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Article Navigation. Standards of Care December 16 Obesity and Weight Management for the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes— American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee.

This Site. Google Scholar. Get Permissions. toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu. toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest. Table 8. View Large. Medication name. Typical adult maintenance dose.

Average wholesale price day supply National Average Drug Acquisition Cost day supply Treatment arms. Common side effects — OTC mg t. PBO 6. Discontinue if pancreatitis is suspected. Figure 8. View large Download slide.

Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. Prevention of type 2 diabetes in subjects with prediabetes and metabolic syndrome treated with phentermine and topiramate extended release.

Search ADS. XENical in the prevention of diabetes in obese subjects XENDOS study: a randomized study of orlistat as an adjunct to lifestyle changes for the prevention of type 2 diabetes in obese patients.

Incidence of type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery: population-based matched cohort study. UK Prospective Diabetes Study 7: response of fasting plasma glucose to diet therapy in newly presenting type II diabetic patients.

The evidence for the effectiveness of medical nutrition therapy in diabetes management. Reversal of type 2 diabetes: normalisation of beta cell function in association with decreased pancreas and liver triacylglycerol. Very low-calorie diet mimics the early beneficial effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on insulin sensitivity and β-cell function in type 2 diabetic patients.

Role of orlistat in the treatment of obese patients with type 2 diabetes. A 1-year randomized double-blind study. Weight-loss therapy in type 2 diabetes: effects of phentermine and topiramate extended release.

Randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of lorcaserin for weight loss in type 2 diabetes mellitus: the BLOOM-DM study. Efficacy of liraglutide for weight loss among patients with type 2 diabetes: the SCALE diabetes randomized clinical trial.

Metabolic surgery in the treatment algorithm for type 2 diabetes: a joint statement by international diabetes organizations. Very low-calorie diet and 6 months of weight stability in type 2 diabetes: pathophysiological changes in responders and nonresponders.

Primary care-led weight management for remission of type 2 diabetes DiRECT : an open-label, cluster-randomised trial. Durability of a primary care-led weight-management intervention for remission of type 2 diabetes: 2-year results of the DiRECT open-label, cluster-randomised trial.

Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among patients hospitalized with COVID in the New York City area. Obesity is associated with increased severity of disease in COVID pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Individuals with obesity and COVID a global perspective on the epidemiology and biological relationships.

Accessed 12 October Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Unintentional weight loss: Clinical characteristics and outcomes in a prospective cohort of patients. Weight management in type 2 diabetes: current and emerging approaches to treatment.

Weight history in clinical practice: the state of the science and future directions. Impact of weight loss on waist circumference and the components of the metabolic syndrome. Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: a consensus report.

Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes. Eight-year weight losses with an intensive lifestyle intervention: the Look AHEAD study. Association of the magnitude of weight loss and changes in physical fitness with long-term cardiovascular disease outcomes in overweight or obese people with type 2 diabetes: a post-hoc analysis of the Look AHEAD randomised clinical trial.

Targeting weight loss interventions to reduce cardiovascular complications of type 2 diabetes: a machine learning-based post-hoc analysis of heterogeneous treatment effects in the Look AHEAD trial. Lifestyle weight-loss intervention outcomes in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. Effects of 4 weight-loss diets differing in fat, protein, and carbohydrate on fat mass, lean mass, visceral adipose tissue, and hepatic fat: results from the POUNDS LOST trial.

Comparison of weight loss among named diet programs in overweight and obese adults: a meta-analysis. Food insecurity is inversely associated with diet quality of lower-income adults. Obesity treatment, beyond the guidelines: practical suggestions for clinical practice. American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand.

Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults. Efficacy of commercial weight-loss programs: an updated systematic review. Guideline-concordant weight-loss programs in an urban area are uncommon and difficult to identify through the internet.

Effects of anti-obesity drugs, diet, and exercise on weight-loss maintenance after a very-low-calorie diet or low-calorie diet: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. A systematic review of dietary supplements and alternative therapies for weight loss.

