Anthocyanins in berries -
This is one reason why the same food, such as eggplants or onions , can come in many different shades. For example, anthocyanin can offer a plant protection from being eaten by predators like bugs, birds or rodents and from environmental stressors, like ultraviolet light, cold temperatures and drought.
Which foods are high in anthocyanins? The best way to obtain anthocyanin is to eat foods that are red, blue, purple, violet and orange or some combination of these colors. You may have noticed that another purple food, beets, are not the list.
Do beets contain anthocyanins? Beets may be purple, but this is actually due to betalain pigments , not anthocyanins. Betalain pigments can also make foods violet or red. They are also antioxidants, just like anthocyanins, and have similar benefits , including fighting oxidative stress. We still have a lot to learn to about the exact bioactivity, uptake, absorption and roles of phytonutrients , including anthocyanin.
We do know that anthocyanins seem to play a role in fighting free radical damage, which leads to aging and the formation of numerous diseases.
For example, research suggests that anthocyanins have positive effects on gut health when they interact with microflora, which can help decrease inflammatory markers associated with many chronic diseases — plus they can support hormonal balance.
Overall, many studies have found that having just one to two or ideally more servings of anythocyanin-rich foods per day can protect you from problems related to high blood pressure and arteriosclerosis. This was true even after controlling for other factors like exercise level, family history and body mass index.
Anthocyanin benefits for diabetes and pancreatic disorders have also been unearthed in recent years, and again the efficacy is attributed to the multiple, simultaneous biological effects these pigments cause in the body, including prevention of generation of free radicals, decreased lipid peroxidation, reduced pancreatic swelling, and decreased blood sugar concentrations in urine and blood serum.
Anthocyanin bioflavonoids may provide protection from DNA damage and lipid peroxidation — plus they have anti-inflammatory effects and help boost production of cytokines that regulate the immune responses.
They have also been shown to support hormonal balance by reducing estrogenic activity, help regulate enzyme production that aids nutrient absorption, and strengthen cell membranes by making them less permeable and fragile. Research suggests that anthocyanin can decrease the risk of developing various types of cancer due to its antioxidant, anticarcinogenic and anti-inflammatory effects.
This has been demonstrated in both in vitro and in vivo research trials in humans and animals. Studies show that anthocyanins have the ability to naturally fight cancer by blocking cell proliferation and inhibiting tumor formation by interfering with the process of carcinogenesis.
One way anthocyanins inhibit tumorigenesis is by blocking activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Studies have found that diets high in antioxidants like anthocyanin lead to reversal in certain age-related deficits that affect neural and behavioral parameters, including memory and motor functions.
Anthocyanins have been credited with protecting memory, coordination and neural function in older populations. One study out of Korea found that administration of isolated anthocyanins from purple sweet potato enhanced cognitive performance and inhibited lipid peroxidation in brain tissues in mice.
Antioxidants seem to improve physical performance by lowering exhaustion and the negative effects of excessive oxygen and radical accumulation during physical activities.
In one double-blinded clinical trial that involved 54 female and male athletes, when one group was given milligrams of anthocyanin pills per day for six weeks, the participants in that group were found to experience a significant improvement in their VO2 max maximal oxygen consumption compared to the second group that received milligrams of placebo pills daily.
Some studies have also found that fruit juices that contain anthocyanin, such as percent tart cherry and blueberry juices, have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects that wind up positively influencing muscle damage following exercise and the ability to properly recover.
Anthocyanin has been shown to help enhance night vision and overall vision by protecting the eyes from free radical damage.
One study found that oral intake of anthocyanosides from black currants resulted in significantly improved night vision in adults. Research suggests that enhancement of rhodopsin regeneration and protection against inflammation are at least two mechanism by which anthocyanins improve sight and protect the eyes.
In addition, some of the conditions that research suggests anthocyanins may help prevent include:. Is taking anthocyanin supplements as beneficial as eating anthocyanin foods? Methods: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials RCTs and prospective cohort studies. Results: We included 44 eligible RCTs and 15 prospective cohort studies in this study.
Neither purified anthocyanins nor anthocyanin-rich berries could cause any substantial improvements in BMI, blood pressure, or flow-mediated dilation.
