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Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)BIA body water analysis -
Basal Metabolic Rate BMR is the number of calories the human body burns at rest. It is the baseline for the calories the human body needs every day to operate and maintain daily functions.
With increased Lean Body Mass , your energy needs will increase as a result of a higher BMR. Your Lean Body Mass is sometimes described as your fat-free mass.
Your Lean Body Mass accounts for all your weight due to water, muscle mass, bone, and protein. One of the easiest ways to influence the amount of Lean Body Mass you have is to increase your muscle mass. Generally, increased muscle mass leads to increased strength.
Increased Lean Body Mass through exercise has been associated with increased immune system functionality. This will help your body fight off illnesses more easily. If your ECW increases in relation to your ICW, this is something you should take special note of.
Unlike ICW, you do not want to see your ECW increasing beyond normal levels. Excess ECW can indicate health risks, including:. During inflammation, the body sends additional blood flow to the damaged area.
This causes an increase in extracellular water in a particular area. Inflammation occurs when part of the body gets damaged or bruised and is a normal bodily response to injury. This is called acute inflammation and is a temporary increase in ECW.
Chronic inflammation can lead to serious diseases if allowed to persist over time, including renal failure, cancer, and heart disease.
including renal failure, cancer, and heart disease. One important substance that the kidneys filter out is sodium, an element that is found in salt. When your diet includes more sodium than your kidneys can filter out, which occurs in people who have failing kidneys, your extracellular water levels will increase.
In some cases, this increased extracellular water shows visible swelling throughout the body and is a condition known as edema. Edema can cause additional strain on the body by contributing to weight gain, blood pressure, and other complications.
Obese individuals are characterized by having too much body fat, which among other things, leads to body water disruption due to excess ECW. This is because excess visceral fat can trigger production hormones that can lead to the disruption of a bodily system called RAAS. This excess ECW causes stress in the body due to its effects on the internal organs, which can exacerbate obesity and cause a dangerous cyclic effect.
There are two major methods to measure and determine your body water levels. These are the dilution method and the BIA method. The dilution method involves drinking a known dose of heavy water deuterium oxide and allowing it to distribute around the body.
Once the water has had time to settle, the amount of heavy water is compared with the amount of normal water. The proportion will reflect the amount of total body water.
To determine ECW, sodium bromide is used instead of heavy water. The dilution method is recognized as a gold standard for measuring total body water; however, these tests would need to be done at a hospital under the guidance of a trained physician. This test takes several hours to complete during which any fluid of any type going in or out of the body has to be carefully recorded.
The second, more accessible method to determine body water content is bioelectrical impedance analysis BIA. For most people who do not have serious medical issues, this method is much more practical than the dilution method.
A small electrical current is applied to the body and the opposition that the current experiences impedance , is measured.
From that impedance result, a BIA device can report your body water percentage. Advanced BIA devices are able to reflect the difference in Intracellular and Extracellular water as well, which can reveal the ICW: ECW balance. Your body experiences a certain amount of fluid loss each day through perspiration and urine and bowel movements.
The daily recommended water intake is about 3. Of course, this number will change depending on your activity level, diet, age, and body weight.
Increasing your water intake to your recommended level can improve your overall health, help your brain think more clearly, increase sleep quality, and even improve your mood. Maintaining a balanced ratio of approximately is ideal for optimal health.
In , an eight-polar stand-on BIA device, InBody , that did not utilize empirical equations was created and was found to "offer accurate estimates of TBW and ECW in women without the need of population-specific formulas. In , AURA Devices brought the fitness tracker AURA Band with built-in BIA.
In BIA became available for Apple Watch users with the accessory AURA Strap with built-in sensors. The impedance of cellular tissue can be modeled as a resistor representing the extracellular path in parallel with a resistor and capacitor in series representing the intracellular path, the resistance that of intracellular fluid and the capacitor the cell membrane.
This results in a change in impedance versus the frequency used in the measurement. Whole body impedance measurement is generally measured from the wrist to the ipsilateral ankle and uses either two rarely or four overwhelmingly electrodes.
