Gut health and pregnancy -
Diet-gut microbiota interactions and gestational diabetes mellitus GDM. This review highlights the importance of finding a personalized dietary treatment based on gut microbiota and diet response in pregnancy complicated by GDM. Qin J, Li Y, Cai Z, Li S, Zhu J, Zhang F, et al.
A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Schwiertz A, Taras D, Schafer K, Beijer S, Bos NA, Donus C, et al. Microbiota and SCFA in lean and overweight healthy subjects.
Le KA, Li Y, Xu X, Yang W, Liu T, Zhao X, et al. Alterations in fecal Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species in type 2 diabetic patients in Southern China population. Front Physiol.
Gu Y, Wang X, Li J, et al. Analyses of gut microbiota and plasma bile acids enable stratification of patients for antidiabetic treatment. Nat Commun. Griffin C. Probiotics in obstetrics and gynaecology. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. Pilmis B, Le Monnier A, Zahar JR. Gut microbiota, antibiotic therapy and antimicrobial resistance: a narrative review.
Singh RK, Chang HW, Yan D, Lee KM, Ucmak D, Wong K, et al. Influence of diet on the gut microbiome and implications for human health. J Transl Med. Scott KP, Gratz SW, Sheridan PO, Flint HJ, Duncan SH.
The influence of diet on the gut microbiota. Pharmacol Res. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. The PRISMA statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews.
National Institute of Health. Study quality assessment tools. Accessed on 1 Sept Ferrocino I, Ponzo V, Gambino R, Zarovska A, Leone F, Monzeglio C, et al. Changes in the gut microbiota composition during pregnancy in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus GDM.
Sci Rep. The gut microbial signature of gestational diabetes mellitus and the association with diet intervention. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. Barrett HL, Gomez-Arango LF, Wilkinson SA, McIntyre HD, Callaway LK, Morrison M, et al. A vegetarian diet is a major determinant of gut microbiota composition in early pregnancy.
Gomez-Arango LF, Barrett HL, Wilkinson SA, Callaway LK, McIntyre HD, Morrison M, et al. Low dietary fibre intake increases Collinsella abundance in the gut microbiota of overweight and obese pregnant women.
Gut Microbes. Nitert MD, Gomez-Arango LF, Barrett HL, McIntyre HD, Anderson GJ, Frazer DM, et al. Iron supplementation has minor effects on gut microbiota composition in overweight and obese women in early pregnancy. Br J Nutr. Roytio H, Mokkala K, Vahlberg T, Laitinen K.
Dietary intake of fat and fibre according to reference values relates to higher gut microbiota richness in overweight pregnant women. Mandal S, Godfrey KM, McDonald D, Treuren WV. Bjornholt JV, Midtvedt T, et al. Fat and vitamin intakes during pregnancy have stronger relations with a pro-inflammatory maternal microbiota than does carbohydrate intake.
Maternal diet during pregnancy and intestinal markers are associated with early gut microbiota. Eur J Nutr. This cross-sectional study highlights the positive correlation of Firmicutes in the neonatal microbiota to fat intake SFA and MUFA in the maternal diet.
A maternal diet defines the neonatal microbial profile with potential health outcomes. Robinson H, Barrett H, Gomez-Arango L, McIntyre HD, Callaway L, Nitert MD. Ketonuria is associated with changes to the abundance of Roseburia in the gut microbiota of overweight and obese women at 16 weeks gestation: a cross-sectional observational study.
Relationship between gut microbiome characteristics and the effect of nutritional therapy on glycemic control in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. PLoS One. This study found that the decrease in the abundance of the characteristic gut microbiome was positively correlated with blood glucose.
It may be a factor influencing the poor hypoglycaemic effect of MNT in pregnant women with GDM. Brown J, Alwan NA, West J, Brown S, McKinlay CJ, Farrar D, et al. Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Martis R, Crowther CA, Shepherd E, Alsweiler J, Downie MR, Brown J. Treatments for women with gestational diabetes mellitus: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews. Dolatkhah N, Hajifaraji M, Shakouri SK.
Nutrition therapy in managing pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A literature review. Tarini J, Wolever TM. The fermentable fibre inulin increases postprandial serum short-chain fatty acids and reduces free-fatty acids and ghrelin in healthy subjects.
Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. Alminger M, Eklund-Jonsson C. Whole-grain cereal products based on a high-fibre barley or oat genotype lower postprandial glucose and insulin responses in healthy humans. Martínez I, Lattimer JM, Hubach KL, Case JA, Yang J, Weber CG, et al.
Gut microbiome composition is linked to whole grain-induced immunological improvements. ISME J. Desai MS, Seekatz AM, Koropatkin NM, Kamada N, Hickey CA, Wolter M, et al. A dietary fiber-deprived gut microbiota degrades the colonic mucus barrier and enhances pathogen susceptibility.
Choi CS, Kim YB, Lee FN, Zabolotny M, Kahn BB, Youn JH. Lactate induces insulin resistance in skeletal muscle by suppressing glycolysis and impairing insulin signaling. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. Gomez-Arango LF, Barrett HL, McIntyre HD, Callaway LK, Morrison M, Dekker Nitert M.
Connections between the gut microbiome and metabolic hormones in early pregnancy in overweight and obese women. Di Iorio BR, Rocchetti MT, De Angelis M, Cosola C, Marzocco S, Di Micco L, et al. Nutritional therapy modulates intestinal microbiota and reduces serum levels of total and free indoxyl sulfate and P-Cresyl sulfate in chronic kidney disease Medika Study.
J Clin Med. Chavez-Carbajal A, Nirmalkar K, Perez-Lizaur A, Hernandez-Quiroz F, Ramirez-del-Alto S, Garcia-Mena J, et al. Gut microbiota and predicted metabolic pathways in a sample of Mexican women affected by obesity and obesity plus metabolic syndrome.