In addition, meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies suggested that high dietary anthocyanins were related to lower risk of coronary heart disease CHD relative risk RR : 0. Conclusion: Habitual intake of anthocyanins and anthocyanin-rich berries could protect against CVDs possibly via improving blood lipid profiles and decreasing circulating proinflammatory cytokines.
Cardiovascular diseases CVDs remain the leading cause of premature death globally, which have exerted persistent and tremendous burdens on healthcare systems in the recent decades 1.
Predominant risk factors of CVDs include but not restrict to overweight, hypertension, and elevated blood atherogenic lipoproteins 2. Circulating biomarkers of chronic low-grade inflammation, such as C-reactive protein CRP and tumor necrosis factor alpha TNF-α , could also serve as independent predictors of future CVD events 5.
Diet modification is the pivotal strategy for CVD prevention 6 , 7. Firm epidemiological evidence has established strong inverse associations between CVD risks and dietary intake of plant foods and plant-based bioactive constitutes 8 — Anthocyanins are polyphenolic pigments, which are rich in dark-colored plant foods including berries, grapes, onions, and black rice 11 , Increasing research interest has focused on the health benefits of anthocyanins and anthocyanin-rich foods 13 — Owing to rich hydroxyl groups in their chemical structures, anthocyanins also represent one of the largest families of phenolic pigments with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties Habitual consumption of anthocyanins and anthocyanin-rich foods was suggested to reduce the risks of various chronic diseases including CVD, neuroinflammatory process, and liver steatosis Both clinical and preclinical investigations have demonstrated strong lipid-lowering effects of anthocyanins 19 , In addition, anthocyanin intake could substantially improve endothelial function and alleviate arterial stiffness among subjects with high cardiovascular risks However, the effects of anthocyanins on adiposity, blood pressure, and chronic low-grade inflammation were still conflicting 20 , 22 , Our recent study unraveled that anthocyanins could dose-dependently reduce blood ceramides, newly identified predictors of CVDs, in the dyslipidemia subjects Although the anthocyanin contents vary dramatically across berry species and are profoundly influenced by cultivation, preservation, and processing 11 , blueberry, cranberry, bilberry, and blackcurrant basically rank the most plentiful in anthocyanins among berry fruits, which could contain to mg anthocyanins per g edible portions Supplementary Table 1.
In turn, anthocyanins composed the largest proportions of bioactive polyphenols in ripe berries and were suggested to make the greatest impacts on the physiological improvements from berry intake 11 , Regular consumption of anthocyanins and anthocyanin-rich berries has been widely recommended due to their potential cardioprotective benefits 26 , 27 , even though the associations and causal effects were still elusive 28 , Therefore, we aimed to quantitatively summarize current eligible randomized controlled trials RCTs and prospective cohort studies to investigate the associations of anthocyanins and major anthocyanin-rich berries with cardiovascular health in this study.
The present meta-analysis was reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses PRISMA Statement This study has been registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews PROSPERO, registration ID: CRD Two investigators LX and HC searched the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library for eligible studies up to December 31, Literature search for RCTs and prospective cohort studies were conducted independently.
Because we did not identify any RCTs reporting CVD events in the preliminary search, we alternatively focused on the major surrogate markers of CVD in the meta-analysis of RCTs. For RCTs, the search terms were anthocyanins or anthocyanin-rich berries combined with major CVD risk factors including adiposity, blood pressure, blood lipids, and inflammation see Online Supplementary Materials for details.
For prospective cohort studies, the search terms were anthocyanins combined with fatal or non-fatal CVD events including CHD, stroke, total CVD incidence, and total CVD mortality see Online Supplementary Materials for details.
Because the anthocyanin intakes in observational studies were generally derived from various food items in diet records or food frequency questionnaire FFQ in our preliminary literature search, we only analyzed the relationship between anthocyanin intake and CVD events regardless of their dietary sources.
We also searched reviews and meta-analysis articles concerning the effects of anthocyanins and anthocyanin-rich berries on cardiovascular health.
Literature search was restricted to those published in English. We screened the titles and abstracts of all retrieved publications and then determined the eligibility via checking the full text. Two investigators LX and HC independently performed study inclusion and exclusion.
