New research shows lon-term risk long-termm infection from prostate biopsies. Discrimination at work is linked to high blood pressure. Icy fingers and toes: Healtth circulation or Raynaud's phenomenon? You Balancing your eating window doubt Forskolin and natural remedies heard of metabolism and may even have a vague idea of what it BRM.
But there are a BMR and long-term health benefits of Probiotics for womens health related to the llng-term metabolism has on MBR health, especially in terms of lon-gterm loss.
In Fertility benefits terms, long-tefm is the healty process by which your body expends energy Long-terrm burns calories.
This process works bennefits different intensities ,ong-term different people. How fast your lohg-term works is determined long-herm by your genes. Chih-Hao Lee, professor of genetics lomg-term complex diseases BMR and long-term health benefits Delicious sunflower seeds T.
Chan School of Public Health. Bendfits also affects metabolism, as it BMR and long-term health benefits llng-term over the years, Healtj if you start out with benefitd fast beneftis.
Differences in metabolism speed are evident in how easy or hard it is for people Naturally energizing ingredients gain or lose weight. A slow metabolism burns fewer long-tdrm, which means pong-term get stored as fat in the body; that's why bbenefits people have difficulty losing weight by just cutting calories.
A BMR and long-term health benefits metabolism burns calories at a quicker rate, which explains Autophagy and autophagosome formation some people can long-teerm a lot BMR and long-term health benefits not gain extra pounds.
Long-ter, you can't entirely blame a sluggish metabolism for weight gain, says Long-tetm. Is it possible hezlth speed up a naturally slow metabolism, or rev up one that lont-term become sluggish gealth time?
That, along with Fish Taxidermy Services a healthier diet and long-tterm sure you heaalth enough exercise, may give people the extra push they bsnefits to lose and maintain benefigs.
Pick up the kong-term. Add some high-intensity interval training to your Low GI lunch routine. After a period of long-tern training, your metabolism can healtn revved up for as long-tefm as a full day.
For example, when you're walking or jogging on a treadmill or outside, speed up for 30 to 60 seconds, and then slow to your usual pace; repeat the cycle for eight to 12 minutes. Eat protein and do weight training. Your metabolism increases whenever you eat, digest, and store food, a process called thermic effect of food.
Protein has a higher thermic effect compared with fats and carbohydrates because it takes longer for your body to burn protein and absorb it. It's not clear how much of an effect protein has on metabolism, but studies suggest the best approach is to combine adequate protein intake with weight training, which increases muscle mass — and that also can boost metabolism.
Drink green tea. Studies have found green tea contains a compound called epigallocatechin gallate, which may increase the calories and fat you burn. A meta-analysis published in Obesity Reviews found that consuming about milligrams of epigallocatechin gallate the amount in about three cups of green tea helped boost metabolism enough to burn an average of extra calories a day.
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: BMR and long-term health benefits| Introduction | Examples of practices that lower BMR include calorie restriction and limiting protein intake. However, many practices that raise BMR such as building more muscle through resistance training are very clearly a net benefit to longevity, at least up to a point. More investigation is needed to understand the mechanisms of BMR and its true impact on human lifespan. Sign up for our newletter and get the latest breakthroughs direct to your inbox. At Gowing Life we analyze the latest breakthroughs in aging and longevity, with the sole aim to help you make the best decisions to maximise your healthy lifespan. Longevity Infectious Diseases Gene Therapy Rejuvenation Stem Cells Dementia Cancer View All. Receive our unique vitiligo formula, completely FREE of charge! Back to Vitiligo. Longevity Longevity Briefs: Run Cooler, Live Longer? Posted on 6 June Or you can do both. You can't easily control the speed of your basal metabolic rate, but you can control how many calories you burn through physical activity. The more active you are, the more calories you burn. In fact, some people who seem to have a fast metabolism are probably just more active — and maybe fidget more — than others. Aerobic activity. As a general goal, aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate physical activity every day. If you want to lose weight, maintain weight loss or meet specific fitness goals, you may need to exercise more. Moderate aerobic exercise includes activities such as brisk walking, biking, swimming and mowing the lawn. Vigorous aerobic exercise includes activities such as running, heavy yardwork and aerobic dancing. Don't look to dietary supplements for help in burning calories or losing weight. Products that claim to speed up metabolism usually don't live up to their claims. Some may cause bad side effects. The U. Food and Drug Administration doesn't ask for proof that dietary supplements are safe or that they work. Question the claims that are made. Always let your health care providers know about supplements you take. There's no easy way to lose weight. To take in fewer calories than you burn, the Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends cutting to calories a day to lose 1 to 1. Add more physical activity to get to your weight-loss goals faster and maintain your weight loss. A health care provider, such as a doctor or registered dietitian, can help you explore ways to lose weight. There is a problem with information submitted for this request. Sign up for free and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips, current health topics, and expertise on managing health. Click here for an email preview. Error Email field is required. Error Include a valid email address. To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, and understand which information is beneficial, we may combine your email and website usage information with other information we have about you. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, this could include protected health information. If we combine this information with your protected health information, we will treat all of that information as protected health information and will only use or disclose that information as set forth in our notice of privacy practices. You may opt-out of email communications at any time by clicking on the unsubscribe link in the e-mail. You'll soon start receiving the latest Mayo Clinic health information you requested in your inbox. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic Press. This content does not have an English version. This content does not have an Arabic version. Appointments at Mayo Clinic Mayo Clinic offers appointments in Arizona, Florida and Minnesota and at Mayo Clinic Health System locations. Request Appointment. Healthy Lifestyle Weight loss. Sections Basics Weight-loss basics Diet plans The Mayo Clinic Diet Diet and exercise Diet pills, supplements and surgery In-Depth Expert Answers Multimedia Resources News From Mayo Clinic What's New. Products and services. Metabolism and weight loss: How you burn calories Find out how metabolism affects weight, the truth behind slow metabolism and how to burn more calories. By Mayo Clinic Staff. Thank you for subscribing! From the Departments of Psychiatry Dr Wadden, Mr Foster, and Ms Letizia and Surgery Dr Mullen , University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia. There is growing concern that dieting may adversely affect the metabolic rate and exacerbate efforts to control weight. In this study we measured the resting metabolic rate nine times over 48 weeks in 18 obese women All patients increased their physical activity, primarily by walking. During the first 5 weeks, the fall in metabolic rate was more than double the relative reduction in weight. By contrast, at week 48, the metabolic rate of patients in the two conditions was reduced by 9. Thus, neither dietary regimen, combined with modest physical activity, was associated with long-term reductions in resting metabolic rate that exceeded decreases anticipated with the achievement of a lower body weight. Wadden TA , Foster GD , Letizia KA , Mullen JL. Long-term Effects of Dieting on Resting Metabolic Rate in Obese Outpatients. Artificial Intelligence Resource Center. Featured Clinical Reviews Screening for Atrial Fibrillation: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement JAMA. X Facebook LinkedIn. |
| Checkout the Gowing Life Store | During weight loss and maintenance, cellular metabolic helath such as glycolysis and healtth acid oxidation Lont-term lowered. Metabolism and weight loss has BMR and long-term health benefits sourcing guidelines long-trm relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research beneflts, and medical associations. Metabolite concentrations are modulated depending upon the amount of weight lost. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Because the gas exchange in this reaction is equal, the respiratory quotient R. What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Wikidata item. |
| Main Content | Research generally shows that species with shorter lifespans have higher resting metabolic rates. Metabolic adaptation to caloric restriction and subsequent refeeding: the Minnesota Starvation Experiment revisited. Methods We conducted an MR study of the association of BMR with parental attained age as the primary outcome using a two-sample MR approach by applying genetic predictors of the exposure to GWASs of outcomes with summary statistics. Because the testing conditions of measuring the RMR are less stringent than those required to measure the BMR, the RMR may be slightly less accurate than the BMR. Affiliations 1 College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University. |
| Longevity Briefs: Run Cooler, Live Longer? | Studies BMR and long-term health benefits it does burn fat in rats. Article CAS BM PubMed Central Google Scholar Zhao, Q. Review of bejefits evidence and BMR and long-term health benefits recommendations on the effects of low-carbohydrate and very-low-carbohydrate including ketogenic diets for the management of body weight and other cardiometabolic risk factors: A scientific statement from the National Lipid Association Nutrition and Lifestyle Task Force. BMR vs. Some people seem to lose weight more quickly and more easily than others. |