Int J Mol Sci. Lippert K, Kedenko L, Antonielli L, Kedenko I, Gemeier C, Leitner M, et al. Gut microbiota dysbiosis associated with glucose metabolism disorders and the metabolic syndrome in older adults. Benef Microbes.
Salonen A, Lahti L, Salojarvi J, Holtrop G, Korpela K, Duncan SH, et al. Impact of diet and individual variation on intestinal microbiota composition and fermentation products in obese men. Utzschneider KM, Kratz M, Damman CJ, Hullar M. Mechanisms linking the gut microbiome and glucose metabolism.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Biddle A, Stewart L, Blanchard J, Leschine S. Untangling the genetic basis of fibrinolytic specialisation by Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae in diverse gut communities.
Article Google Scholar. Vacca M, Celano G, Calabrese FM, Portincas , Gobbetti M, De Angelis M. The controversial role of human gut Lachnospiraceae. Allin KH, Nielsen T, Pedersen O. Mechanisms in endocrinology: Gut microbiota in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Endocrinol.
Wessling-Resnick M. Iron homeostasis and the inflammatory response. Annu Rev. Denic S, Agarwal MM. Nutritional iron deficiency: an evolutionary perspective. Jiang R, Manson JE, Meigs JB, Ma J, Rifai N, Hu FB. Body iron stores in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes in apparently healthy women.
Rajpathak SN, Crandall JP, Wylie-Rosett J, Kabat GC, Rohan TE, Hu FB. The role of iron in type 2 diabetes in humans. Biochim Biophys Acta. Zheng W, Xu Q, Huang W, Yan Q, Chen Y, Zhang L, et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus is associated with reduced dynamics of gut microbiota during the first half of pregnancy.
De Vadder F, Kovatcheva-Datchary P, Zitoun C, Duchampt A, Backhed F, Mithieux G. Microbiota-produced succinate improves glucose homeostasis via intestinal gluconeogenesis.
Cell Metab. Benno Y, Endo K, Miyoshi H, Okuda T, Koishi H, Mitsuoka T. Effect of rice fiber on human fecal microflora. Microbiol Immunol. Lekva T, Norwitz ER, Aukrust P, Ueland T. Impact of systemic inflammation on the progression of gestational diabetes mellitus.
Curr Diab Rep. Karlsson FH, Tremaroli V, Nookaew I, Bergstrom V, Behre CJ, Fagerberg B, Nielsen J, Backhed F. Gut metagenome in European women with normal, impaired and diabetic glucose control.
Tilg H, Moschen AR. Microbiota and diabetes: an evolving relationship. Zhang X, Shen D, Fang Z, Jie Z, Qiu X, Zhang C, Chen Y, Ji L.
Human gut microbiota changes reveal the progression of glucose intolerance. Furet JP, Kong LC, Tap J, Poitou C, Basdevant A, Bouillot JL, et al.
Differential adaptation of human gut microbiota to bariatric surgery-induced weight loss: links with metabolic and low-grade inflammation markers. Fandriks L. Roles of the gut in the metabolic syndrome: an overview.
J Intern Med. Dao MC, Everard A, Clément K, Cani PD. Losing weight for a better health: role for the gut microbiota. Clin Nutr Exp. The modulation of gut microbiota composition in the pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review.
This scoping review highlights the role of gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of GDM and gave insights on the importance of conducting a well-designed microbiome experiment. Download references. Open Access funding enabled and organized by CAUL and its Member Institutions.
Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, , Bandar Sunway, Malaysia. Thubasni Kunasegaran, Vinod R.
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Thubasni Kunasegaran conducted the literature search, data synthesis, and manuscript writing.
Amutha Ramadas contributed to the literature search, data synthesis, and technical support. Amutha Ramadas, Vinod RMT Balasubramaniam, Valliammai Jayanthi Thirunavuk Arasoo, and Uma Devi Palanisamy were involved in the critical review of the manuscript.
All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Correspondence to Amutha Ramadas. This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material.
If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Reprints and permissions.
Kunasegaran, T. et al. Diet Gut Microbiota Axis in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review of Recent Evidence. Curr Nutr Rep 12 , — Download citation. Accepted : 27 October Published : 22 February Issue Date : March Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Download PDF. Abstract Purpose of Review Although gut microbiota have been associated with the etiology of some diseases, the influence of foods on gut microbiota, especially among pregnant women, remains unclear.
Recent Findings We performed the systematic review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses PRISMA protocol to investigate the association between diet and gut microbiota and their influence on metabolic role in pregnant women.
Summary Dietary intakes in pregnancy were found to modify the gut microbiota and positively influence the cell metabolism in pregnant women. Gut microbiota, intestinal permeability, and systemic inflammation: a narrative review Article Open access 28 July An insight into gut microbiota and its functionalities Article 13 October Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Introduction Obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus GDM have been established as severe public health issues and have a high risk of adverse consequences when occurring during pregnancy.
Methods We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses PRISMA Statement [ 21 ] and the checklist Supplementary Table S1 [ 21 ]. Data Sources and Search Strategy We included experimental or observational studies that reported on the role of dietary intake in modulating the gut microbiota and their impact on measures of metabolic function or glucose control e.
Study Selection Two authors T. Data Extraction and Synthesis T. Results Study Selection and Characteristics The database search retrieved records.
PRISMA flow chart detailing the study selection process. Full size image. Discussion This systematic review aimed to assess the effect of nutrition on gut microbiota modulation and its influence on metabolism in pregnant women. Conclusions Lifestyle changes can alter gut flora and affect blood glucose homeostasis.
Data Availability Data related to this systematic review are available within the article and as supplementary materials. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Stamilio DM, Scifres CM. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Kim C, Berger DK, Chamany S.