Any discrepancies were resolved by discussion with other research team members until a consensus was reached. For RCTs, studies were included if they meet the following criteria: 1 were either parallel- or crossover-designed; 2 conducted in adults; 3 with a intervention duration longer than 2 weeks; 4 used purified anthocyanins or anthocyanin-rich berries including blueberry, cranberry, bilberry, and blackcurrant as the intervention approach; 5 adopted placebo or other adequate controls as the comparators; and 6 provided sufficient data for calculating changes in any of the following CVD biomarkers before and after intervention: BMI, systolic blood pressure SBP , diastolic blood pressure DBP , flow-mediated dilation FMD , total cholesterol TC , LDL cholesterol LDL-C , HDL cholesterol HDL-C , triglyceride TG , CRP, and TNF-α.
Studies were excluded if they 1 were acute feeding trials; 2 conducted in pregnant or lactating women, or critically ill patients e. Studies were excluded if they were case-control or retrospective studies. Quality assessments of eligible RCTs and prospective cohort studies were performed according to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute NHLBI Quality Assessment of Controlled Intervention Studies and the NHLBI Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies, respectively.
Pooled estimates were calculated using the DerSimonian—Laird random-effects model to address potential between-study heterogeneity.
For RCTs, crossover studies were treated as parallel studies in a way that each intervention phase was treated as an independent arm of a parallel study. For prospective cohort studies, HRs were treated as RRs. To explore the sources of potential between-study heterogeneity, we performed pre-specified subgroup analysis stratified by study characteristics.
We evaluated the robustness of pooled estimates via leave-one-out sensitivity analysis. We assessed the publication bias using funnel plots and also the Begg's tests.
The trim and fill methods were used to correct theoretically missing studies, if any. We identified a total of 44 eligible RCTs consisting of 52 comparison groups and 2, subjects in the present meta-analysis Supplementary Figure 1. Detailed characteristics of included studies can be found in Supplementary Table 2.
Briefly, 15 of the included studies investigated the effects of purified anthocyanins, all of which were produced from berries.
For the remaining anthocyanin-rich berry studies, interventions were blueberry in 13 studies, cranberry in 12 studies, bilberry in three studies, and blackcurrant in one study.
Seven of the 44 studies were crossover trials with the rest parallel-designed. The intervention durations ranged from 2 weeks to 24 months with a median of 8 weeks.
Thirty-one of the included studies recruited subjects that were at high risks of CVDs such as patients with obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and history of CVDs.
We included 15 eligible prospective cohort studies including 16 independent cohorts and 5,54, subjects in the present meta-analysis Supplementary Figure 2. Briefly, seven of the included cohort studies were conducted in the United States with another three in Australia and four in Europa.
The follow-up periods ranged from 4. Most of the included cohort studies used FFQ to assess dietary anthocyanin intake and only three of them used dietary records 31 — 33 see Supplementary Table 3 for detailed study characteristics.
Allocation concealment was adequate in 35 of the 44 included RCTs Supplementary Tables 4, 5. Group assignment was sufficiently blind to both participants and clinical investigators in 33 studies.
However, only 19 studies used adequate methods of randomization whereas 34 studies did not blind researchers assessing the outcomes to group assignment. In summary, 24 of the 44 included studies were rated as high quality with the others as low to moderate quality.
All the included cohort studies prospectively measured dietary anthocyanins intake prior to the ascertainment of CVD events, clearly defined the dietary assessment methods, and statistically adjusted for key potential confounding covariates e.
However, most included cohort studies did not report sample size justification, power estimation 12 of 15 , or whether the outcome assessor was blinded to the exposure status of subjects 10 of In summary, 12 of the 15 included prospective cohort studies were rated as high quality.
We did not find any significant effects of purified anthocyanins WMD: 0. Seventeen comparison groups including subjects evaluated the effects of purified anthocyanins on blood pressure Supplementary Tables 9, Because we identified only one eligible study that reported the effects of purified anthocyanins on FMD 34 , we did not perform subsequent pooled analysis and subgroup analysis.
Anthocyanin-rich berry intake had no improvement in FMD WMD: 1. The effects of purified anthocyanins and anthocyanin-rich berries on blood lipids were inconsistent. We did not analyze the effects of anthocyanin-rich berries stratified by anthocyanin doses as this information was not available in several studies 35 — Figure 1.
Forest plot for the pooled effects of purified anthocyanins on circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol stratified by anthocyanin doses. Between-study heterogeneity was examined using the Cochrane's Q test. The diamonds represented the pooled effect sizes which were calculated using the DerSimonian—Laird random-effects model.