Efficacy of dietary supplements containing isolated organic compounds for weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials. Effectiveness of herbal medicines for weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Baseline body mass index and the efficacy of hypoglycemic treatment in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Clinical review: drugs commonly associated with weight change: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Pharmacological management of obesity: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. Early weight loss with liraglutide 3. Endoscopic medical devices for primary obesity treatment in patients with diabetes.

Combining obesity pharmacotherapy with endoscopic bariatric and metabolic therapies. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of Gelesis a novel nonsystemic oral hydrogel for weight loss.

Microvascular outcomes in patients with diabetes after bariatric surgery versus usual care: a matched cohort study. Bariatric-metabolic surgery versus conventional medical treatment in obese patients with type 2 diabetes: 5 year follow-up of an open-label, single-centre, randomised controlled trial.

Bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therapy for diabetes—3-year outcomes. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery or lifestyle with intensive medical management in patients with type 2 diabetes: feasibility and 1-year results of a randomized clinical trial.

Lifestyle, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors 10 years after bariatric surgery. Association of bariatric surgery with long-term remission of type 2 diabetes and with microvascular and macrovascular complications.

Effects of bariatric surgery on cancer incidence in obese patients in Sweden Swedish Obese Subjects Study : a prospective, controlled intervention trial.

Clinical outcomes of metabolic surgery: microvascular and macrovascular complications. The long-term effects of bariatric surgery on type 2 diabetes remission, microvascular and macrovascular complications, and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Association between bariatric surgery and macrovascular disease outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and severe obesity. Meta-analysis of metabolic surgery versus medical treatment for microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Association of metabolic surgery with major adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity.

Association of metabolic-bariatric surgery with long-term survival in adults with and without diabetes: a one-stage meta-analysis of matched cohort and prospective controlled studies with participants. The Diabetes Surgery Summit consensus conference: recommendations for the evaluation and use of gastrointestinal surgery to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Beyond BMI: the need for new guidelines governing the use of bariatric and metabolic surgery. Five-year outcomes of a randomized trial of gastric band surgery in overweight but not obese people with type 2 diabetes.

Effect of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery on type 2 diabetes mellitus with hypertension: a randomized controlled trial. Reconciliation of type 2 diabetes remission rates in studies of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

Bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therapy for diabetes—5-year outcomes. Durability of addition of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass to lifestyle intervention and medical management in achieving primary treatment goals for uncontrolled type 2 diabetes in mild to moderate obesity: a randomized control trial.

Incidence and remission of type 2 diabetes in relation to degree of obesity at baseline and 2 year weight change: the Swedish Obese Subjects SOS study. A multisite study of long-term remission and relapse of type 2 diabetes mellitus following gastric bypass. Effects of gastric bypass surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes and only mild obesity.

Can diabetes be surgically cured? Long-term metabolic effects of bariatric surgery in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Effect of bariatric surgery vs medical treatment on type 2 diabetes in patients with body mass index lower than five-year outcomes.

Preoperative insulin therapy as a marker for type 2 diabetes remission in obese patients after bariatric surgery. The socioeconomic impact of morbid obesity and factors affecting access to obesity surgery. Weight change and health outcomes at 3 years after bariatric surgery among individuals with severe obesity.

Use and outcomes of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy vs laparoscopic gastric bypass: analysis of the American College of Surgeons NSQIP. Lap band outcomes from 19, patients across centers and over a decade within the state of New York. First report from the American College of Surgeons Bariatric Surgery Center Network: laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy has morbidity and effectiveness positioned between the band and the bypass.

A prospective randomized trial of laparoscopic gastric bypass versus laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding for the treatment of morbid obesity: outcomes, quality of life, and costs. Seven-year weight trajectories and health outcomes in the Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery LABS study.

Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia with nesidioblastosis after gastric-bypass surgery. Hypoglycemia after upper gastrointestinal surgery: clinical approach to assessment, diagnosis, and treatment.

Glycemic patterns are distinct in post-bariatric hypoglycemia after gastric bypass PBH-RYGB. Hypoglycemia after gastric bypass surgery: current concepts and controversies.

Self-harm emergencies after bariatric surgery: a population-based cohort study. Association of bariatric surgery vs medical obesity treatment with long-term medical complications and obesity-related comorbidities.

Behavioral and psychological care in weight loss surgery: best practice update. Introduction to RED BOOK Online. Accessed 15 October National Library of Medicine. Accessed 13 October Effects of low-dose, controlled-release, phentermine plus topiramate combination on weight and associated comorbidities in overweight and obese adults CONQUER : a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.

Semaglutide 2·4 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes STEP 2 : a randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Accessed 31 August Readers may use this article as long as the work is properly cited, the use is educational and not for profit, and the work is not altered.

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Reyna Franco, MS, RDN of American College of Lifestyle Medicine. How Does Weight Loss Affect Type 2 Diabetes? Next up video playing in 10 seconds. Set Small and Realistic Goals Losing the weight is one thing; keeping it off is another. Get Active Studies suggest that diet is hands-down the most important factor for losing weight, but exercise is key to successfully keeping the pounds off over time.

Schedule Your Meals, Including Breakfast A common characteristic among the weight control registry participants is that most of them reported that they ate breakfast. Cut Calories Eating too many calories and too much fat can raise blood glucose levels. Keep Track of Your Goals and Progress Writing down the details of your weight loss journey helps you set healthy targets and notice patterns.

Use Tricks to Prevent Overeating These sneaky strategies can help keep you from overdoing it on diet-damaging foods. Fill up on low-calorie foods first.

Non-starchy vegetables make the perfect low-calorie starter. Change your salad dressing system. Instead of sprinkling or pouring dressing on your salad, dip your fork into a side dish of dressing and then your salad with each bite.

Take up a busy-hands hobby. Keep busy with activities like walking, knitting, scrapbooking, doing crossword puzzles, or gardening. Carry a toothbrush and toothpaste. Keep them in your purse or briefcase.

When cravings hit, brushing your teeth with peppermint-flavored toothpaste can dampen your desire to eat. Arrive fashionably late to parties. Additional reporting by Colleen de Bellefonds.

Editorial Sources and Fact-Checking. Resources Luo J, Hodge A, Hendryx M, Byles JE. Age of Obesity Onset, Cumulative Obesity Exposure Over Early Adulthood and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. March Ostendorf DM, Caldwell AE, Creasy SA, et al. Physical Activity Energy Expenditure and Total Daily Energy Expenditure in Successful Weight Loss Maintainers.

Extra Weight, Extra Risk. American Diabetes Association. Williams PG. The Benefits of Breakfast Cereal Consumption: A Systematic Review of the Evidence Base. Advances in Nutrition. September Ruddick-Collins LC, Morgan PJ, Fyfe CL, et al.

Timing of Daily Calorie Loading Affects Appetite and Hunger Responses Without Changes in Energy Metabolism in Healthy Subjects With Obesity. Cell Metabolism. October 4, Kelly RK, Calhoun J, Hanus A, et al.

Increased Dietary Fiber Is Associated With Weight Loss Among Full Plate Living Program Participants. Frontiers in Nutrition. April 17, Dietary Guidelines for Americans — [PDF]. Department of Agriculture.

Given the current high cost, limited insurance coverage, and paucity of data in people with diabetes, medical devices for weight loss are rarely utilized at this time, and it remains to be seen how they may be used in the future Taken with water 30 min before meals, the hydrogel expands to fill a portion of the stomach volume to help decrease food intake during meals.

