Sugar level control -
Oral glucose tolerance test. This test is less commonly used than the others, except during pregnancy. You'll need to not eat for a certain amount of time and then drink a sugary liquid at your health care provider's office.
Blood sugar levels then are tested periodically for two hours. The American Diabetes Association recommends routine screening with diagnostic tests for type 2 diabetes in all adults age 35 or older and in the following groups:. If you're diagnosed with diabetes, your health care provider may do other tests to distinguish between type 1 and type 2 diabetes because the two conditions often require different treatments.
Your health care provider will test A1C levels at least two times a year and when there are any changes in treatment. Target A1C goals vary depending on age and other factors.
These steps make it more likely that blood sugar will stay in a healthy range. And they may help to delay or prevent complications.
Exercise is important for losing weight or maintaining a healthy weight. It also helps with managing blood sugar. Talk to your health care provider before starting or changing your exercise program to ensure that activities are safe for you. Weight loss results in better control of blood sugar levels, cholesterol, triglycerides and blood pressure.
However, the more weight you lose, the greater the benefit to your health. Your health care provider or dietitian can help you set appropriate weight-loss goals and encourage lifestyle changes to help you achieve them.
Your health care provider will advise you on how often to check your blood sugar level to make sure you remain within your target range. You may, for example, need to check it once a day and before or after exercise. If you take insulin, you may need to check your blood sugar multiple times a day.
Monitoring is usually done with a small, at-home device called a blood glucose meter, which measures the amount of sugar in a drop of blood. Keep a record of your measurements to share with your health care team.
Continuous glucose monitoring is an electronic system that records glucose levels every few minutes from a sensor placed under the skin. Information can be transmitted to a mobile device such as a phone, and the system can send alerts when levels are too high or too low.
If you can't maintain your target blood sugar level with diet and exercise, your health care provider may prescribe diabetes medications that help lower glucose levels, or your provider may suggest insulin therapy.
Medicines for type 2 diabetes include the following. Metformin Fortamet, Glumetza, others is generally the first medicine prescribed for type 2 diabetes. It works mainly by lowering glucose production in the liver and improving the body's sensitivity to insulin so it uses insulin more effectively.
Some people experience B deficiency and may need to take supplements. Other possible side effects, which may improve over time, include:. Sulfonylureas help the body secrete more insulin.
Examples include glyburide DiaBeta, Glynase , glipizide Glucotrol XL and glimepiride Amaryl. Possible side effects include:.
Glinides stimulate the pancreas to secrete more insulin. They're faster acting than sulfonylureas. But their effect in the body is shorter. Examples include repaglinide and nateglinide. Thiazolidinediones make the body's tissues more sensitive to insulin.
An example of this medicine is pioglitazone Actos. DPP-4 inhibitors help reduce blood sugar levels but tend to have a very modest effect. Examples include sitagliptin Januvia , saxagliptin Onglyza and linagliptin Tradjenta. GLP-1 receptor agonists are injectable medications that slow digestion and help lower blood sugar levels.
Their use is often associated with weight loss, and some may reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke. Examples include exenatide Byetta, Bydureon Bcise , liraglutide Saxenda, Victoza and semaglutide Rybelsus, Ozempic, Wegovy.
SGLT2 inhibitors affect the blood-filtering functions in the kidneys by blocking the return of glucose to the bloodstream. As a result, glucose is removed in the urine. These medicines may reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke in people with a high risk of those conditions.
Examples include canagliflozin Invokana , dapagliflozin Farxiga and empagliflozin Jardiance. Other medicines your health care provider might prescribe in addition to diabetes medications include blood pressure and cholesterol-lowering medicines, as well as low-dose aspirin, to help prevent heart and blood vessel disease.
Some people who have type 2 diabetes need insulin therapy. In the past, insulin therapy was used as a last resort, but today it may be prescribed sooner if blood sugar targets aren't met with lifestyle changes and other medicines. Different types of insulin vary on how quickly they begin to work and how long they have an effect.
Long-acting insulin, for example, is designed to work overnight or throughout the day to keep blood sugar levels stable. Short-acting insulin generally is used at mealtime. Your health care provider will determine what type of insulin is right for you and when you should take it.
Your insulin type, dosage and schedule may change depending on how stable your blood sugar levels are. Most types of insulin are taken by injection.