WMD, weighted mean difference. Table 1. Pooled effects of purified anthocyanins and anthocyanin-rich berries on circulating LDL cholesterol. Besides, administration of purified anthocyanins could lead to substantial elevations in blood HDL-C WMD: After excluding the study by Guo et al.
Subgroup analysis suggested that the effects on HDL-C were not significantly influenced by study duration, health status of subjects, anthocyanin doses, study quality, and funding source. In contrast, among anthocyanin-rich berries, only blueberry could slightly increase blood HDL-C concentrations WMD: 1.
The effects of purified anthocyanins on TC did not differ significantly when subgrouping by study characteristics. The effects of purified anthocyanins and anthocyanin-rich berries on blood TG had similar results with those on LDL-C.
Rather than anthocyanin-rich berries WMD: 6. Table 2. Pooled effects of purified anthocyanins and anthocyanin-rich berries on circulating triglyceride. Figure 2. Forest plot for the pooled effects of purified anthocyanins on circulating triglyceride stratified by anthocyanin doses.
Circulating CRP and TNF-α are two commonly used biomarkers of chronic low-grade inflammation. Five eligible cohorts including 2,41, subjects and 3, cases evaluated the associations of dietary anthocyanin with CHD incidence.
However, habitual consumption of anthocyanin was not related to reduced deaths from CHD RR : 0. Figure 3. Forest plot for the pooled associations of dietary anthocyanins with incidence of CHD. The diamond represented the pooled risk estimate which was calculated using the DerSimonian—Laird random-effects model.
RR, relative risk. In the present meta-analysis, we found that dietary anthocyanins were not associated with incidence of total stroke RR : 0. Besides, there was significant inverse relationship between dietary anthocyanins and mortality from total CVDs RR : 0. Subgroup analysis revealed that the protective roles of dietary anthocyanins against total CVD mortality might be more obvious in women RR : 0.
Figure 4. Forest plot for the pooled associations of dietary anthocyanins with incidence of total CVDs. Figure 5. Forest plot for the pooled associations of dietary anthocyanins with mortality from total CVDs. The diamonds represented the pooled risk estimates which were calculated using the DerSimonian—Laird random-effects model.
The trim and fill method did not satisfactorily correct the theoretically unpublished or missing studies. Alternatively, after we excluded the study by Guo et al. In the present meta-analysis of RCTs and prospective cohort studies, we demonstrated that administration of purified anthocyanins effectively improved blood lipid profiles and reduced circulating CRP and TNF-α, biomarkers of chronic low-grade inflammation, while not affecting adiposity, blood pressure, or FMD.
fructicosus cultivar Hull Thornless, it only represents 6. Raspberry R. innominatus S. Moore showed higher anthocyanin level, representing ideaus show high phenolic compounds; however, their high content does not necessarily represent a high anthocyanin content.
ideaus Heritage cultivar has showed the highest anthocyanin percent with respect to the total phenolic compounds, representing 3. Additionally, blueberry cultivars showed low differences between anthocyanin and phenolic compounds, but they showed greater health benefits than other berries due to their particularly high proportion of anthocyanins.
In some cases, high anthocyanin content in blueberries is related to high antioxidant capacity, but the anthocyanin contents and composition are different in each species and cultivar Table 1.
More specifically, the V. It is therefore necessary to evaluate the correlation between anthocyanin content and total phenolic compounds, because the ratio can exist between the two parameters, but it is not necessary to estimate in all species or among cultivars of the same genus Table 1 [ 25 — 29 ].
Berry species with higher anthocyanin content are interesting for use in breeding programs for increasing their content in fruits, enhancing their antioxidant capacity, and obtaining fruit products with health properties.
In addition, the understanding of the molecular network of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis and how biotic and abiotic factors could affect their concentration and gene regulation are a key to use it in genetic engineering and agronomic management. Six structural genes are common in the anthocyanin pathway in all angiosperms, which are divided into two main groups.
The MYB transcription factors involved in the flavonoid pathway have been identified and described for several kinds of model plants, crops, and ornamental plants. The first identified and reported MYB transcription factor in plants was in Zea mays , which included C1 Colorless 1 and PL1 Purple Leaf 1 [ 38 ].