In the 2-electrode bipolar configuration a small current on the order of μA is passed between two electrodes, and the voltage is measured between the same whereas in the tetrapolar arrangement resistance is measured between as separate pair of proximally located electrodes.
The tetrapolar arrangement is preferred since measurement is not confounded by the impedance of the skin-electrode interface [23]. In bioelectrical impedance analysis in humans, an estimate of the phase angle can be obtained and is based on changes in resistance and reactance as alternating current passes through tissues, which causes a phase shift.
A phase angle therefore exists for all frequencies of measurement although conventionally in BIA it is phase angle at a measurement frequency of 50 kHz that is considered.
The measured phase angle therefore depends on several biological factors. Phase angle is greater in men than women, and decreases with increasing age.
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Method for estimating body composition. Clinical Nutrition. doi : PMID S2CID Journal of Investigative Medicine. PMC Retrieved 14 February Retrieved 11 January Journal of Applied Physiology. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.
percentage of body fat varied by 8. Nutrition Journal. Nutrition in Clinical Practice. In general, bioelectrical impedance technology may be acceptable for determining body composition of groups and for monitoring changes in body composition within individuals over time.
Use of the technology to make single measurements in individual patients, however, is not recommended. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging.
They arise because of the influence of external conditions, such as ambient temperature and air-pressure, as well as internal factors such as for example congestion caused by illness and physical activity.
All of these conditions affect the water content of the extremities. This may also happen with very low water content of the extremities caused by high pressure or coldness.
The resistance measurement will be very much above the normal range with the result of this calculation method.
The body water and therefore the lean body mass will tend to be too low and the body fat will be calculated as too high. In another scenario, if the circulation in the extremities is increased or congested, the resistance shifts downwards. Body water and lean body mass appear too large, and calculations of the body fat will appear as too low in the results.
It is important to remember that the human body is never static, but functions with the help of a dynamic system, and that changes of the body water occur hourly and change on a daily basis. A current B. can therefore only be a snapshot of a dynamic system and of the condition at that point in time.
That's why several repeat and response measurements of the individual will provide a more accurate picture and improve the assessment of body composition. Reactance The resistance that a condenser exerts to an alternating current is called Reactance Xc.
Due to their protein-lipid layers, all cell membranes of the body act like mini-condensers and reactance therefore is an assessment of the body cell mass. General Principles Bioelectric impedance measurements BIM is the term representative for a variety of traditional and new noninvasive procedures and technologies that use electric current.
With the help of one or more surface electrodes, a tiny amount of electrical current is activated and is detected at surface electrodes placed elsewhere on the body, once the resultant electricity pulse has passed through. As it quickly proceeds through the various physiological sections of the body, and passes through, a drop in voltage occurs.
The current encounters impedance or resistance inherent in the fluids and tissues it passes through the various areas, among them the intracellular space, the lymphatic system, the bloodstream and others. The drop in voltage delivers indirect information about the physical properties of the sections, where current has passed through.
Alternating Current Bioelectric Impedance Analysis BIA : Among the various number of A. BIA models that are presently on the market, most are used for the obliquely measurement of total body water and to estimate the fat content of the body. BIA, which uses alternating current A.
as the most common form of testing, employs A. Various systems, varying broadly in complexity and design, operate with a wide range of intensities, frequencies and currents.
For the patient, the amount of electricity delivered to the body is generally hard to even detect and far below any level that would result in cellular or tissue damage. Once electric currents at or above 50 KHz are used, they flow non-selectively through extra cellular spaces as well as intracellular ones, as has been confirmed by various A.
BIA studies. Once current has been sent to active tactile electrodes at a frequency at 50 KHz, its intensity enables the system to measure the reactance and resistance between 2 other passive tactile electrodes tetra-polar mode. BIA and Its Calculated Parameters Total Body Water TBW Impedance measurements provide a quite accurate picture of electrolyte water contained in tissue.
Orally ingested water, which has not yet been absorbed by the body, is not measured; the same goes for ascites, because it is not part of the lean body mass. Administered solutions, however, are detected immediately.