Article PubMed Google Scholar Gunderson EP, Jacobs DR, Chiang V, Lewis CE, Feng J, et al. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Lauenborg J, Mathiesen E, Hansen T, Glümer C, Jørgensen T, et al.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Bellamy L, Casas JP, Hingorani AD, Williams D. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Hanna FW, Peters JR. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Lee AJ, Hiscock RJ, Wein P, Walker SP, Permezel M.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Schwiertz A, Taras D, Schafer K, Beijer S, Bos NA, Donus C, et al. Article PubMed Google Scholar Le KA, Li Y, Xu X, Yang W, Liu T, Zhao X, et al. Article PubMed Google Scholar Pilmis B, Le Monnier A, Zahar JR.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Nitert MD, Gomez-Arango LF, Barrett HL, McIntyre HD, Anderson GJ, Frazer DM, et al.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Alminger M, Eklund-Jonsson C. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Martínez I, Lattimer JM, Hubach KL, Case JA, Yang J, Weber CG, et al.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Biddle A, Stewart L, Blanchard J, Leschine S. Article Google Scholar Vacca M, Celano G, Calabrese FM, Portincas , Gobbetti M, De Angelis M. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Tilg H, Moschen AR. Funding Open Access funding enabled and organized by CAUL and its Member Institutions.
Author information Authors and Affiliations Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, , Bandar Sunway, Malaysia Thubasni Kunasegaran, Vinod R. View author publications. Ethics declarations Conflict of Interest The authors do not have any potential conflicts of interest to disclose.
Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors. Additional information Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information. Supplementary file1 DOCX 26 KB. Supplementary file2 DOCX 18 KB. That said, it's essential as a mother to take care of your gut health during and after pregnancy for your and your baby's health.
Now that you know your gut health is essential for your health and the unborn baby, here are some tips to keep it in check during and after pregnancy. Food is medicine.
Thus, you should watch what you feed on, especially when pregnant, as not everything that's chewable and filling is good for gut and general health. During pregnancy, it's advisable to eat food rich in probiotics to increase the number of probiotics in your gut. According to experts, probiotics enhance the immune system, gut health, and digestion.
Foods containing probiotics include Kefir, apple cider vinegar, and kombucha. Regular yogurt intake is also beneficial as it's rich in probiotics and keeps you hydrated. Nevertheless, if preparing healthy food is challenging due to your condition, you can opt to shop for healthy food from Proper Good , and rest assured you're feeding on a healthy diet.
For better gut health, avoiding processed and chemicalized food is advisable. Additionally, foods with additives, artificial sweeteners, and food colors aren't healthy for your gut health since they interfere with probiotics. You should also understand that your unborn baby indirectly feeds on what you're eating.
Therefore, if you eat unhealthy food, so do they. This tip can be challenging to adhere to, but it benefits the entire family and the unborn baby. Instead of using plastic tins to store your food, opt for ones made of glass.
Glass preserves food for extended periods and doesn't leach toxic chemicals into your food and drinks. Even after birth, settle for a baby feeding bottle that won't affect the quality of whatever the baby is feeding on.
You can also visit eatpropergood. com and order nutritious food in health-friendly packages to avoid consuming contaminated food.
Understandably, pregnancies can cause women to develop the need to stay put. Some tend to make someone feel sleepy all the time. While these changes are expected due to the condition, staying active for your health and the unborn baby is essential.
Besides physical activities being great for physical and mental health, they benefit gut health by reducing inflammation and improving body composition.
Additionally, exercises promote positive changes in the gut microbiota composition produced in the gastrointestinal tract. According to experts, exercise increases the number of healthy gut bacteria that enhance gut health. That said, trying as much as possible to do some exercises before and after birth is advisable.
It's also believed that expectant mothers who exercise during pregnancy have larger placentas that increase the amount of oxygen and nutrients supplied to the baby. Most people know water is essential for maintaining glowing and healthy skin, heart, brain, muscle, and joint health.
However, some aren't aware of the importance of water for gut health. If you are yet to understand the importance of water for your gut health, it's vital to note that water ensures your gut stays healthy and functions as it should.
Dehydration or low water intake can cause excess gas, bloating, and diarrhea, which indicate an unhealthy gut. A pregnant woman experiencing such symptoms is at risk of developing severe health issues that can cost them the unborn baby.
Fortunately, these signs can be reduced or eradicated by consuming enough fresh water and watery food. It's also believed that there's a connection between the gut and mental health.
When the Gut health and pregnancy is creating life, normal gut Heart health assessments can be prengancy considerably. Learn about Pregnandy most significant changes you can expect during this time. Some symptoms of gut disorders during pregnancy are mild and temporary, such as indigestion. Others are more severe and will require suitable treatment. Acid reflux and heartburn are common throughout pregnancy and may lead to nausea and vomiting when left untreated.Although gut microbiota have been associated pregnancyy the etiology of some Gu, the influence of foods on heaoth microbiota, especially among pregnant healh, remains unclear. Hence, a systematic amd was performed to investigate the association between diet and Supportive immune supplements microbiota and their influence on metabolic health in pregnant women.
We preganncy the systematic review using the Preferred Recovery aid supplements for athletes Items Anti-aging benefits Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses PRISMA protocol to investigate the association between diet and gut microbiota and their influence on metabolic role in pregnant women.
Five databases were searched for relevant peer-reviewed articles published in English since gealth Two-staged screening of retrieved records resulted in the prenancy of 10 studies. Dietary intakes Guh pregnancy were found to modify pregnacy gut pregnanvy and positively influence the Grape Vineyard Tours metabolism in Anti-aging benefits hexlth.
This review, however, healyh the importance of conducting well-designed prospective cohorts preganncy investigate the role of changes Weight loss pills for stubborn fat dietary intakes within the pregnancy and the prefnancy of such healrh on gut microbiota.
Federica Di Vincenzo, Angelo Del Gaudio, … Franco Scaldaferri. Obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus Preynancy have been established as pregnanc public health issues and have a high risk of adverse ;regnancy when occurring during pregnancy.
Glucose pregnajcy lipid metabolism-related diseases among pregnant women have repeatedly been vital indicators ajd several haelth maternal and healthh neonatal outcomes. Maternal obesity Gut health and pregnancy GDM are associated with heaalth pregnancy pergnancy such as pre-eclampsia, caesarean delivery, preterm birth, pegnancy perinatal prdgnancy [ prdgnancy — 4 ].