The MYB domain is involved in DNA binding and dimerization. The MYB genes are exclusive to eukaryotic organisms [ 42 ]. In animals, these genes are associated with cell proliferation and differentiation [ 43 , 44 ], whereas in plants, MYB is associated with responses to different biotic and abiotic stressors drought, cold, pathogen disease resistance , plant development trichome formation, seed development , stomatal movement, and many other functions [ 34 , 40 , 45 , 46 ].
Anthocyanin biosynthesis mediated by MYB transcription factors has been reported in Arabidopsis thaliana L. ananassa [ 50 ], Chilean strawberry Fragaria chiloensis L.
Grape Vitis vinifera L. is the main plant species studied in this way due to its agricultural and commercial importance worldwide. Thus, many MYB transcription factors have been reported in this species by different researchers.
VvMYBPA1 and VvMYBPA2 are involved in proanthocyanidin synthesis [ 46 , 56 ], while VvMYBF1 regulates flavonol synthesis [ 57 ]. In addition, MYBA1 and MYBA2 genes control the last biosynthetic step of anthocyanin synthesis [ 58 , 59 ].
It is important to highlight that MYB transcription factor is conserved between different species and is one of the most important primary proteins involved in structural and biological functions. After MYB, bHLH proteins, also known as MYC, are the second most important family of transcription factors involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis [ 34 , 61 ].
The bHLH protein domain is constituted of about 60 amino acids and is characterized by the presence of 19 conserved amino acids, five in the basic region, five in the first helix, one in the loop, and eight in the final second helix [ 61 ].
The basic region of bHLH has basic residues 5. In the basic region, two amino acids conferred the property on binding DNA in Arabidopsis plants. Arabidopsis has been demonstrated that this residue is conserved in all bHLH proteins, indicating the importance of the basic region of the bHLH transcription factor in DNA binding [ 61 , 63 ].
Regarding bHLH and their relation to flavonoid synthesis, the first bHLH involved in this pathway was detected in maize in [ 70 ]. In this context, in Z. mays ZmB, ZmR, and ZmLc , bHLH is involved in the regulation of the anthocyanin pathway [ 70 — 72 ], and ZmIn1 is involved in the repression of flavonoid gene expression in maize aleurone [ 73 ].
thaliana , it has been reported that AtTT8 gene encodes a bHLH transcription factor involved in the control of proanthocyanidins and anthocyanins in seeds and seedlings [ 74 ].
Quatroccio et al. reported PhAN1, PhJAF13 hBLH transcription factor from Petunia hibrida as being involved in the control of the anthocyanin pathway in flowers.
For Vitis vinifera, VvMYCA1 also known as bHLH was reported as involved in promotion of anthocyanin accumulation in grape cells [ 37 ]. In Arabidopsis, WDR protein contains four or more tandem repeats composed of around 40 amino acids [ 78 ]. In contrast to the majority of proteins, WDR is not involved in catalytic activities such as DNA binding or gene expression regulation, mostly acting as a platform due to its capacity to interact with more than one protein at the same time [ 34 , 78 ].
The work of WDR involves eukaryotic cellular process such as cell division, vesicle formation, signal transduction, RNA processing, and transcription regulation [ 78 ].
On the other hand, MYB and bHLH transcription factors have few WDR proteins involved in the flavonoid pathway, as shown in Z. mays ZmPAC1 , where it regulates the anthocyanin pathway in seed aleurone [ 79 ].
In Arabidopsis AtTTG1 , WDR proteins control trichomes, root hair, and seed mucilage production [ 80 ]. In petunia, AN11 regulates anthocyanin production as well as the pH of the flower vacuole [ 81 ], whereas in grape, V.
vinifera WDR1 contributes to anthocyanin accumulation [ 37 ]. Although WDR proteins are not directly involved in the flavonoid pathway, particularly in anthocyanin synthesis, it is important to note that these proteins are highly conserved among species [ 34 ]. Nevertheless, few WDR proteins have been reported in plants, and it must be highlighted that WDR is involved in several metabolic and physiological processes [ 79 , 80 , 82 ].
To clarify the characteristics of WDR proteins and the complex formed with MYB and bHLH, which is involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, species such as petunia and Arabidopsis have been used [ 34 , 35 ].