Side effects of insulin include the risk of low blood sugar — a condition called hypoglycemia — diabetic ketoacidosis and high triglycerides. Weight-loss surgery changes the shape and function of the digestive system.
This surgery may help you lose weight and manage type 2 diabetes and other conditions related to obesity. There are several surgical procedures.
All of them help people lose weight by limiting how much food they can eat. Some procedures also limit the amount of nutrients the body can absorb. Weight-loss surgery is only one part of an overall treatment plan. Treatment also includes diet and nutritional supplement guidelines, exercise and mental health care.
Generally, weight-loss surgery may be an option for adults living with type 2 diabetes who have a body mass index BMI of 35 or higher. BMI is a formula that uses weight and height to estimate body fat. Depending on the severity of diabetes or the presence of other medical conditions, surgery may be an option for someone with a BMI lower than Weight-loss surgery requires a lifelong commitment to lifestyle changes.
Long-term side effects may include nutritional deficiencies and osteoporosis. People living with type 2 diabetes often need to change their treatment plan during pregnancy and follow a diet that controls carbohydrates. Many people need insulin therapy during pregnancy. They also may need to stop other treatments, such as blood pressure medicines.
There is an increased risk during pregnancy of developing a condition that affects the eyes called diabetic retinopathy. In some cases, this condition may get worse during pregnancy.
If you are pregnant, visit an ophthalmologist during each trimester of your pregnancy and one year after you give birth. Find answers below to common questions about blood sugar for people with diabetes.
Use a blood sugar meter also called a glucometer or a continuous glucose monitor CGM to check your blood sugar. A blood sugar meter measures the amount of sugar in a small sample of blood, usually from your fingertip. A CGM uses a sensor inserted under the skin to measure your blood sugar every few minutes.
How often you check your blood sugar depends on the type of diabetes you have and if you take any diabetes medicines. A blood sugar target is the range you try to reach as much as possible. These are typical targets:. Your blood sugar targets may be different depending on your age, any additional health problems you have, and other factors.
Be sure to talk to your health care team about which targets are best for you. Low blood sugar also called hypoglycemia has many causes, including missing a meal, taking too much insulin, taking other diabetes medicines, exercising more than normal, and drinking alcohol.
Know what your individual symptoms are so you can catch low blood sugar early and treat it. Low blood sugar can be dangerous and should be treated as soon as possible. Driving with low blood sugar can be dangerous, so be sure to check your blood sugar before you get behind the wheel.
Carry supplies for treating low blood sugar with you. If you feel shaky, sweaty, or very hungry or have other symptoms, check your blood sugar. Wait for 15 minutes and then check your blood sugar again.
If you have problems with low blood sugar, ask your doctor if your treatment plan needs to be changed. Many things can cause high blood sugar hyperglycemia , including being sick, being stressed, eating more than planned, and not giving yourself enough insulin.
Over time, high blood sugar can lead to long-term, serious health problems. Symptoms of high blood sugar include:. If you get sick , your blood sugar can be hard to manage.
You may not be able to eat or drink as much as usual, which can affect blood sugar levels. High ketones can be an early sign of diabetic ketoacidosis, which is a medical emergency and needs to be treated immediately. Dental insurance plans for members and their families. The National Hearing Test.
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Plus, could ice cream help? Michael Schroeder,. En español. Published May 12, Getty Images. Facebook Twitter LinkedIn.
VIDEO: Daily Habits That Could Raise Your Diabetes Risk. See All Newsletters. Get professional help. View Details. Supplements for diabetes prevention It might be tempting to try supplements, such as vitamin D, omega-3s and berberine, in hopes of lowering blood glucose. What is the glycemic index?
Become a Member. Get your daily recommended fiber The American Diabetes Association recommends that people with diabetes and those at risk for it eat at least 14 grams of fiber per 1, calories or 28 grams for a 2,calorie diet , following the Dietary Guidelines for Americans for everyone.
Get fiber from a variety of foods Vegetables like lentils, nuts and fruits, especially those with edible skin, such as apples and pears, and edible seeds including berries are good sources of fiber, according to the ADA. Can eating ice cream prevent diabetes?
More From AARP. Beyond BMI: Medical Breakthroughs in Weight Loss Explore the latest obesity medications and procedures. Surprising Foods That Can Spike Blood Sugar Experts caution that spikes in blood sugar can be dangerous.
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