A Continuous glucose monitoring should be considered as an important adjunct to improve safety by alerting patients to hypoglycemia, especially for those with severe hypoglycemia or hypoglycemia unawareness. A substantial body of evidence, including data from numerous large cohort studies and randomized controlled nonblinded clinical trials, demonstrates that metabolic surgery achieves superior glycemic control and reduction of cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity compared with nonsurgical intervention In addition to improving glycemia, metabolic surgery reduces the incidence of microvascular disease 68 , improves quality of life 69 — 71 , decreases cancer risk, and improves cardiovascular disease risk factors and long-term cardiovascular events 72 — Cohort studies that match surgical and nonsurgical subjects strongly suggest that metabolic surgery reduces all-cause mortality 84 , The overwhelming majority of procedures in the U.

are vertical sleeve gastrectomy VSG and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass RYGB. Both procedures result in an anatomically smaller stomach pouch and often robust changes in enteroendocrine hormones. A : Vertical sleeve gastrectomy. B : Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Images reprinted from National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Still, the median disease-free period among such individuals following RYGB is 8.

Exceedingly few presurgical predictors of success have been identified, but younger age, shorter duration of diabetes e. Greater baseline visceral fat area may also predict improved postoperative outcomes, especially among Asian American patients with type 2 diabetes, who typically have greater visceral fat compared with Caucasians Although surgery has been shown to improve the metabolic profiles of patients with type 1 diabetes, larger and longer-term studies are needed to determine the role of metabolic surgery in such patients Whereas metabolic surgery has greater initial costs than nonsurgical obesity treatments, retrospective analyses and modeling studies suggest that surgery may be cost-effective or even cost-saving for individuals with type 2 diabetes.

However, these results are largely dependent on assumptions about the long-term effectiveness and safety of the procedures , The safety of metabolic surgery has improved significantly with continued refinement of minimally invasive laparoscopic approaches, enhanced training and credentialing, and involvement of multidisciplinary teams.

Perioperative mortality rates are typically 0. Postsurgical recovery times and morbidity have also dramatically declined. Empirical data suggest that proficiency of the operating surgeon and surgical team is an important factor for determining mortality, complications, reoperations, and readmissions Accordingly, metabolic surgery should be performed in high-volume centers with multidisciplinary teams experienced in the management of diabetes, obesity, and gastrointestinal surgery.

Beyond the perioperative period, longer-term risks include vitamin and mineral deficiencies, anemia, osteoporosis, dumping syndrome, and severe hypoglycemia Dumping syndrome usually occurs shortly 10—30 min after a meal and may present with diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, and fatigue; hypoglycemia is usually not present at the time of symptoms but in some cases may develop several hours later.

Postbariatric hypoglycemia PBH can occur with RYGB, VSG, and other gastrointestinal procedures and may severely impact quality of life — PBH is driven in part by altered gastric emptying of ingested nutrients, leading to rapid intestinal glucose absorption and excessive postprandial secretion of glucagon-like peptide 1 and other gastrointestinal peptides.

As a result, overstimulation of insulin release and a sharp drop in plasma glucose occurs, most commonly 1—3 h after a high-carbohydrate meal. Symptoms range from sweating, tremor, tachycardia, and increased hunger to impaired cognition, loss of consciousness, and seizures.

Diagnosis is primarily made by a thorough history; detailed records of food intake, physical activity, and symptom patterns; and exclusion of other potential causes e.

When available, patients should be offered medical nutrition therapy with a dietitian experienced in PBH and use of continuous glucose monitoring ideally real-time continuous glucose monitoring, which can detect dropping glucose levels before severe hypoglycemia occurs , especially for those with hypoglycemia unawareness.

Medication treatment, if needed, is primarily aimed at slowing carbohydrate absorption e. Candidates for metabolic surgery should be assessed by a mental health professional with expertise in obesity management prior to consideration for surgery Surgery should be postponed in patients with alcohol or substance use disorders, severe depression, suicidal ideation, or other significant mental health conditions until these conditions have been sufficiently addressed.