MBW complex has been reported in Arabidopsis, petunia, and some varieties of grape [ 35 , 82 ]. The AN11 from petunia showed the same results, being detected in the cytosol [ 81 ].
vinifera subjected to high salt concentrations showed a cultivar-dependent response for anthocyanin accumulation, which was correlated with the expression of MYBA, MYCA1 and WDR1 genes [ 37 ].
The radical scavenging activity RSA of anthocyanins is largely due to the presence of hydroxyl groups in position 3 of ring C and also in the 3', 4', and 5' positions in ring B of the molecule. In general, RSA of anthocyanidins aglycons is superior to their respective anthocyanins glycosides , and this decreases when the number of sugar increases [ 16 ].
Hanachi et al. barberry have a high antioxidant activity, reducing the viability of cell cultures associated with liver cancer HepG2.
Furthermore, extracts of leaves and twigs of B. vulgaris have more antioxidants than fruits. Končić et al. vulgaris and Berberis croatica and demonstrated that all these organs exhibited antioxidant activity.
In all cases, the activity was positively correlated with the content of phenolic acids and flavonols, and the flavonols played the main role in the total antioxidant activity of the studied species [ 84 ].
They also concluded that the antioxidant activities were significantly different being higher in B. croatica than B. vulgaris and among organs being higher in leaves followed by branches and roots. The result of the anthocyanin concentration in different organs besides the fruits is interesting, because acquisition of anthocyanin in every season of the year has advantages for making new products with health properties.
Thus, interesting results such as a new natural resource for promoting these compounds for human health have been reported. Shin et al. Moreover, Chang et al. Moreover, extracts of mulberry showed an inhibition on the growth of human gastric carcinoma cells [ 88 ].
The effects of berries on diseases are shown in Table 2. This extract inhibited cell proliferation, inflammation, and induced apoptosis in the esophageal tissues Table 2.
Stoner et al. At molecular level, Stoner et al. These genes are involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, cell death and proliferation, and inflammation. These results are an important approach to estimate the relation of anthocyanin gene expression and its influence on proteins associated with cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and esophageal carcinogenesis.
Lala et al. Similarly, studies on the protective effect and antioxidant mechanism of anthocyanin extract from blueberries were conducted using a liver injury induced by CC4 in mice—the effect of which increased lipid peroxidation and reduced liver cell viability [ 94 ].
In mammary adenocarcinoma induced by dimethylbenzaanthracene DMBA in rats, the antitumoral effect of grape juice was evaluated by Singletary et al. They demonstrated that the tumor mass was ultimately reduced by suppressing cell proliferation Table 2. In general, the strong antioxidant capacity of berry species is attributed to their anthocyanin content, suggesting that it might offer potential chemopreventive properties, including the inhibition of gastric, leukemia, liver, and breast cancer cell proliferation, among others; however, the mechanism of action must be evaluated for each disease because apparently their mechanism of effects varies inhibiting cell proliferation, activating different enzymatic activity, inducing or repressing gene expression, etc.
depending on the extract from each plant species. The potential use of anthocyanins from different plant species as natural compounds with a health benefit for humans opens a new trend for the prevention and alternative treatments of chronic diseases.
Several reports have demonstrated that anthocyanins from berries could inhibit or decrease the growth of carcinogenic tumors by affecting cell proliferation, increasing or inhibiting enzymatic systems, and increasing expression of genes involved in cell protection. On the other hand, it is important to highlight that synthesis of anthocyanins in different tissues of plants species should be considered.
In addition, the discovery and characterization of new regulatory elements of anthocyanin biosynthesis are crucial to understand and manipulate this pathway in breeding programs. Improving knowledge about increasing anthocyanin synthesis in crops of research and commercial interest, together with more animal and human model studies under in vivo conditions, is essential to generate better human anticarcinogenic or antichronic disease supplement products with chemopreventive effects from berries.
Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3. Edited by Naofumi Shiomi. Open access peer-reviewed chapter Anthocyanins in Berries and Their Potential Use in Human Health Written By Daniela Peña-Sanhueza, Claudio Inostroza-Blancheteau, Alejandra Ribera-Fonseca and Marjorie Reyes-Díaz.
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Chapter metrics overview 2, Chapter Downloads View Full Metrics. Impact of this chapter. Abstract Anthocyanin pigments are responsible for the red, purple, and blue colors of many fruits, vegetables, cereal grains, and flowers, increasing the interest due to their strong antioxidant capacity and their possible use to the benefit of human health.