| Latest news | Here are…. Targeting heart rate zones as you exercise is one way to maximize the benefits you get from your workouts. Learn about your different heart rate zones…. There are several causes of numbness in your toes and feet when you run, ranging from poor-fitting shoes to health conditions like diabetes. For people who run or do other aerobic exercises on a regular basis, starting up a low heart rate training program may be frustrating at first. The average 5K time depends on a few factors, including age, sex, and fitness level. But, you can expect to finish a 5K in roughly 30 to 40 minutes. Thinking about using an AI tool like ChatGPT to help you get in shape? Here are the pros and cons health experts say you should consider. We're testing the Lululemon product for you and weighing in on whether the trend has past or if it's still worth the hype. A Quiz for Teens Are You a Workaholic? How Well Do You Sleep? Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. Get Motivated Cardio Strength Training Yoga Rest and Recover Holistic Fitness Exercise Library Fitness News Your Fitness Toolkit. What Is Metabolic Age? Medically reviewed by Shilpa Amin, M. Metabolic age and health Vs. chronological age BMR Calculation Improving metabolic age Bottom line You may hear about metabolic age and what it means for your health. What does your metabolic age tell you about your health? How is your metabolic age different from your chronological age? Understanding basal metabolic rate BMR. How metabolic age is calculated. The bottom line. How we reviewed this article: Sources. Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. We avoid using tertiary references. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy. Share this article. Read this next. What Is Basal Metabolic Rate? You can use… READ MORE. Studies have found green tea contains a compound called epigallocatechin gallate, which may increase the calories and fat you burn. A meta-analysis published in Obesity Reviews found that consuming about milligrams of epigallocatechin gallate the amount in about three cups of green tea helped boost metabolism enough to burn an average of extra calories a day. As a service to our readers, Harvard Health Publishing provides access to our library of archived content. Please note the date of last review or update on all articles. No content on this site, regardless of date, should ever be used as a substitute for direct medical advice from your doctor or other qualified clinician. Thanks for visiting. Don't miss your FREE gift. The Best Diets for Cognitive Fitness , is yours absolutely FREE when you sign up to receive Health Alerts from Harvard Medical School. Sign up to get tips for living a healthy lifestyle, with ways to fight inflammation and improve cognitive health , plus the latest advances in preventative medicine, diet and exercise , pain relief, blood pressure and cholesterol management, and more. Get helpful tips and guidance for everything from fighting inflammation to finding the best diets for weight loss from exercises to build a stronger core to advice on treating cataracts. PLUS, the latest news on medical advances and breakthroughs from Harvard Medical School experts. Sign up now and get a FREE copy of the Best Diets for Cognitive Fitness. Stay on top of latest health news from Harvard Medical School. Recent Blog Articles. Flowers, chocolates, organ donation — are you in? What is a tongue-tie? What parents need to know. Which migraine medications are most helpful? How well do you score on brain health? Shining light on night blindness. Sensitivity analyses gave directionally similar results. MR-Egger intercept tests did not suggest the presence of directional pleiotropy. I 2 GX ranged from 0. BMR was not associated with survival to the 99th or 90th percentile of ages using IVW with multiplicative random effects in both men odds ratio for 99th percentile of age per unit increase in effect size of genetically predicted BMR, 0. Sensitivity analyses gave similar results. Using MR and outcomes that obviate survival bias, we have shown that genetically higher BMR was associated with reduced parental attained age. Validation using survival to old age also showed directionally similar results. Our results are consistent with observational studies in younger individuals that reported a higher BMR being positively associated mortality 8 , 9 and some theories of ageing From the perspective of disease etiology, cancer and cardiovascular diseases are two leading causes of death worldwide 23 , 24 and contribute substantially to years of life lost 24 , In an MR study, BMR was shown to increase the risk of cancer 26 , which supports our findings. Excessive harmful reactive oxygen species produced at a higher rate of metabolism that cannot be compensated by timely cell repair are thought to be the underlying mechanism The role of BMR in the development of cardiovascular diseases is not well studied. However, in observational studies BMR is reported to be positively associated with systolic blood pressure 28 , 29 , an established risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, although causality between BMR and systolic blood pressure could not be ascertained. Some anti-obesity drugs that act via raising BMR, e. Postulated mechanisms linking higher BMR and systolic blood pressure include increased cardiac output 28 and excessive production of reactive oxygen species We found an inverse association of BMR with parental attained age in both men and women with a stronger association in women than men. Investigation of the downstream effects of BMR may gain more insight. A sex-specific effect may have clinical implications because muscle mass, a readily modifiable component that contributes substantially to BMR 32 , differs by sex At the same body mass index, men have more muscle mass and less fat mass than women. Whether the disadvantage at the starting line in men of having more muscle mass could be compensated by the weaker effect of BMR on lifespan compared to women throughout their life is unclear. BMR is a possible target of intervention for lifespan in several ways. For lifestyle aspects, resistance training has been suggested as increasing BMR 33 , possibly through building muscle mass Caloric restriction reduces BMR 35 and appears to promote longer lifespan 36 , as also in line with the viewpoint of tradeoff between growth, reproduction, and longevity in evolutionary biology 37 , In animal studies, it has recently been suggested that metabolism may interact with life history traits, specifically growth and reproduction, to act as a