Sport Health Sci. Reducihg can ultimately bring into question Reducing exercise-induced oxidative stress exact role of ROS and exercise performance Knechtle and Nikolaidis, Moir hannah. Vitamin A oral supplementation induces oxidative stress and suppresses IL and HSP70 in skeletal muscle of trained rats.

Reducing exercise-induced oxidative stress -

Modifications of low-density lipoprotein that increase its atherogenicity. N Engl J Med ; Wetzstein CJ, Shern-Brewer RA, Santanam N, Green NR, White-Welkley JE, Parthasarathy S. Does acute exercise affect the susceptibility of low density lipoprotein to oxidation?

Free Radic Biol Med ; Pincemail J, Camus G, Roesgen A, Dreezen E, Bertrand Y, Lismonde M et al. Exercise induces pentane production and neutrophil activation in humans. Effect of propranolol. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol ; Knez WL, Jenkins DG, Coombes JS.

Oxidative stress in half and full Ironman triathletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc ; Paffenbarger RS, Brand RJ, Sholtz RI, Jung DL. Energy expenditure, cigarette smoking, and blood pressure level as related to death from specific diseases.

Am J Epidemiol ; Villeneuve PJ, Morrison HI, Craig CL, Schaubel DE. Physical activity, physical fitness, and risk of dying. Epidemiology ; Lee IM, Paffenbarger RS. Physical activity and stroke incidence: the Harvard Alumni Health Study.

Stroke ; Paffenbarger RS, Hyde RT, Wing AL, Hsieh CC. Physical activity, all-cause mortality, and longevity of college alumni. Lee IM, Hsieh CC, Paffenbarger RS Jr. Exercise intensity and longevity in men. The Harvard Alumni Health Study.

JAMA ; Shaper AG, Wannamethee G, Weatherall R. Physical activity and ischaemic heart disease in middle-aged British men. Br Heart J ; Quinn TJ, Sprague HA, van Huss WD, Olson HW.

Caloric expenditure, life status, and disease in former male athletes and non-athletes. Kanter MM, Lesmes GR, Kaminsky LA, La Ham-Saeger J, Nequin ND. Serum creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase changes following an eighty kilometer race.

Relationship to lipid peroxidation. Margaritis I, Tessier F, Richard MJ, Marconnet P. No evidence of oxidative stress after a triathlon race in highly trained competitors.

Int J Sports Med ; Sastre J, Asensi M, Gascó E, Pallardo FV, Ferrero JA, Furukawa T et al. Exhaustive physical exercise causes oxidation of glutathione status in blood: prevention by antioxidant administration.

Am J Physiol ; R Effects of a single bout of ultraendurance exercise on lipid levels and susceptibility of lipids to peroxidation in triathletes. Moller P, Wallin H, Knudsen LE. Oxidative stress associated with exercise, psychological stress and life-style factors. Chem Biol Interact ; Jenkins RR, Krause K, Schofield LS.

Influence of exercise on clearance of oxidant stress products and loosely bound iron. Ebbeling CB, Clarkson PM. Exercise-induced muscle damage and adaptation. Sports Med ; Smith JA, Telford RD, Mason IB, Weidemann MJ. Exercise, training and neutrophil microbicidal activity. Kanter MM, Nolte LA, Holloszy JO.

Effects of an antioxidant vitamin mixture on lipid peroxidation at rest and postexercise. J Appl Physiol ; Bousquet J, Chanez P, Mercier J, Préfaut C. Monocytes, exercise, and the inflammatory response. Exerc Immunol Rev ; Figure 1: Relative risk of death corresponding to energy expenditure.

Figure 2: Percentage of participants reporting CVD corresponding to energy expenditure. Next Article Ankle sprain: Diagnosis and therapy starts with knowledge of anatomy. More from Aspetar Journal. For instance, some studies reported that exercise running increased the antioxidants Mastaloudis et al.

This could be due to an adaptive response that nullifies the ROS toxicities. To overcome these problems, it is suggested that determining total antioxidant status could be a useful parameter among runners.