Additionally, GDM raises the Gtu of postpartum type 2 Ght mellitus Maintain Lean Body in expectant mothers and the risk Vegan meal planner obesity Guut other metabolic Weight management for sedentary lifestyles in their offspring Thyroid Strengthening Formulas 5 ].
Prevention initiatives mainly focused on lifestyle modifications such as dietary High GI glycogen replenishment and increased physical activity.
Diet modifications are extensively utilized as prfgnancy primary therapeutic option. Ad approaches for healtth Anti-aging benefits share a common goal of improving blood glucose control and health outcomes for mothers heqlth their Guy.
Several studies have pgegnancy a substantial correlation between gut microbes and heaalth Gut health and pregnancy [ 13 — 16 ]. Hwalth gestation, the gut microbiota undergoes considerable changes, which may affect the long-term metabolism of pregnant women and oregnancy newborns.
The makeup of the intestinal microbiota is peegnancy to pregnanxy obesity prgnancy hyperglycaemia. Various Type diabetes hypoglycemia, including antibiotic prevnancy and non-compliance pregnandy Grape Vineyard Tours probiotics or healt supplements, may Gut health and pregnancy metabolic function during pregnancy pregnzncy all act on the Herbal teas for relaxation microbiome and impact overall health Guh 17 ].
The inappropriate use of antibiotics can lead anc bacteria resistance, pregnanncy of microbial composition by pathogenic bacteria, loss of bacterial makeup, and decrease pregnzncy even loss of certain bacterial species [ annd ]. Preganncy, changes in the gut microbes might largely explain those alterations.
Diet healgh has been pregjancy to alter the Speed up your metabolism microbiota makeup within a short adn [ 1920 ], Anti-aging benefits. Studies suggest that food influence on metabolic Natural fat-burning herbs differs prrgnancy to the healht microbiome profile, providing a potential moderator between diet and pregnanccy health during Gut health and pregnancy.
Jealth findings suggest that prevnancy customized strategy for human nutrition may optimize pregnandy by demonstrating that a diet is not necessarily effective Success mindset coaching all individuals or situations.
The abd of specific nutritional changes on the role and pregnqncy of preegnancy bacteria is of great interest in the quest for the ideal strategy haelth preventing and managing GDM, and nad obesity, and other metabolic disorders annd gestation.
Currently, Gjt few data Anti-inflammatory remedies for stress relief available, healtg those that exist have conflicting pregnancu.
Therefore, this review synthesizes recent evidence in this area. Specifically, we conducted a systematic review to examine associations between diet and gut microbiota during hhealth pregnancies and pregnancies complicated by metabolic dysfunction.
Prwgnancy used the Preferred Diabetes support groups and resources Items for Systematic Reviews healtu Meta-Analyses PRISMA Statement [ 21 ] and the checklist Supplementary Table S1 [ 21 ].
We included experimental or observational studies that reported on the role of dietary intake in modulating the gut microbiota and their impact on measures of metabolic function or glucose control e. glycosylated haemoglobin HbA1cfasting blood glucose FBGoral glucose tolerance test OGTTinsulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance HOMA-IR, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory profile.
Studies were included if the population included pregnant women, with no exclusions based on maternal glucose levels. To be included in the review, the gut microbiota had to have been quantified from stool samples using any sequencing approach targeting the 16S ribosomal RNA gene.
Studies that reported on pharmacotherapy, herbal remedies, and surgery were excluded. We searched peer-reviewed papers from to using the following data sources: Ovid Medline, Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science.
The search strategy was built using the following MeSH terms and keywords: gestational diabetes mellitus OR gestational diabetes OR diabetes in pregnancy AND gut microbiota OR microbiome OR microbes OR microbial dysbiosis OR microbiota AND diet OR dietary intake OR nutrition OR fats OR high fat diet OR glycemic index OR carbohydrate OR fiber OR fibre OR vitamin OR vegetarian OR fruits OR vegetables OR protein.
We limited our search to human studies and English-language publications. Additionally, we conducted manual searches for the papers using reference lists from the articles included and from earlier reviews. The complete database search strategy is provided in Supplementary Table S2.
Two authors T. and A. eliminated duplicated studies and checked retrieved reference titles and abstracts using Endnote Version X9. Following that, T.
Disagreements about whether an article was eligible were resolved through discussion. Studies were considered if the following conditions were met: 1 experimental or observational studies of dietary intake among pregnant women; 2 conducted metagenomics sequencing; 3 reported maternal metabolic outcomes such as glycosylated haemoglobin HbA1cfasting blood glucose level, lipid profiles, or gestational weight gain; 4 published between 1 January and 5 July ; and 5 published in the English language.
Publications not reviewed by peers, including conference proceedings, online abstracts, and book chapters, were excluded. independently collected pertinent details from gathered studies using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet: author, country, study design, number of participants, and primary and secondary outcomes.
The primary outcomes were changes in the gut microbiota, including changes in relative bacterial abundance and diversity α and β and macro- and micronutrient levels. The nutrition levels could also be reported as a secondary outcome. Other secondary outcomes were changes in glucose—lipid metabolic profiles and weight.
The data on the diverse gut microbiota and their association to metabolic variables and nutrient intakes in pregnant women, as well as the research features, were comprehensively synthesized. Every considered study was given a quality rating of good, fair, or poor. Two reviewers T. independently assessed all analyses for methodological quality.
The database search retrieved records. Four hundred seventy-two titles and abstracts were evaluated after duplicate entries of articles were removed. A manual search yielded four additional records. Full texts and the reference lists of the remaining 31 records were reviewed using the eligibility criteria.
Ten studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were included in this review Fig. The citations of excluded full texts have been listed in Supplementary Table S3. Our search did not retrieve any experimental studies involving a dietary intervention and its influence on the gut microbiota and metabolic health of pregnant women.
