Citrus aurantium for heart health -
Conclusions: Citrus aurantium was shown to be safe for the cardiovascular and autonomic systems alongside submaximal aerobic exercise in healthy males. Keywords: autonomic nervous system; blood pressure; heart rate control and regulation; p-synephrine; parasympathetic nervous system; physical effort.
Copyright © Benjamim, Júnior, Porto, Rocha, Santana, Garner, Valenti and Bueno Júnior. Control and citrus aurantium treated rats showed normal pattern of ECG, whereas rats treated with ISO showed a significant increase in S-T voltage, decrease in R amplitude as compared to control rats, suggestive of myocardial infarction.
ISO treated rats likewise displayed the pathological Q wave, demonstrating transmural myocardial infarction induction. Also, a significant decrease in QRS and R-R interval and a significant increase in heart rate were detected in rats treated with ISO.
Figure 1: Electrocardiographic patterns in control A , ISO B , pretreated with citrus aurantium extract then treated with ISO C and citrus aurantium alone D groups. Table 1: Effect of citrus aurantium pretreatment on electrocardiographic parameters in ISO induced myocardial infarction in rats.
Table 2 represents the effects of ISO and citrus aurantium extract treatment on cardiac marker enzymes such as CK-MB, LDH, ALP, AST and ALT.
ISO treated rats showed an increased significantly in activities of these enzymes as compared to the control group. ISO treated animals that pre-treated with citrus aurantium extract exhibited significantly decrease the CK-MB, LDH, ALP, AST and ALT activities.
No significant difference was detected in rats treated with the extract alone when compared to control rats. Table 2: Effect of citrus aurantium pretreatment on cardiac marker enzymes in ISO induced myocardial infarction in rats. The levels of MDA and GSH along with the activities of the enzymes GP X , SOD, and catalase in normal and experimental rats are listed in Table 3.
The value of MDA, end product of lipid peroxidation and marker for oxidative stress, showed significantly increase in ISO treated rats, as compared to the control group.
ISO treatment also caused in the significant decrease in the level of GSH, an endogenous antioxidant in comparison with normal control rats. Activities of glutathione-dependent antioxidant enzyme and antiperoxidative enzymes were significantly lowered in ISO treated rats as compared to the control group.
Pre and co-treatment with citrus aurantium in MI induced by ISO rats significantly decreased the level of MDA as compared to rats treated with ISO alone. The pre-treatment of citrus aurantium for 14 days resulted in a significant rise in the level of GSH and activities of GP X , SOD and catalase.
Normal rats that receive citrus aurantium alone did not display any substantial alteration when compared with other normal rats, indicating that it does not per se have any adverse effects. Table 3: Effect of citrus aurantium pretreatment on lipid peroxidation, endogenous antioxidant and antioxidant enzymes in ISO induced myocardial infarction in rats.
Table 4 lists the levels of total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and triglycerides in the serum of all groups of animals. Rats treated with ISO only exhibited a significant rise in these parameters with the levels of HDL-cholesterol being an exception where there was a significant decrease.
Pre-treatment of citrus aurantium for 14 days beside with ISO administration on 13 th and 14 th days considerably reduced the levels of LDL and triglycerides with a following noteworthy increase in the levels of HDL-cholesterol as compared to ISO alone treated rats.
No significant change in total cholesterol was observed when compared to ISO treated group. In the citrus aurantium alone group, there was no substantial alteration detected in serum lipoproteins and triglycerides levels in comparison to those of the control rats.
Figure 2 illustrates the histological photographs of heart tissues of all studied groups. Histopathological analysis of myocardial tissue achieved from normal control animals displayed clear integrity of membrane of myocardial cells.
Normal untreated rats indicated typical cardiac tissues without any infarction and infiltration of inflammatory cells was not seen in this group. Histopathological results revealed that the ISO caused induction of MI in cardiac muscle.
Tissues sample from myocardial infarction induced by ISO, exhibited extensive myocardial structure abnormality and subendocardial necrosis with capillary dilatation and leukocyte infiltration as compared to the control group. Prior administration of citrus aurantium showed reduced grade of infiltration of inflammatory cells and the appearance of myocardial cells was comparatively well conserved with no evidence of focal necrosis.
Extract treated group rats displayed no change in morphology of heart tissue as compared to the normal control group. The pathophysiology mechanism of MI has not been fully revealed.
Although catecholamines have regulatory effect on contraction and metabolism of myocardial muscle, these substances may be responsible for cell damages in the long term. The same situation can be observed in clinical situations such as angina, temporary myocardial hypoxia, acute inadequacy in coronary blood flow and subendocardial infarction.