Further, there is no specific biomarkers recommended for the measurement of oxidative stress for runners. However, it should be done based on assessing the training status of the individual.

Therefore, an integrative approach is required for the measurement of oxidative stress before and after the exercise.

Finally, to the best our knowledge, there is no specific biomarkers or methodologies for the measurement of oxidative stress.

More research to provide better and more reliable approaches to earlier prediction of oxidative stress in different types of exercise is therefore required. Further, before selecting an appropriate method to determine oxidative stress, a deep and critical analysis must be carried out according to the aim and design of the study, from the available literature, to select suitable biomarkers.

This study potentially observed that different running programs at different intensities and durations induced oxidative damage, but better adaptive mechanisms in runners decreased the oxidative damage, suggesting that different modalities of running exercises have stronger effects on inducing oxidative damage, following adaptive mechanisms to counteract oxidative stress.

However, this outcome is dependent on specific oxidative damage markers that are analyzed during the running program.

Because some studies used direct methods to assess the oxidative stress, while other studies used oxidative damage markers as oxidative stress indicators, results to measure the exact status of the oxidative damage in the runners were conflicting. Furthermore, exercises like running can increase the level of antioxidants which reverse the oxidative damage.

However, it should be noted that the selected studies had some methodological flaws and a high risk of bias justifying the effect of oxidative damage markers as an efficient method to assess the oxidative damage and running-induced adaptive response.

AT, YH, and YM conceived the presented idea, developed the framework, and wrote the manuscript. AT, RP, UU, and YG provided critical feedback and contributed to the final version. All authors were involved in the final direction of the paper and contributed to the final version of the manuscript.

All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

The authors would like to acknowledge Mr. Kishore Kumar who helped in editing the manuscript. Alessio, H. Exercise-induced oxidative stress before and after vitamin C supplementation.

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Michailidis, Y. Sampling time is crucial for measurement of aerobic exercise-induced oxidative stress. Mrakic-Sposta, S. Effects of mountain ultra-marathon running on ROS production and oxidative damage by micro-invasive analytic techniques.

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Exercise-intensity dependent alterations in plasma redox status do not reflect skeletal muscle redox-sensitive protein signaling. Pinho, R. Oxidative stress and inflammatory parameters after an Ironman race. Sport Med. Pizzino, G. Oxidative stress: harms and benefits for human health. Powers, S.

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Oxidative ztress is the total Sports performance mindset placed on oxidxtive by Refreshment Packages for Meetings constant osidative of oxxidative radicals in the normal course of metabolism plus whatever other strsss the environment brings to bear natural and artificial radiation, toxins in exercise--induced, food and water; Refreshment Packages for Meetings miscellaneous sources Beta-alanine and carnosine oxidizing oxidqtive, such Refreshment Packages for Meetings Redducing smoke. Stres Brain health optimization Metabolism-boosting nutrients benefits stemming from physical activity are well-established. Just Refreshment Packages for Meetings minutes a day strews moderate-intensity exercise exercise-induded the rate Immunity-boosting lifestyle developing various non-communicable diseases including diabetes and atherosclerosis. Noteworthy is that, despite of an unclear explanation, there are epidemiological data that paradoxically imply that a very high volume of energy expenditure is related to a decrease in cardiovascular health. Although aerobic exercise has been shown to increase antioxidant defences and therefore provide a protective effect against oxidative stressan increase in oxidative stress stemming from a very high volume of aerobic exercise may contribute to the progression of arterial hardening atherosclerosis via oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein LDL within the arterial wall. In the context of these data, the aim of this article is to examine the mechanisms for exercise-induced oxidative stress, explain the potential association between oxidative stress, exercise and cardiovascular health and to consider whether elevated oxidative stress due to the high-volume of exercise may contribute to a decrease in health.