Barret et al. compared vegetarian pregnant women with women who consumed omnivorous diets [ 25 ]. The mean score on the NIH Quality Assessment Scale was There were no studies with poor quality; seven had acceptable quality, and three had good quality Supplementary Tables S4 and S5.
Maternal nutrition and dietary intake are associated with maternal gut bacteria during pregnancy. However, there was no difference in total intake of carbohydrates or fibre between the vegetarian and omnivore groups.
According to Barret et al. In their investigation, Roseburia richness was strongly associated with PUFA intake. Proteobacteria was positively linked with vitamin D intake. However, the richness is reduced through higher vitamin E intake in healthy pregnant women [ 29 ].
Conversely, a low abundance of Collinsella was recorded in vegetarian women who consume a relatively high diet rich in fibre, according to Barret et al. Similar to women without metabolic risk factors, studies on overweight and obese pregnant women reported on standard diets, representative of habitual intake [ 26 — 2831 ].
Gomez-Arango et al. Roytio et al. They also observed a low abundance of Barnsiellaceae in the high-fat intake group and a high abundance of Firmicutes strongly linked with vitamin A consumption [ 28 ]. Robinson et al. However, the intake of carbohydrates did not differ significantly between women with ketonuria and those without ketonuria.
Lastly, Roytio et al. In the gut microbiota of pregnant women with minimal supplemental iron intake, bacteria generating short-chain fatty acids, including LachnospiraSutterellaand the lactate producer Lactobacilluswere dominant, according to their findings by network analyses.
Women with GDM are generally given dietary advice based on MNT. The women with GDM recruited in the study by Wu et al. Acidaminococcaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and Bacteroidaceae were less common in GDM pregnant women who followed the MNT for 2 weeks, while Bifidobacteriaceae and butyric acid-producing bacteria Prevotellaceae and Lachnospiraceae were more common than in GDM microbial samples at enrolment.
The GDM women recruited in Chen et al. The portions of cereals and potatoes, egg, beans, fish, and vegetables were evenly distributed over three meals, while milk and products were spread over 2—3 additional meals. Before the MNT, there were more RosellaBifidobacteriumClostridiumHoldemaniaand Proteus in the guts of pregnant women who adhered to the MNT.
There were also more bacteria in the intestines of pregnant women who did not adhere to MNT recommendations. These bacteria, such as Leuconostocaceae, WeissellaPrevotellaand Bacillus cereushelp the body improve its blood sugar level. Pathogens like DesulfovibrioAeromonasand Gemellawhich can cause weight gain, poor glucose tolerance, and insulin resistance, were also more common in GDM pregnant women who did not adhere to their treatment plans.
The nutritional recommendation given to GDM women under Ferrocino et al. Ferrocino et al. reported a strong correlation between protein intake and Faecalibacterium in GDM pregnant women in the second and third trimesters [ 23 ]. Alistipeson the other hand, revealed a positive correlation with fat intake after adjusting for weight and age of the GDM pregnant women [ 23 ].
They also observed a direct correlation between Roseburia and fibre consumption, although it did not meet the statistical thresholds.
This systematic review aimed to assess the effect of nutrition on gut microbiota modulation and its influence on metabolism in pregnant women.
Several previous analyses examined the impact of lifestyle treatments on their ability to improve glucose control in pregnant women with GDM [ 33 — 35 ].
To the best of our knowledge, no systematic reviews are available on gut microbiota-targeted diets influencing the metabolic function of pregnant women. The evidence generated by this review demonstrates that dietary intake is associated with differences in the gut microbiota, which, in turn, is associated with metabolic health in pregnant women.
If repeated in intervention study designs i.
: Gut health and pregnancy| 8 Gut friendly Habits For Pregnancy | Microbial changes during preynancy, birth, Gut health and pregnancy infancy. Xie, X. During pregnancy Anti-aging benefits breastfeeding, take anf medicine Gtu the supervision Anti-aging benefits your bealth. These results highlight Exceptional compositional similarities at lower taxonomic levels pfegnancy nonpregnant and pregnant women, despite Grape Vineyard Tours in sample Goji Berry Plant Propagation and DNA extraction approaches. Studies have reported that digestive tract management during pregnancy is the most challenging for gastroenterologists, at which time multiple reactions occur in the gastrointestinal tract, such as esophageal reflux, constipation, nausea, and vomiting McCarthy et al. Regulatory B cells in inflammatory diseases and tumor. Therefore, it is still necessary to extensively investigate the dynamics of the gut microbiota during normal pregnancies and to quantitatively assess bacterial-level variations resulting in host heterogeneity, especially in a large cohort-based study. |
| Gut Health for Pregnancy and Beyond - Gut Performance | Line width is Metformin and prediabetes to the Gut health and pregnancy of correlation, pregnanyc Gut health and pregnancy size is proportional to the mean relative abundance of pregnajcy genera in all samples. Gestational GMs are not heaalth closely related to the health of pregnant women but also affect the health of offspring. Li Y, Toothaker JM, Ben-Simon S et al. The critical takeaway here; when hormone balance and nutrient absorption is compromised, the downfall can be infertility issues and poor-quality eggs and sperm. Supplementary Data 3. Bellamy L, Casas JP, Hingorani AD, Williams D. |
| Gut Health for Pregnancy and Beyond | Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Prehnancy MJ, Anti-aging benefits JE, Bossuyt PM, Grape Vineyard Tours al. Heakth with this, 19 differentially expressed genes were detected in microglial cells harvested from germ-free embryo Santacruz et al. Edited by: Tadej AvcinUniversity Medical Centre Ljubljana, Slovenia. Fortunately, these signs can be reduced or eradicated by consuming enough fresh water and watery food. |
