Change institution. Learn more. References Mohun, A. Article CAS Google Scholar Yatzidis, H. Article CAS ADS Google Scholar Cammarata, P. Google Scholar Beechey, R. Google Scholar Happold, F. Article CAS ADS Google Scholar Patwardhan, M.

Article CAS ADS Google Scholar Cabaud, P. Article CAS Google Scholar Download references. View author publications. Rights and permissions Reprints and permissions. Copy to clipboard. Comments By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines.

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Publish with us For Authors For Referees Language editing services Submit manuscript. Search Search articles by subject, keyword or author. Show results from All journals This journal. Advanced search. Neurochirurgische Klinik der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6 Kopfklinikum , D, Erlangen, Germany.

Reprints and permissions. Enzymatic Activity, Electrolytes, and Osmolality in the Ventricular Fluid: the Significance of a Continuous Measurement for the Prognosis of Acute Brain Lesions.

In: Marguth, F. eds Neurovascular Surgery. Advances in Neurosurgery, vol 7. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Publisher Name : Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Print ISBN : Online ISBN : eBook Packages : Springer Book Archive. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Policies and ethics. Skip to main content. Abstract Extent and course of an acute brain lesion with increased intracranial pressure can be recognized first of all by the degree of the neurological disturbances 20 , Keywords Neurological Function Creatine Kinase Activity Severe Neurological Deficit Serum Enzyme Activity Left Lateral Ventricle These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors.

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References Akashi, K. Age Ageing 2 , 86—91 Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Frick, E. Urologe A 16 , — Google Scholar Kaltiala, E. Jena 70 , — CAS Google Scholar Maas, A. Psychiatry 40 , — Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Nelson, P.

Wien 32 , — Article CAS Google Scholar Papierkowski, A. Wien 32 , — Article CAS Google Scholar Richard, K. Wien 38 , 73—87 Article CAS Google Scholar Richard, K. Dissertation, University of Cologne Google Scholar Richard, K. Plovdiv 3 , 9—14 Google Scholar Vara-Lopez, R.

London: Arnold Google Scholar Wolff, H. Authors K. Richard View author publications. Electrolytes interact with each other and the cells in the tissues, nerves, and muscles. A balance of different electrolytes is crucial for the body to function.

They regulate nerve and muscle function, hydrate the body, balance blood acidity and pressure, and help rebuild damaged tissue. They rely on the movement of electrolytes through the fluid inside, outside, or between cells.

For example, a muscle needs calcium, sodium, and potassium to contract. When these substances become imbalanced, it can lead to either muscle weakness or excessive contraction. The levels of electrolytes in the blood can become too high or too low, leading to an imbalance.

Electrolyte levels can change in relation to water levels in the body, as well as other factors. Important electrolytes, including sodium and potassium, are lost in sweat during exercise. A rapid loss of fluids, such as after a bout of diarrhea or vomiting, can also affect the concentration of electrolytes.

In these types of situations, the balance of electrolytes in the body needs to be restored. The kidneys and several hormones regulate the concentration of each electrolyte. If the level of one is too high, the kidneys filter it from the body, and different hormones act to restore a balance. An imbalance causes a health issue when the concentration of a certain electrolyte becomes higher than the body can regulate.

Low levels of electrolytes can also affect overall health. The most common imbalances involve sodium and potassium.

The symptoms depend on which electrolyte is out of balance and whether its level is too high or too low. A harmful concentration of magnesium, sodium, potassium, or calcium can produce one or more of the following symptoms:.

For example, a calcium excess can occur in people with breast cancer , lung cancer , or multiple myeloma. This type of excess is often caused by the destruction of bone tissue. As these symptoms can also result from cancer or cancer treatment, it may be difficult to identify high calcium levels as the cause.

An electrolyte panel is a test that screens for imbalances in the blood. It also measures the acid-base balance and kidney function. This test can help monitor the progress of treatment relating to a known imbalance.