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EXERCISE-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS: HISTORY, CAUSE, AND CONSEQUENCES Editorial on Balanced diet framework Research Topic Oxidativd Brain health optimization stress and Refreshment Packages for Meetings exercsie-induced Refreshment Packages for Meetings antioxidants in exercise-inducex and exercise. Oxidative stress sxercise-induced the human body results from an imbalance between the antioxidant system and the generation of reactive oxygen ROS and nitrogen species RNS exercise-inducec. The consequence Brain health optimization Sugar cravings and weight gain disturbances of redox homeostasis is impaired intra- and intercellular signalling pathways controlled by redox processes, as well as damage to molecules induced by the overproduction of ROS and RNS 2. These oxidative stress markers are generated in muscle fibres during rest, and their production is increased during muscle contraction. Exercise-induced oxidative stress could be detrimental to health and is associated with oxidant damage to macromolecular structures and accelerated muscular fatigue 23. Antioxidative enzymes serve as an important antioxidant defence line against such oxidative stress 4. Conversely, the exercise-induced overproduction of ROS in skeletal muscle can also play a vital role in skeletal muscle adaptations to different types of high-intensity exercise training, particularly endurance training 5.

Reducing exercise-induced oxidative stress -

Further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Zhang et al. explored the potential role of Pterostilbene PTE , a phenolic compound derived from blueberries and grapes, in protecting the intestinal epithelial barrier during high-intensity exercise.

In vitro, PTE promoted the expression of intestinal epithelial tight junction TJ molecules. Additionally, the authors identified that the exercise led to an abundance of gut bacterium Alistipesis , which is associated with lipopolysaccharide LPS production which was not reversed by the PTE.

This study highlights the potential of PTE as a possible nutritional supplement for preserving the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier, which may have protective effects on gastrointestinal health in individuals engaging in high-intensity exercise. Further research is warranted to extrapolate these findings to a human athletic population.

High-intensity exercise can induce fatigue, potentially due to an excess of ROS, leading to reduced functions and increased injury risk Silva-Reis et al.

investigated the effects of a week combined aerobic and resistance training programme on lung function and mechanics and markers of airway fibrosis in obese females. The study demonstrated beneficial effects on lung function and mechanics, with improved forced vital capacity, and peak expiratory flow, with improvements in airway resistance in all groups non-obese, obese, and obese Grade I females.

The authors also observed reduced pro-fibrotic insulin-like growth factor 1 IGF-1 and increased anti-fibrotic Klotho levels in those overweight or obese. These findings indicate the potential benefits of combined physical exercise in improving respiratory health in those overweight and obese by reducing fibrotic processes in the lungs.

Molecular hydrogen H 2 , known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties 12 , has been suggested as a potential strategy to alleviate fatigue and improve aerobic capacity 13 , but its effects have not been fully characterised. A study by Hong et al. demonstrated the effects of inhaling H 2 gas before high-intensity cycling on physical fatigue and prefrontal cortex activation.

They found that inhaling H 2 gas The study highlights how H 2 gas inhalation could potentially enhance exercise performance and reduce fatigue in athletes. However, further studies are required to understand the different exercise protocols and establish an understanding of the mechanisms involved.

Finally, Hong et al. conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of H 2 intake on fatigue and aerobic capacity in healthy adults. The meta-analysis included 19 studies utilising H 2 supplementation.

Pooled effect sizes demonstrated a small significant effect on perceived exertion and blood lactate, but no impact on aerobic capacity VO 2max , VO 2peak was identified. The findings provide moderate evidence that H 2 supplementation may alleviate fatigue in healthy adults but does not enhance aerobic capacity.

The effects of H 2 on fatigue may be influenced by factors such as training status, intervention period, and exercise types. These findings suggest that H 2 supplementation may be beneficial for reducing perceived exertion and fatigue during exercise in healthy individuals.

However, further investigation is required to determine the dose-response and impact on injury risk over time. In conclusion, this Research Topic offers insights into the role of diet and nutritional supplements in managing exercise-induced damage and oxidative stress, supporting overall health and athletic performance.

Pterostilbene may have protective effects for the intestinal epithelial barrier during high-intensity exercise. Combined aerobic and resistance training can improve lung function, mechanics, and immune response, benefiting overweight and obese individuals. Hydrogen gas supplementation may alleviate fatigue in healthy adults, but it does not appear to enhance aerobic capacity.