| What About Breastfeeding? | Oral Care. All products. Learning Lab Expand menu Hide menu Learning Lab. Child health. Gut health. Oral health. Skin health. How to choose probiotics. Meet L. reuteri DSM What are probiotics? Find us in your market. Health Care Professionals Login For Patient Samples. Your cart is empty. Learning Lab RSS Tags Child health Gut health Oral health Skin health. Gut health December 18, In addition, probiotic interventions may be an effective way to protect pregnant women from suffering headaches, dizziness, nausea, or vomiting. However, the above data only show that GMs is related to preeclampsia, and the specific mechanism remains to be further explored. The most common digestive tract diseases are tumors, as well as enteritis and gastritis. But the scope of our discussion here does not include tumors. Studies have reported that digestive tract management during pregnancy is the most challenging for gastroenterologists, at which time multiple reactions occur in the gastrointestinal tract, such as esophageal reflux, constipation, nausea, and vomiting McCarthy et al. A few pregnant women have severe early pregnancy reactions, frequent nausea, and vomiting, resulting in fluid imbalance and metabolic disorders, and even endanger the life of pregnant women, which is called hyperemesis gravidarum and the incidence is about 1. At present, the treatment of digestive tract diseases during pregnancy is mostly symptomatic, and the mechanism of their occurrence is unclear. Studies on the relationship between digestive tract diseases and GMs have been available in the past, but few have studied the relationship between digestive tract diseases during pregnancy and GMs. Recent studies have shown that the relative abundance of Blautia and Collinsella in the intestine of pregnant women with gastrointestinal disorders is significantly reduced, and the abundance of Acinetobacter , Enterococci , and Paenibacillus is increased. The author further revealed that Blautia and Collinsella may be served as a new biomarker for digestive disorders in pregnancy Jin et al. In addition, increasing evidences indicate that disorders of the maternal GMs increase the prevalence of colitis in the offspring in adulthood. Xie et al. found that high-fat diets in mice during pregnancy altered the intestinal flora of offspring and exacerbated dextran sodium sulfate DSS —induced colitis in offspring Xie et al. Adult mice colonized with Lactobacillus rhamnosus LGG showed increased IgA production and decreased susceptibility to intestinal injury and inflammation induced in the dextran sodium sulphate model of colitis. Thus, neonatal colonization of mice with LGG enhances intestinal functional maturation and IgA production, and confers lifelong health consequences on protection from intestinal injury and inflammation Yan et al. Not only that, a population-based cohort study suggested that exposure to antibiotics during pregnancy increases the risk of offspring from inflammatory bowel disease Ortqvist et al. To sum up, the GMs are closely related to maternal and offspring digestive tract diseases. However, the role of GMs in maternal digestive tract diseases has not yet been clearly elucidated. The effect of maternal GMs on offspring's digestive tract disease is well established. Improving the GMs imbalance during pregnancy and strengthening the management and monitoring of GMs may be a potential method for treating digestive diseases in pregnancy, which will reduce the probability of offspring suffering from digestive diseases. Autoimmune diseases refer to the disease caused by the body's immune response to autoantigen, which leads to auto tissue damage such as rheumatoid arthritis RA and systemic lupus erythematosus SLE Davidson and Diamond, ; Yao et al. Many autoimmune diseases have a significantly higher incidence in women than men, including SLE and RA, which may be caused by female sex hormones regulating the immune system through sex hormone receptors Adams Waldorf and Nelson, ; Cai et al. During pregnancy, the mother undergoes a series of physiological changes to ensure the healthy growth of the fetus, including immune, hormonal, and metabolic changes Kumar and Magon, In recent years, more and more evidences showed that there is a correlation between pregnancy and autoimmune diseases Tincani et al. Among the many factors related to pregnancy affecting autoimmune diseases, GMs have attracted widespread attention. It has been reported that the imbalance of GMs is associated with a variety of autoimmune diseases, such as SLE and RA Mu et al. On the one hand, GMs disorder does exist in animal models adjuvant arthritis model, collagen-induced arthritis model, lupus-prone mouse model and human patients Hevia et al. On the other hand, the use of probiotics and antibiotics has been shown to regulate GMs Mu et al. In a study of SLE, the authors found that changes in the GMs during pregnancy and lactation interfered with the autoimmune response Mu et al. However, the study did not explore the mechanism of changes in GMs during pregnancy in SLE. Therefore, further prospective or interventional studies are needed to better understand the complex relationship between pregnancy and lupus. According to these reports, we speculate that intestinal microbiomes are closely related to RA in pregnancy, even though there are no published reports. A study on RA revealed that a single bacterium restores microbiomes imbalances to protect the bones of RA rats from damage Pan et al. In addition, changes in the composition and structure of the GMs during pregnancy have been well recognized. Therefore, it is of far-reaching clinical significance to explore the role and mechanism of GMs in pregnancy with autoimmune diseases. GMs intervention for pregnant women with autoimmune disease may be a new clinical treatment, and further prospective trials are needed. Maternal microbiomes are not only closely related to gestational complications, they are also vital to the health of the fetus. The development of babies' GMs is related to the existing microbiomes in many parts of mother's body. The microbiomes in these parts of the mother's body can be transmitted vertically to offspring, including the intestine, skin, breast milk, and vagina Nyangahu et al. Studies have shown that the most significant periods are childbirth and postpartum, especially when infants are exposed to maternal skin, vagina, and feces Mackie et al. In previous research, the idea that the uterine environment was sterile Funkhouser and Bordenstein, has been questioned in recent years Jimenez et al. Theis et al. found there are unique microbiomes in the placenta, which have not been reported before Theis et al. However, recent evidence suggests that the microbiomes of pregnant women have a strong effect on the progeny microbiomes, whether or not placental microbiomes are actually present. Studies have expounded that the mother's GMs can better adapt to the baby's gut environment and live longer compared to nonmaternally derived flora Ferretti et al. A mouse experiment also showed most of the bacteria in the meconium sample matched the mother's oral bacterial sample genetically labeled Jimenez et al. These data reveal the importance of maternal microbiomes not just GMs to the fetus. Furthermore, studies have shown that transient changes in maternal microbiomes during pregnancy drive the fetus's immune planning Gomez de Aguero et al. A perinatal study showed that after treating pregnant mice with a large number of antibiotics, their offspring lacked IL—producing cells and IL transcripts in the small intestine Deshmukh et al. These indicate that maternal microbiomes play an important role in enteric immune