Isoproterenol, a potent synthetic catecholamine, can improve injuries like myocardial infarction when injected in animals. These lesions are apparently same to those of coagulative myocytolysis or myofibrillar deterioration. This is one of the findings during acute MI and unexpected death in man [18,19].
Different mechanisms have been reported as responsible for induction of myocardial infarction by ISO. Previous reports recommended that coronary inadequacy, sarcoplasmic calcium excess, changed metabolic and electrolyte balancing system and oxidative stress are the main causative factors in catecholamine induced cardiac insufficiency [20].
Imbalance between oxygen delivery and request of myocytes after coronary hypotension and cardiac muscle hyperactivity due to augmented heart rate and contractility could cause myocardial damage [21].
Interaction of ISO with β1 and β2 adrenoceptors, activation of which causes to positive inotropic and chronotropic effects on heart, which produce relative ischemia due to myocardial hyperactivity and coronary hypotension [22]. ECG deliberated the single most important primary clinical exam for diagnosis of infarction and ischemia in cardiac muscle and.
In our study, ISO administration causes pathological Q wave in rats, the most characteristic finding of transmural MI of the left ventricle. Administration of ISO also showed a decline in R-R interval, and increase in QRS time and heart rate.
These changes could be due to the damage of cell membrane in injured cardiac muscle [23]. It has been exposed that a rise in heart rate is responsible for augmented oxygen consumption causing to enhanced necrosis of myocardial tissue [24]. ISO also increased ST-segment voltage and decreased R- wave voltage.
This is favorable with the comments of earlier reports. ST-segment elevation reproduces the potential difference in the border between ischemic and non-ischemic regions and consequences in loss of cell membrane function whereas decrease in R-wave voltage might be due to the start of myocardial edema subsequent ISO treatment [25].
Citrus aurantium pre-treatment in ISO treated rats prohibited the pathological changes in the ECG, which suggest s protective effect for its cell membrane. Cardiac muscle contains different diagnostic markers of MI and when heart metabolism injured, it discharges its contents into the extracellular fluid [26].
Cytotoxic enzymes such as CK-MB, LDH, AST, ALT and ALP, which serve as diagnostic markers, could be released from tissues damaged in the circulation due to permeable or disagreement of cell membrane and reflect the changes in plasma membrane integrity [27].
Our data confirmed significant increase in the levels of these enzymatic biomarkers of serum in ISO treated rats, which were in same direction with previous reports. Citrus aurantium pre-co-treatment caused in the dropped activity of the marker enzyme in serum. It validated that citrus aurantium could sustain cell membrane integrity, thereby limiting the leakage of these enzymes.
Free radical scavenging enzymes for example SOD, catalase and GP X are the first line of cellular protective system against oxidative stress, excluding reactive oxygen spices ROS such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. These enzymes inhibit the formation of more worsening hydroxyl radical.
The additional line of guard includes non-enzymatic scavengers such as vitamin C, vitamin E and sulphydryl containing compounds, which hunt remaining free radicals evading decomposition by the antioxidant enzymes [28]. The balance between antioxidant capacity and formation of free radicals is an essential process for the real elimination of oxidative stress in intracellular organelles.
Though, in pathological situations similar to MI, the production of ROS can strongly interrupt this equilibrium with an augmented request of the antioxidant protection system [29]. Auto-oxidation induced by ISO can lead to production of massive quantity of ROS, which may attach any type of molecules such as polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membrane forming peroxyl radicals, producing a chain reaction of lipid peroxidation [29].
This process is an essential pathogenic event in necrosis of myocardial tissue. In the current study, treatment with ISO caused in significant raise in peroxidation of lipids, represented as MDA value, which is in same direction with former reports [26,31].
Citrus aurantium pre-co-treatment displayed an important decrease in the value of serum MDA content which can be related to strong antioxidant capacity of extract against ISO auto-oxidation produced free radicals.
Activities of antiperoxidative enzymes SOD and catalase were declined considerably in serum of ISO treated rats. Superoxide dismutase, which catalysis the dismutation of two superoxide radicals to form hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen.
Therefore, the H 2 O 2 created is deactivated by either catalase or the GSH redox system containing of reduced glutathione as the cofactor for GP X and glutathione reductase [32]. Citrus aurantium pre-co-treatment exhibited a substantial increase in the level of serum SOD and catalase.
These enzymes could not alter in the citrus aurantium animal group. In the current study, our data confirms a declined concentration of GSH and GP X in serum of ISO treated rats.
GSH, a tripeptide, one of the greatest non-enzymatic antioxidant biomolecules, is existing in the body. GSH has a direct antioxidant role by reacting with superoxide radicals, peroxy radicals and singlet oxygen followed by the creation of oxidized GSH and other disulfides [33].