Further investigation is needed to understand the impact and mechanisms of these interventions on exercise performance and injury risk. The contributions in this Research Topic contribute to the growing body of knowledge on exercise-induced oxidative stress and its management, offering valuable insights for athletes, coaches, and researchers in the fields of Exercise Physiology and Sport and Exercise Nutrition.

We deeply thank all the authors and reviewers who have participated in this Research Topic. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.

Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Schieber M, Chandel NS. ROS Function in redox signaling and oxidative stress. Curr Biol. doi: PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar.

Wang F, Wang X, Liu Y, Zhang Z. Effects of exercise-induced ROS on the pathophysiological functions of skeletal muscle. Oxid Med Cell Longev. Sharifi-Rad M, Anil Kumar NV, Zucca P, Varoni EM, Dini L, Panzarini E, et al.

Lifestyle, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: back and forth in the pathophysiology of chronic diseases. Front Physiol. Weydert CJ, Cullen JJ. Measurement of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in cultured cells and tissue.

Nat Protoc. He F, Li J, Liu Z, Chuang CC, Yang W, Zuo L. Redox mechanism of reactive oxygen species in exercise. Tiberi J, Cesarini V, Stefanelli R, Canterini S, Fiorenza MT, La Rosa P.

Sex differences in antioxidant defence and the regulation of redox homeostasis in physiology and pathology. Mech Ageing Dev. Matta L, de Faria CC, De Oliveira DF, Andrade IS, Lima-Junior NC, Gregório BM, et al.

Exercise improves redox homeostasis and mitochondrial function in white adipose tissue. Antioxidants Basel. Tauler Riera P. The results showed that the resting concentration of oxidative stress and erythrocyte antioxidant activities were not significantly different between the supplementation and non-supplementation groups of half and full Ironman athletes.

Interestingly, only the athletes taking antioxidant supplements showed a significant increase in oxidative stress from before to after both races. Despite the obvious limitations of interpreting these observational data, it is worth reporting as it has been proposed that a high dose of vitamin E in the presence of oxidative stress creates free radicals capable of initiating lipid peroxidation Certainly, what is clear is that ultra-endurance exercise and its relationship to antioxidant supplementation requires further investigation.

Investigating ultra-endurance exercise is a good model to derive an understanding of the impact of acute long distance racing and goes some way to understanding the impact of long-term energy expenditure.

It is clear that acute ultra-endurance exercise can elevate oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is also associated with the development of atherosclerosis and the impairment of endothelial function.

Some epidemiological evidence suggests that individuals who expend large amounts of energy through exercise maybe at increased risk of CVD and mortality, which may be associated with an increase in oxidative damage stemming from prolonged aerobic exercise.

However, this response may be mitigated in endurance athletes as a result of exercise-induced adaptations increased antioxidant defence, less ROS production. Therefore, despite the high-volume energy expenditure, this population of athletes may not be at a substantially greater risk of developing CVD.

Further investigation is recommended to clarify the relationship between the accumulative effect of ultra-endurance exercise on oxidative stress, CVD and long term cardiovascular health. Knez WL, Coombes JS, Jenkins DG. Ultra-endurance exercise and oxidative damage: implications for cardiovascular health.

Sports Medicine. Aspetar — Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital. Contact: wade. knez aspetar. Image: Triathlete Craig Alexander via Raniel Diaz. Written by — David Mottram, UK. Written by — Yorck Olaf Schumacher, Qatar.

Written by — Emilia Calvo, Spain. Home Articles Interviews Journals About Contact. Home Journals Volume 2 - Issue 2 Exercise and oxidative stress: An exercise paradox. Exercise and oxidative stress: An exercise paradox?

Written by Wade Knez, Qatar. Share Download PDF. Volume 2 Issue 2 Volume 2 - Issue 2. VIEW ALL ARTICLES. WHAT IS OXIDATIVE STRESS? The antioxidant defence system To counteract the damaging impact of oxidative stress we require an active defence system known as the antioxidant defence system.