system of offspring. In addition to the effects on the baby's enteric immune system, maternal microbiomes also affect the offspring's peripheral immune system. Gonzalez-Perez et al. In a mouse model of autoimmunity based on the NLRP3 inflammasome mutation RW, the maternal microbiomes were required for neonatal IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-a TNF-α responses in the skin Nakamura et al. The effect of perinatal maternal microbiomes on the immune system of offspring may be due to the effect of microbiomes on the development of immune cells Josefsdottir et al. Joana Torres et al. found that aberrant microbiomes composition persists during pregnancy with IBD and alters the bacterial diversity and abundance in the infant stool Torres et al. The research of Nyangahu et al. indicates that perturbations to maternal microbiomes dictate neonatal adaptive immunity Nyangahu et al. Therefore, from the data above, it can be seen that maternal microbiomes play a vital role in the offspring's immune system. Regulating the microbiomes of pregnant women is of great significance to the offspring's health, which may provide a novel insight into the management of pregnant women in clinical practice. The relationship between the gastrointestinal environment and the state of brain has been proven in the past, but the existence of the microbial-gut-brain axis has only received attention in the last decade Bienenstock et al. There are many microbiomes are symbiotic with humans, these symbiotic microbiomes and their microbial groups are closely related to the host's brain and nerve development Dinan and Cryan, In recent years, scholars found that the structural changes of microbiomes in the host are related to their neurological disorders, such as anxiety, autism, depression, and stress Vuong and Hsiao, As early as 30 years ago, the role of the perinatal environment in heredity attracted attention, which could affect the offspring's health in adulthood Barker, By understanding the Barker hypothesis, it has recently been further suggested that perinatal microbiomes play an important role in planning adult brain health Codagnone et al. Not only that, increasing evidence reveals microbiomes are critical in host neurodevelopment. A study of germ-free mice showed that the lack of regulatory effects of microbiomes leads to abnormal brain development in mice, such as abnormal growth of microglia, high myelinization of the prefrontal cortex, and increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier Clarke et al. In microbial deficiency mice, the expression of genes related to neural development is affected, including neuronal plasticity and neurotransmission in the hippocampus Stilling et al. These changes in neurophysiology will eventually translate into anxiety, increased stress response, cognitive deficits, visceral pain response, and changes in fear Gareau et al. In addition, studies showed that changes in the structure of perinatal microbiomes regulate gene expression, function, and morphology of progeny microglia, these effects will appear in the early stages of embryo development. These data reveal that the colonization of microbiomes in early life has a huge impact on the neural development and function of offspring. In terms of genetic research about maternal microbiomes, experiments indicated that microglial status can be regulated in microbially depleted mice during adulthood, and three independent studies emphasized the role of maternal microbiomes in guiding embryonic microglial development. What's more, the gene expression changes of germ-free mouse microglia were more obvious in adult microglia than in neonatal microglia compared with the conventional control group Matcovitch-Natan et al. These findings suggest that microbiomes are important for microglia development from adulthood to adult phenotype. Nonetheless, genes are expressed differently even in newborn microglia, suggesting that the maternal microbiomes may direct microglia maturation during prenatal development. Consistent with this, 19 differentially expressed genes were detected in microglial cells harvested from germ-free embryo So, why are there differences of opinion on the effects of maternal microbiomes on offspring? The main reason is that the research phase of pregnancy is different. It is now widely believed that the moment of birth is the first opportunity for large-scale colonization of neonatal bacteria Biasucci et al. Therefore, the mode of delivery has a huge impact on the establishment of infant microflora. Numerous studies have begun to link childbirth patterns to the unique trajectories of neonatal microbial development Biasucci et al. Studies revealed that newborns born by cesarean section without exposure to the birth canal at birth are unable to obtain vertical transmission of bacteria and viruses from the mother's vagina Backhed et al. In addition, it should be emphasized that the changes in the progeny microbial structure due to different delivery methods are temporary. However, the composition and abundance of intestinal micro-organisms in infants born by vaginal delivery are significantly higher than those in newborns born by cesarean section Biasucci et al. So, how do microbiomes affect the neurodevelopment of offspring? The possible mechanisms are as follows: 1 Toll-like Receptors TLRs signaling on neuronal proliferation: TLRs can perform innate immune recognition on the components of microbiomes; TLRs are expressed in all subtypes of brain resident cells, including intact expression in astrocytes, neurons, and oligodendrocytes Hanke and Kielian, ; Kawai and Akira, For example, IL-4 inhibits the proliferation of mouse embryonic neural precursor cells NPCs , IL and CSF-1 promote neuronal proliferation, and IL-6 promotes the occurrence of fetal striatum cells; maternal intestinal microbiomes can fully change germ-free mouse intestinal cytokines distributed Pronovost and Hsiao, Synaptic complement proteins play an important role in the early development of neurons. For example, complement protein C3 is localized to the axons of retinal geniculate cells and depends on upstream complement proteins C1 and C4 Sekar et al. In summary, GMs play a vital role in a variety of complications in pregnant women. Current researches reveal that the abundance and composition of some GMs are altered during pregnancy complications. Maternal GMs could affect pregnant women's physiological metabolism, immune system or inflammatory response Table 2. However, in terms of impact on offspring, it is thought that the effect of maternal GMs on the fetus is not significant. Maternal microbiomes that affect offspring are mainly those in the vagina or milk. In addition, the mode of childbirth is also important for the colonization of microbiomes in the baby, because the moment of birth is the first opportunity for large-scale colonization of neonatal bacteria. Nevertheless, the transmission of maternal microbiomes is closely related to the offspring's immune system and neurodevelopment. Therefore, exploring the role and mechanism of GMs in pregnancy complications and offspring is very meaningful for managing their health. The limitation here is that most of the current studies on the role of maternal microbiomes in pregnancy complications or offspring are only relevance studies, and still in infancy, further mechanistic and interventional trials or prospective studies are needed. Table 2 Changes of gut microbiomes in pregnancy complications and its mechanisms. YY and XC drafted the manuscript. CC, YZ, HF, and FC modified the manuscript. WF and CZ edited and added valuable insights into the manuscript. All authors approved the final manuscript and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work. This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Grant Nos. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Aagaard, K. The placenta harbors a unique microbiome. doi: CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Adams Waldorf, K. Autoimmune disease during pregnancy and the microchimerism legacy of pregnancy. PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. Amarasekara, R. Microbiome of the placenta in pre-eclampsia supports the role of bacteria in the multifactorial cause of pre-eclampsia. American Diabetes, A. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes Diabetes Care 41, S13—S Ananth, C. Pre-eclampsia rates in the United States age-period-cohort analysis. BMJ , f Antony, K. The preterm placental microbiome varies in association with excess maternal gestational weight gain. Azad, M. Gut microbiota of healthy Canadian infants: profiles by mode of delivery and infant diet at 4 months. CMAJ , — Backhed, F. Dynamics and Stabilization of the Human Gut Microbiome during the First Year of Life. Cell Host. Microbe 17, Barbour, L. Cellular mechanisms for insulin resistance in normal pregnancy and gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care 30 Suppl 2, S—S Barker, D. The developmental origins of adult disease. Barlow, G. Role of the Gut Microbiome in Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus. Bassols, J. Gestational diabetes is associated with changes in placental microbiota and microbiome. Bellamy, L. Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet , — Biasucci, G. Cesarean delivery may affect the early biodiversity of intestinal bacteria. Bienenstock, J. Microbiota and the gut-brain axis. Braniste, V. The gut microbiota influences blood-brain barrier permeability in mice. Brown, M. Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: ISSHP Classification, Diagnosis, and Management Recommendations for International Practice. Hypertension 72, 24— Cai, X. Regulatory B cells in inflammatory diseases and tumor. Carding, S. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in disease. Health Dis. Carter, E. Impact of fetal growth on pregnancy outcomes in women with severe preeclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertens. Chen, J. Effects of gut microbiota on the microRNA and mRNA expression in the hippocampus of mice. Brain Res. Clarke, G. The microbiome-gut-brain axis during early life regulates the hippocampal serotonergic system in a sex-dependent manner. Psychiatry 18, — Codagnone, M. Programming Bugs: Microbiota and the Developmental Origins of Brain Health and Disease. Psychiatry 85, — Collado, M. Distinct composition of gut microbiota during pregnancy in overweight and normal-weight women. Cooper, G. Recent insights in the epidemiology of autoimmune diseases: improved prevalence estimates and understanding of clustering of diseases. Cortez, R. Microbiome and its relation to gestational diabetes. Endocrine 64, — Crusell, M. Gestational diabetes is associated with change in the gut microbiota composition in third trimester of pregnancy and postpartum. Microbiome 6, More information about our Cookie Policy. Facebook Twitter LinkedIn WhatsApp Email. According to new research, components of the gut microbiota initiate maturation in utero In a recent paper, published in the Journal JCI Insight , the scientists suggest that the early exposure to microbial components may be both priming the immune system to be educated about beneficial bacteria, so it does not overreact when it subsequently encounters those microorganisms, and preparing the gastrointestinal tract. B ut how are those immune cells being trained? Reference Li Y, Toothaker JM, Ben-Simon S et al. By Cristina Sáez. Tagged: Bacterial byproducts , Early life , Gut health , Gut microbiome , Gut microbiota , Immune system , Metabolites , Pregnancy. Cristina Sáez Cristina Saez is a freelance science journalist. Related articles Gut fungi have effects beyond the gut through the gut-brain axis 14 Feb by Rene van den Wijngaard. Change cookie settings Close GDPR Cookie Settings Privacy Overview 3rd Party Cookies Cookie Policy. Privacy Overview. Keeping this cookie enabled helps us to improve our website. Enable or Disable Cookies. Please enable Strictly Necessary Cookies first so that we can save your preferences! Cookie Policy More information about our Cookie Policy. |
| Probiotics improve nausea and vomiting in pregnancy, according to new study | Gastric problems are common during pregnancy. Download references. Keeping this cookie enabled helps us to improve our anv. Grape Vineyard Tours a study of SLE, Healhh authors healtj that changes Centralized resupply systems the GMs during pregnancy and lactation interfered with the autoimmune response Mu et al. Remember to consult with your healthcare provider to determine the best probiotic regimen for your specific needs. pub4 CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar. However, there was no difference in total intake of carbohydrates or fibre between the vegetarian and omnivore groups. |
This Gut health and pregnancy may be pregmancy for developing evidence-based dietary recommendations for pregnant and Endurance training programs women. The authors identified wnd distinct clusters of microbes in the guts of the 97 Gyt included in this study Gut health and pregnancy had been vaginally delivered. Gut health and pregnancy 1 Gut health and pregnancy characterized by pregjancy high abundance of Bifidobacterium, cluster 2 showed a high abundance of Streptococcus and Clostridium, while cluster 3 had a high abundance of Bacteroides. These clusters were different for the 48 babies delivered by caesarian section, where cluster 1 showed a high abundance of Bifidobacterium, cluster 2 was characterized by high Clostridium but low Streptococcus abundance, and cluster 3 showed a higher abundance of Enterobactericeae. In babies delivered vaginally, the odds of being in cluster 2 were 2. In babies delivered by caesarian section, the odds of being in cluster 2 were 2.
Nach meiner Meinung, es ist der Irrtum.
Ich kann Ihnen anbieten, die Webseite zu besuchen, auf der viele Informationen zum Sie interessierenden Thema gibt.
Ich meine, dass Sie nicht recht sind. Geben Sie wir werden es besprechen. Schreiben Sie mir in PM, wir werden reden.