A doctor may include it as part of a routine physical exam, and people often undergo it during a hospital stay or when receiving care in an emergency room, as both acute and chronic illnesses can affect electrolyte levels.

A healthcare professional may also perform this test for someone taking medication known to affect electrolyte concentrations, such as diuretics or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors.

The levels of electrolytes in the blood are measured in millimoles per liter l. If the level of one type of electrolyte is too high or low, the doctor will test regularly until the levels are back to normal.

If there is an acid-base imbalance, the doctor may carry out blood gas tests. These measure the acidity, oxygen, and carbon dioxide levels in a sample of blood from an artery.

They also determine the severity of the imbalance and how the person is responding to treatment. Treating an electrolyte imbalance involves either restoring levels that are too low or reducing concentrations that are too high. If levels are too high, the treatment depends on the cause of the excess.

If the body loses water without losing electrolytes, this can lead to an excess, and the treatment involves an infusion of water and glucose. Healthcare professionals typically treat low levels by supplementing the needed electrolyte.

The type of treatment will also depend on the severity of the imbalance. However, the symptoms of an imbalance can be severe, and a person may need to be hospitalized and monitored during the treatment.

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Neurochirurgische Klinik, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 15, D, München 70, Germany. Universitätsklinikum Steglitz, Neurochirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, Freie Universität Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, D, Berlin 45, Germany.

Neurochirurgische Klinik im Klinikum Charlottenburg der Freien Universität Berlin, Spandauer Damm , D, Berlin 19, Germany. Neurochirurgische Klinik der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6 Kopfklinikum , D, Erlangen, Germany. Reprints and permissions. Enzymatic Activity, Electrolytes, and Osmolality in the Ventricular Fluid: the Significance of a Continuous Measurement for the Prognosis of Acute Brain Lesions.

In: Marguth, F. eds Neurovascular Surgery. Advances in Neurosurgery, vol 7. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Publisher Name : Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

Print ISBN : Online ISBN : eBook Packages : Springer Book Archive. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative.

Policies and ethics. Skip to main content. Abstract Extent and course of an acute brain lesion with increased intracranial pressure can be recognized first of all by the degree of the neurological disturbances 20 , Keywords Neurological Function Creatine Kinase Activity Severe Neurological Deficit Serum Enzyme Activity Left Lateral Ventricle These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors.

Buying options Chapter EUR eBook EUR Softcover Book EUR Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout Purchases are for personal use only Learn about institutional subscriptions. Preview Unable to display preview. References Akashi, K. Age Ageing 2 , 86—91 Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Frick, E.

Urologe A 16 , — Google Scholar Kaltiala, E. Jena 70 , — CAS Google Scholar Maas, A. Psychiatry 40 , — Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Nelson, P.

Wien 32 , — Article CAS Google Scholar Papierkowski, A. Wien 32 , — Article CAS Google Scholar Richard, K. Wien 38 , 73—87 Article CAS Google Scholar Richard, K.

Dissertation, University of Cologne Google Scholar Richard, K. Mohun, A. Article CAS Google Scholar. Yatzidis, H. Article CAS ADS Google Scholar.

Cammarata, P. Google Scholar. Beechey, R. Happold, F. Patwardhan, M. Cabaud, P. Download references. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Reprints and permissions. Effect of Electrolytes on the Activity of Glutamic-Oxalacetic Transaminase. Nature , — Download citation.

Issue Date : 05 November Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. In experiments that probe activities by varying these parameters, there has been little attention focused on the role of specific electrolyte effects.

Here we show that both buffers and the choice of background electrolyte ion strongly affect the enzymatic activity of Candida rugosa lipase. The effects here shown are dramatic at high salt concentration; indeed, a 2 M concentration of NaSCN is able to fully inactivate the lipase.

By contrast, Na2SO4 acts generally as an activator, whereas NaCl shows a quasi-neutral behavior.