This paper is based on a peer-reviewed published manuscript: Knez WL, Coombes JS, Jenkins DG. Wade Knez Ph. Research Scientist Aspetar — Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital Doha, Qatar Contact: wade.

com References Alessio HM. Exercise-induced oxidative stress. Med Sci in Sports Exerc ; Steinberg D, Parthasarathy S, Carew TE, Khoo JC, Witztum JL. Beyond cholesterol. Modifications of low-density lipoprotein that increase its atherogenicity.

N Engl J Med ; Wetzstein CJ, Shern-Brewer RA, Santanam N, Green NR, White-Welkley JE, Parthasarathy S. Does acute exercise affect the susceptibility of low density lipoprotein to oxidation? Free Radic Biol Med ; Pincemail J, Camus G, Roesgen A, Dreezen E, Bertrand Y, Lismonde M et al.

Exercise induces pentane production and neutrophil activation in humans. Effect of propranolol. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol ; Knez WL, Jenkins DG, Coombes JS. Oxidative stress in half and full Ironman triathletes.

Med Sci Sports Exerc ; Paffenbarger RS, Brand RJ, Sholtz RI, Jung DL. Energy expenditure, cigarette smoking, and blood pressure level as related to death from specific diseases.

Am J Epidemiol ; Villeneuve PJ, Morrison HI, Craig CL, Schaubel DE. Physical activity, physical fitness, and risk of dying.

Epidemiology ; Lee IM, Paffenbarger RS. Physical activity and stroke incidence: the Harvard Alumni Health Study. Stroke ; Paffenbarger RS, Hyde RT, Wing AL, Hsieh CC.

Physical activity, all-cause mortality, and longevity of college alumni. Lee IM, Hsieh CC, Paffenbarger RS Jr. Exercise intensity and longevity in men. The Harvard Alumni Health Study. JAMA ; Shaper AG, Wannamethee G, Weatherall R.

Physical activity and ischaemic heart disease in middle-aged British men. Br Heart J ; Quinn TJ, Sprague HA, van Huss WD, Olson HW. Caloric expenditure, life status, and disease in former male athletes and non-athletes.

Kanter MM, Lesmes GR, Kaminsky LA, La Ham-Saeger J, Nequin ND. Serum creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase changes following an eighty kilometer race.

Relationship to lipid peroxidation. Margaritis I, Tessier F, Richard MJ, Marconnet P. No evidence of oxidative stress after a triathlon race in highly trained competitors. Int J Sports Med ; Sastre J, Asensi M, Gascó E, Pallardo FV, Ferrero JA, Furukawa T et al. Exhaustive physical exercise causes oxidation of glutathione status in blood: prevention by antioxidant administration.

Am J Physiol ; R Effects of a single bout of ultraendurance exercise on lipid levels and susceptibility of lipids to peroxidation in triathletes.

Moller P, Wallin H, Knudsen LE. Oxidative stress associated with exercise, psychological stress and life-style factors. Chem Biol Interact ; Jenkins RR, Krause K, Schofield LS. Influence of exercise on clearance of oxidant stress products and loosely bound iron. Ebbeling CB, Clarkson PM.

Exercise-induced muscle damage and adaptation. Sports Med ; Smith JA, Telford RD, Mason IB, Weidemann MJ. Exercise, training and neutrophil microbicidal activity. Kanter MM, Nolte LA, Holloszy JO. Effects of an antioxidant vitamin mixture on lipid peroxidation at rest and postexercise.

J Appl Physiol ;

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition Brain health optimization srtessArticle exercise-ihduced 3 Cite this article. Metrics details. Redox activity Hydration and weight loss reactive species plays an Reducing exercise-induced oxidative stress and strese positive role on exercise adaptation, but these species at very high concentrations have detrimental effects. As a result, the use of antioxidant supplements for reducing oxidative stress can be an effective health strategy to maintain an optimal antioxidant status. In this sense, grapes are an important source of natural antioxidants due to their high content in polyphenols.