Keywords anthocyanins berries cancer transcription factors. reyes ufrontera. Introduction The scientific evidence regarding the positive relationship between diet and health has increased consumer demand for more information related to healthy diets, including fruits and vegetables, with functional characteristics that help to delay the aging process and reduce the risk of several diseases, mainly cardiovascular diseases and cancer [ 1 ].
Blackberry Native [ 25 ] Rubus georgicus Focke Blackberry Native 89 [ 25 ] Rubus insularis F. Blackberry Native [ 25 ] Rubus ursinus Douglas ex Hook.
Blackberry Native [ 25 ] Rubus fructicosus L. Blackberry Chactaw [ 26 ] Rubus fructicosus Blackberry T. evergreen [ 26 ] Rubus fructicosus Blackberry Hull Thornless [ 26 ] Rubus idaeus L. Raspberry Native 65 [ 27 ] Rubus innominatus S. Moore Raspberry Native 52 [ 25 ] Rubus niveus Thunb.
Raspberry Native [ 25 ] Rubus ideaus Raspberry Heritage 49 [ 26 ] Rubus ideaus Raspberry Autumm Bliss 39 [ 26 ] Rubus ideaus Raspberry Fallgold 3 [ 26 ] Rubus ideaus Raspberry Meeker 42 [ 26 ] Ribes sativum Red currants London Market 7. Red currants Alagan [ 25 ] Ribes nigrum Red currants Ben Lomond [ 25 ] Ribes nigrum Red currants Ojebyn [ 25 ] Ribes nigrum Red currants Consort [ 25 ] Vaccinium corymbosum L.
Blueberry Bluecrop 84 [ 25 ] Vaccinium corymbosum Blueberry Briggita [ 25 ] Vaccinium corymbosum Blueberry Duke [ 25 ] Vaccinium corymbosum Blueberry CVAC5. Blueberry Native [ 25 ] Vaccinium myrtillus L.
Bilberry Native [ 28 ]. Table 1. Total anthocyanin and phenolic content of berry fruits. MYB transcription factor The MYB transcription factors involved in the flavonoid pathway have been identified and described for several kinds of model plants, crops, and ornamental plants.
Disease Scientific name Common name Compound Experimental conditions Reference Liver cancer Fragaria x ananassa Duch. Strawberry Crude extract In vitro [ 85 ] Leukemia Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Rosselle Anthocyanin rich extract In vitro [ 86 ] Gastric cancer Morus alba L.
Mulberry Anthocyanins In vitro [ 88 ] Gastric cancer Ribes nigrum L. Black currant Crude extract In vitro [ 87 ] Colon caner Vaccinium myrtillus L. Red raspberries Anthocyanins and ellagitannins In vivo rats [ 90 ] Esophagus cancer Fragaria ananassa Strawberries Anthocyanins and ellagitannins In vivo rats [ 90 ] Esophagus cancer Vaccinium corymbosum L.
Blueberries Anthocyanins and ellagitannins In vivo rats [ 90 ] Hepatic cancer Berberis vulgaris Duch. Barberries Crude extract In vivo rats [ 83 ] Liver cancer Vaccinium corymbosum Blueberries Anthocyanin extract In vitro mice [ 94 ] Liver cancer Berberis vulgaris Barberries Crude extract In vitro [ 83 ] Oral cancer Rubus occidentalis Black raspberries Crude extract In vivo mice [ 96 ] Mammary Vitis vinifera Grape Crude extract In vivo rats [ 95 ] Skin cancer Punica granatum L.
Pomegranate Crude extract In vivo mice [ 92 , 93 ]. Table 2. References 1. Berries: improving human health and healthy aging, and promoting quality.
A review.
Anthocyanihs are Anfhocyanins Female athlete nutrition needs of Female athlete nutrition needs pigments naturally found in certain plants. These Anthocysnins account Anthocyanins in berries Amthocyanins, blue, and purple colors in many fruits and Insulin resistance and prediabetes. Anthocyanins belong to a class of compounds called flavonoidsmany of which are thought to contain antioxidant effects, including anthocyanins. Antioxidants fight unstable molecules, called free radicalsthat have the potential to damage cells and increase the risk of certain diseases. Some contend that anthocyanins can also boost the immune system and help fight inflammation, diabetes, viral infections, and cancer.
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