Individuals with preoperative or new-onset psychopathology should be assessed regularly following surgery to optimize mental health and postsurgical outcomes. Suggested citation: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. Obesity and weight management for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes— Diabetes Care ;45 Suppl.

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Previous Article Next Article. Diet, Physical Activity, and Behavioral Therapy. Medical Devices for Weight Loss. Metabolic Surgery. Article Navigation. Standards of Care December 16 Obesity and Weight Management for the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes— American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee.

This Site. Google Scholar. Get Permissions. toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu. toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest. Table 8. View Large. Medication name. Typical adult maintenance dose.

Average wholesale price day supply National Average Drug Acquisition Cost day supply Treatment arms. Common side effects — OTC mg t. PBO 6. Discontinue if pancreatitis is suspected. Figure 8. View large Download slide.

Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. Prevention of type 2 diabetes in subjects with prediabetes and metabolic syndrome treated with phentermine and topiramate extended release.

Search ADS. XENical in the prevention of diabetes in obese subjects XENDOS study: a randomized study of orlistat as an adjunct to lifestyle changes for the prevention of type 2 diabetes in obese patients. Incidence of type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery: population-based matched cohort study.

UK Prospective Diabetes Study 7: response of fasting plasma glucose to diet therapy in newly presenting type II diabetic patients. The evidence for the effectiveness of medical nutrition therapy in diabetes management. Reversal of type 2 diabetes: normalisation of beta cell function in association with decreased pancreas and liver triacylglycerol.

Very low-calorie diet mimics the early beneficial effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on insulin sensitivity and β-cell function in type 2 diabetic patients. Role of orlistat in the treatment of obese patients with type 2 diabetes. A 1-year randomized double-blind study.

Weight-loss therapy in type 2 diabetes: effects of phentermine and topiramate extended release. Randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of lorcaserin for weight loss in type 2 diabetes mellitus: the BLOOM-DM study.

Efficacy of liraglutide for weight loss among patients with type 2 diabetes: the SCALE diabetes randomized clinical trial. Metabolic surgery in the treatment algorithm for type 2 diabetes: a joint statement by international diabetes organizations.

The relationship between increasing body fat accumulation and adverse health outcomes exists throughout the range of overweight and obesity in men and women of all age groups.

Weight loss has been shown to improve glycemic control by increasing insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake and diminishing hepatic glucose output.

For most adults aged 18 to 65, a BMI of 25 to Waist Circumference WC is the measurement around the waist. Too much fat around the waist is linked to health risks. WC goals differ depending on ethnic background and gender. Medical Devices for Weight Loss.

Metabolic Surgery. Article Navigation. Standards of Care December 04 Obesity Management for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes— American Diabetes Association American Diabetes Association. This Site. Google Scholar. Get Permissions.

toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu. toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest. Table 8. View Large.

Medication name. Typical adult maintenance dose. Average wholesale price day supply National Average Drug Acquisition Cost day supply Treatment arms. Common side effects — OTC mg t. PBO 6. Discontinue if pancreatitis is suspected. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin.

Prevention of type 2 diabetes in subjects with prediabetes and metabolic syndrome treated with phentermine and topiramate extended release.

Search ADS. XENical in the prevention of Diabetes in Obese Subjects XENDOS study: a randomized study of orlistat as an adjunct to lifestyle changes for the prevention of type 2 diabetes in obese patients. le Roux. Incidence of type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery: population-based matched cohort study.

UKPDS Group. UK Prospective Diabetes Study 7: response of fasting plasma glucose to diet therapy in newly presenting type II diabetic patients. The evidence for the effectiveness of medical nutrition therapy in diabetes management.

Reversal of type 2 diabetes: normalisation of beta cell function in association with decreased pancreas and liver triacylglycerol.

Very low-calorie diet mimics the early beneficial effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on insulin sensitivity and β-cell function in type 2 diabetic patients.

