body water.
One of the biggest problems with the single cylinder method is the lack of a separate torso measurement. The torso has the shortest length and highest cross-sectional area, which results in a very low impedance typically ohms. Therefore, small errors in torso impedance have significant impact on body composition results.
With whole-body impedance measurement, the torso impedance is not observed separately and thus, changes in torso impedance cannot be quantified.
Because of the large amount of lean mass in the torso, small variability in impedance measures can have a drastic effect on how the results are interpreted. Differences and percentages may vary based on the individual.
Some BIA devices avoid the torso measurement entirely. For example, with many BIA scales, only the impedance of your legs and a small part of your torso are measured.
Similarly, with handheld BIA devices, only the impedance of your arms and a small portion of your torso are measured. With this design, the rest of the body must be estimated.
In many bioimpedance technologies today , empirical equations are incorporated to compensate for technological flaws, including the lack of torso impedance due to whole-body impedance measurement , single frequency measurements which are unable to differentiate between water compartments , and lack of reproducibility from electrode placement or positioning.
InBody measures body composition without relying on empirical assumptions based on age, gender, ethnicity, or body shape, producing accurate and precise results that are validated to gold standard methods.
Put simply, InBody provides individualized feedback for better tracking of progress to help you achieve your goals. Those with a pacemaker or women who are pregnant should avoid the test. The test works by passing a low level imperceivable current through the body.
The current moves faster through fat-free mass, due to its higher water content, than fat mass. The resistance that the current encounters is measured and then plugged into a mathematical equation to come up with total body water, fat-free mass, and body fat.
You can expect this same level of accuracy with other practical body composition testing procedures. The test is highly dependent on hydration level at the time of the test. For the most accurate results, it is important to be perfectly hydrated. Thus, prior to the testing, you should be informed of a hydration protocol to follow.
This may include avoiding exercise for 4 hours prior to the test, avoiding a meal for hours prior to the test water is ok , avoiding saunas, and abstaining from alcohol for 12 hours prior to the test. Make sure to ask the clinician who performs your test about the pre-testing requirements.
Bioelectrical impedance analysis BIA is a quick and painless way to get a read on your body composition. It's accuracy is on-par with other practical body composition techniques.
If you have the chance to have this test done, I would recommend it! For more information on body fat: Factors That Affect Body Fat Understanding Body Composition and Testing for It.
Body Fat Testing through Bioelectrical Impedance BIA 2 Minutes Read. Joanna Kriehn, MS, RDN, CDCES - Registered Dietitian Nutritionist and Certified Diabetes Care and Education Specialist CDCES.
Feb 26,
Nutrition Journal volume 10Article Immune-boosting tips and tricks Best thermogenic diet pills Cite this article. Metrics imppedance. Bioelectrical impedance analysis BIA is a simple, ikpedance, quick BIIA Immune-boosting tips and tricks technique ijpedance measuring body composition. The clinical benefit of BIA can be further enhanced by combining it with bioelectrical impedance vector analysis BIVA. This report reflects the authors' practical experience with the use of single-frequency BIA in combination with BIVA, particularly in COPD patients. malnutrition in obese and underweight patients with COPD, water retention is presented. Want to know what you ipedance made impedancf Here's a painless and easy Polyphenols and metabolism to estimate body fat. BIA body impedance interpretation addition Iinterpretation the bathroom scale, how our clothes fit, and Memory enhancement we feel day to day, body fat measurements provide interpfetation with a bit more information about where we stand with our health and fitness goals. Simply put, getting your body composition estimated provides information about how much of your body is fat and not fat muscle, bone and organs. You are likely aware that too much body fat is a reason for concern. Carrying too much fat especially around the middle increases the chance of developing conditions such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, and joint disease. One method of estimating body fat is through bioelectrical impedance BIA.
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