Lean Body Mass LBM The lean body mass is for the most part made up of inner organs, muscles, the skeletal system and the central nervous system, and refers to the tissue mass of the body that contains no fat. These organ systems, although morphologically very different, contain matching functional structures.
All of them contain matrix substance and extra-cellular fluids that support the metabolic exchange and assist in substrate transport and are made of cells that execute the synthesis and metabolism processes in the body. In cases of for example edema or intensive car patients, where the quantity of lean body mass hydration is pathological, irregular calculations may be gathered for body cell mass, lean body mass, and extra-cellular mass - the secondary parameters - and will make the assessment of BIA measurements more difficult.
It helps in these cases, to look at the initial assessment and values for resistance, phase angle and reactance. The lean body mass contains of two subdivisions. One is the body cell mass BCM, also referred to as the motor of the organism, and the other one is the connective tissues and transport medium, the extra-cellular mass ECM.
Body Cell Mass BCM All tissue of the human organism entails to a certain degree Body cell mass, and the sum of all cells that are actively involved in the metabolic processes is called BCM. While it is rather a functionally defined section and not so much an anatomically one above all, it consists all of the cells of the inner organs and muscles, with the muscles and the highest percentage to constitute the largest part of the BCM.
Connective tissue with low fibrocyte content however only makes up a small percentage of the entire BCM, and adipocytes, due to their low energy metabolism are not at all considered being part of the BCM.
Consequently, the sum of adipocyte cells therefore forms its own compartment in the body. Included in the BCM are the following tissue forms: the smooth muscles, the cells of the skeletal muscle system, the inner organs, the cardiac muscles, the blood, the gastrointestinal tract, the nervous systems and the glands.
As all of the body's metabolic function is performed within the cells of the BCM, the BCM is the main specification for the analysis of a patient's nutritional state.
It is also used as the standard specification for establishing the calorific requirement of the body and for the assessment of energy consumption. In addition to the catabolism, the BCM also performs work on the anabolism including the keeping up of synthesis and cell structures for the ECM: For example the transportation proteins and enzymes, and the formation of connective tissue fibres, cartilage tissues and bones.
A person's body cell mass is a fractional constituent of the lean body mass, and a number of factors, such as age and physical condition or genetics constitution type play a role in the BCM that is available in an individual. A higher percentage of body cell mass present in lean body mass is for example found in young people with high physical activity, such as competitive athletes.
Their muscles are trained in the maturation phase of the body, and as a result, this higher proportion tends to be found in these individuals throughout their lives persistent hypertrophy of the muscle cells.
Age is also a factor in BCM. Older persons that are active, however, can retain their BCM to a large degree. These are optimal figures for BCM in the lean body mass.
In view of the easy measuring methods for the assessment of the body composition, only phase sensitive BIA can be regarded to determine the BCM, and the maintenance of the BCM should be the main goal in any form of nutritional therapy.
A reduction of the body cell mass in BIA happens because of a genuine substantial loss of body cell mass, that can however also be accompanied by a temporary intracellular water loss.
Extra-Cellular Mass ECM The extra-cellular mass ECM is the term for the lean body mass that exists outside the cells of the BCM.
Use a Naalysis Scale to Meet Fitness and Weight Loss BIA body water analysis. Anisha Watet, MD, BIA body water analysis Flexibility exercises board-certified internist, interventional cardiologist, bdoy fellow of the American College of Energy drinks for hydration. Adah bofy an occupational therapist, working in the area of pediatrics with elementary students with special needs in the schools. Her work as an occupational therapist includes: home health, acute care, chronic care, seating and positioning, outpatient rehab, and skilled nursing rehab. Bioelectrical impedance analysis BIA measures body composition based on the rate at which an electrical current travels through the body.
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis BIA bodh estimate body composition e. Quick and healthy meals mass and fat-free BIA body water analysis via a bocy electrical current. By BIA body water analysis Beestone Last updated: September 25th, 16 min read. Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis BIA is able to make an estimation of body composition e. quantities of fat mass and fat-free mass by running a small electrical current through the body. This is possible simply because different bodily tissues e.
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