Role of orlistat in the treatment of obese patients with type 2 diabetes. A 1-year randomized double-blind study. Weight-loss therapy in type 2 diabetes: effects of phentermine and topiramate extended release. Randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of lorcaserin for weight loss in type 2 diabetes mellitus: the BLOOM-DM study.

Efficacy of liraglutide for weight loss among patients with type 2 diabetes: the SCALE diabetes randomized clinical trial. Metabolic surgery in the treatment algorithm for type 2 diabetes: a joint statement by international diabetes organizations. Very low-calorie diet and 6 months of weight stability in type 2 diabetes: pathophysiological changes in responders and nonresponders.

Primary care-led weight management for remission of type 2 diabetes DiRECT : an open-label, cluster-randomised trial. Durability of a primary care-led weight-management intervention for remission of type 2 diabetes: 2-year results of the DiRECT open-label, cluster-randomised trial.

AMA Manual of Style Committee. American Medical Association. Accessed16 September WHO Expert Consultation. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Unintentional weight loss: clinical characteristics and outcomes in a prospective cohort of patients.

Van Gaal. Weight management in type 2 diabetes: current and emerging approaches to treatment. Weight history in clinical practice: the state of the science and future directions.

Impact of weight loss on waist circumference and the components of the metabolic syndrome. Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: a consensus report.

Look AHEAD Research Group. Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes. Eight-year weight losses with an intensive lifestyle intervention: the Look AHEAD study.

Association of the magnitude of weight loss and changes in physical fitness with long-term cardiovascular disease outcomes in overweight or obese people with type 2 diabetes: a post-hoc analysis of the Look AHEAD randomised clinical trial.

Targeting weight loss interventions to reduce cardiovascular complications of type 2 diabetes: a machine learning-based post-hoc analysis of heterogeneous treatment effects in the Look AHEAD trial. Lifestyle weight-loss intervention outcomes in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. de Souza. Effects of 4 weight-loss diets differing in fat, protein, and carbohydrate on fat mass, lean mass, visceral adipose tissue, and hepatic fat: results from the POUNDS LOST trial.

Comparison of weight loss among named diet programs in overweight and obese adults: a meta-analysis. Food insecurity is inversely associated with diet quality of lower-income adults. Obesity treatment, beyond the guidelines: practical suggestions for clinical practice.

American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults. Efficacy of commercial weight-loss programs: an updated systematic review.

Guideline-concordant weight-loss programs in an urban area are uncommon and difficult to identify through the internet. Effects of anti-obesity drugs, diet, and exercise on weight-loss maintenance after a very-low-calorie diet or low-calorie diet: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Baseline body mass index and the efficacy of hypoglycemic treatment in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Clinical review: drugs commonly associated with weight change: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Phentermine [FDA prescribing information]. Accessed 29 October Pharmacological management of obesity: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. Early weight loss with liraglutide 3.

Endoscopic medical devices for primary obesity treatment in patients with diabetes. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of Gelesis a novel nonsystemic oral hydrogel for weight loss. Lifestyle, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors 10 years after bariatric surgery. Association of bariatric surgery with long-term remission of type 2 diabetes and with microvascular and macrovascular complications.

Effects of bariatric surgery on cancer incidence in obese patients in Sweden Swedish Obese Subjects Study : a prospective, controlled intervention trial. Clinical outcomes of metabolic surgery: microvascular and macrovascular complications.

The long-term effects of bariatric surgery on type 2 diabetes remission, microvascular and macrovascular complications, and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Association between bariatric surgery and macrovascular disease outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and severe obesity. Meta-analysis of metabolic surgery versus medical treatment for microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Association of metabolic surgery with major adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity.

The Diabetes Surgery Summit consensus conference: recommendations for the evaluation and use of gastrointestinal surgery to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. Beyond BMI: the need for new guidelines governing the use of bariatric and metabolic surgery.