Diminished activity of these enzymes lead to formation of oxidants and make cardiac myocytes membranes more susceptible to oxidative injury. The current study revealed a significant increase in the value of GSH and activity of GP X in the serum of citrus aurantium pre-co-treated rats.
Lipids play a significant role in cardiovascular diseases. A considerable rise in the total cholesterol and triglycerides was detected in serum of ISO treated rats, which is in line with previous reports [15,19].
Rats treated with ISO also exhibited an increase in LDL fraction along with a decline in HDL cholesterol. These alterations could be credited to improved lipid biosynthesis by cardiac cyclic adenosine monophosphate [34].
A sturdy positive correlation has been document among the risk of emerging ischemic heart disease and serum LDL level, while a negative correlation has been stated with HDL-cholesterol [35].
The pre-co-treatment with citrus aurantium effectively restored the elevated triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol and decreased HDL-cholesterol in the serum of this group.
Histopathological investigation of the cardiac muscle tissue in the control rat group represented clear integrity of the cardiac myocytes membrane and no inflammatory cell infiltration was detected.
ISO treated rats group showed a cellular dissociative view with marked inflammatory infiltration. The pre-co-treatment with citrus aurantium extract showed reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and relatively normal view of myocardial cells.
This confirmed cardio protective effect of hydroalcholic citrus aurantium extract on MI induced by ISO in rats. In other regions, the fruit is used to treat anxiety and epilepsy 3. Another study noted that the bitter orange compound p-synephrine may improve athletic performance though by increasing total reps and volume load, or your ability to train harder A stimulant is a substance that increases your heart rate and blood pressure 1.
Several sports organizations, such as the National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA , list synephrine as a stimulant. Furthermore, one study determined that bitter orange juice contains furanocoumarin, a compound that may cause the same medication interactions as grapefruit juice Therefore, people taking decongestants or those who have high blood pressure, an irregular heartbeat, or glaucoma should avoid the juice and fruit of bitter oranges.
Despite numerous studies showing that bitter orange extracts are not stimulants, widespread controversy exists, and the NCAA has listed it as a banned substance. Bitter orange may also interact with certain medications.
Generally, bitter orange extracts in dietary supplements are safe to consume in doses of 50—98 mg per day 1 , One study showed that 40 mg of synephrine combined with mg of caffeine is a safe dose of these combined ingredients 3. In another study, eating a whole bitter orange containing Still, people who are pregnant or breastfeeding should avoid bitter orange due to a lack of safety information 1.
Bitter orange is likely safe in doses ranging from The juice of the bitter orange can be used as a marinade to flavor fish and meat. Bitter orange has several other household uses outside of the kitchen.
These include 2 :. Bitter orange is a citrus fruit with several household and industrial uses, ranging from food additives to perfumery. You may want to avoid this fruit and its extracts if you have high blood pressure, an irregular heartbeat, or glaucoma.
Likewise, bitter orange supplements are banned for NCAA athletes. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. Some argue that orange peels contain important nutrients and should be eaten rather than thrown away.
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Regret for the inconvenience: we Citurs taking Insulin resistance and insulin resistance resources to prevent fraudulent form submissions by extractors Citrus aurantium for heart health Ciitrus crawlers. Student, Healtu of Uarantium Biochemistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sports nutrition for endurance athletes, Iran 4 Pathology Department, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Received: December 19, Published: December 27, Citation: Keshtkar S, Komeili G, Keshavarzi F, Jahantigh M Cardio Protective Effects of Hydroalcholic Citrus Aurantium Extract on Myocardial Infarction Induced by Isoproterenol in Male Rats. J Cardiol Curr Res 10 2 : Background: There are still Citrua studies of the cardiovascular safety of the isolated use of Citrus aurantium in aerobic submaximal exercise. Objective: To evaluate the effect of Easy kale recipes. aurantium supplementation on Ofr recovery heqrt cardiorespiratory and helath parameters following a session Eating disorder symptoms in men submaximal aerobic exercise. Methods: Twelve healthy male adults achieved a crossover, randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial. We evaluated systolic blood pressure SBPdiastolic blood pressure DBPpulse pressure PPmean arterial pressure MAPheart rate HR and, HR variability indexes at Rest and during 60 min of recovery from exercise. No unfavorable cardiovascular effects were achieved for HR, DBP, PP, and MAP parameters. Conclusions: Citrus aurantium was shown to be safe for the cardiovascular and autonomic systems alongside submaximal aerobic exercise in healthy males.
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