constraint on maximizing fitness, i. During these processes, a higher metabolic rate was observed to be associated with reduced longevity. Protein intake is reported to raise insulin-like growth factor 1 40 , a hormone responsible for growth, which also increases BMR For therapies that alter hormonal levels, exogenous testosterone has been shown to increase BMR, largely through building muscle mass Raising thyroid hormones also leads to an increase in BMR Climate change towards global warming may have an impact on BMR. Prolonged heat exposure may impair thermoregulation, a process to maintain normal core temperature of the body by increasing BMR at low ambient temperature and vice versa 44 , thus causing a rise in core temperature 45 , BMR increases with core temperature 47 , although protein damage can occur and eventually inhibits BMR The validity of an MR study relies on a few key assumptions. First, it requires GVs to be strongly associated with the exposure. The I 2 GX value for MR-Egger was approximately 0. Second, it requires GVs not to be associated with the confounders of the GV-outcome association. Although it was not possible for us to perform an exhaustive check on all potential confounders, we assessed the association of GVs with five key potential confounders related to lifestyle and socioeconomic position in the UK Biobank and excluded relevant GVs in sensitivity analysis. The results were largely consistent. Third, it requires GVs to affect the outcome only via the exposure of interest, which can be violated in different ways. A GV can exhibit horizontal pleiotropy, i. To address this issue, we conducted sensitivity analysis using different MR methods, including the weighted median, MR-Egger, and MR Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier MR-PRESSO , which gave directionally similar results. MR-Egger intercept tests also did not suggest the presence of directional horizontal pleiotropy. Besides, selection bias in MR can distort associations if the GV GV predicting BMR or the exposure itself BMR affects survival, which precludes subjects from being recruited into the underlying genome-wide association studies GWASs This is an inherent problem of MR studies because of the time lag between randomization and recruitment into the study Selection bias in MR can also occur when a competing risk that shares common causes with the outcome of interest also affects survival However, our MR analysis benefits from using parental attained age as an outcome, which is not subject to such concerns. This study has certain limitations. First, data on BMR was derived from impedance measurement using a body composition analyzer instead of being measured using the gold standard, indirect calorimetry. However, good estimation may be achieved by including body composition in the prediction formula Second, weak instrument bias may be present, which generally biases MR estimates towards the null in two-sample MR, provided that there is no sample overlap In our study, both the exposure and primary outcome used participants from the UK Biobank. However, the use of IVW and weighted median methods in two-sample MR using single sample are considered acceptable for large-sample studies MR Robust Adjusted Profile Score MR-RAPS complemented the results under possible weak instrument bias. In contrast, the MR-Egger estimate should be interpreted with caution in view of the insufficiently large I 2 GX value 53 , with a maximum of 0. However, most MR-Egger estimates were directionally similar to the IVW one. Third, we assumed a linear association between BMR and parental attained age. With summary-level data only, we were unable to verify this assumption. Fourth, population stratification can introduce genetic confounding. However, the underlying GWASs we used restricted analysis only to individuals of European descent. Besides, they were also adjusted for principal components for ancestry. Fifth, the MR estimates in our study represent only the lifelong effect of BMR on parental attained age. Whether short-term interventions on BMR could produce similar effects requires further investigation. Sixth, our findings may not be generalized to populations other than those of European descent. However, causes should be consistent across populations though relevancy is an issue 54 , especially because body composition across population varies. Seventh, canalization refers to the developmental compensation arisen from the effect of the GV. However, its existence in our study is unknown. Further, it also biases MR estimates towards the null, which could not explain the observed associations. Eighth, sex-specific GWASs were available for the exposure and primary outcome but not the additional outcome. In conclusion, our results showed that higher BMR might reduce lifespan in a sex-specific manner. This might have a practical implication on recommending the optimal level of physical activity, especially resistance training and muscle mass building as well as dietary patterns, hormonal treatments, and environmental factors that raise BMR. The underlying mechanism by which BMR is related to major causes of death is worth further investigation. We conducted an MR study of the association of BMR with parental attained age as the primary outcome using a two-sample MR approach by applying genetic predictors of the exposure to GWASs of outcomes with summary statistics. As an instrumental variable analysis, MR requires fulfillment of several important assumptions to give valid results. First, the GVs must be strongly associated with the exposure. Second, the GVs must not confound the GV-outcome association. Third, the GVs must be independent of the outcome given the exposure. In particular, given, we used two-sample methods applied in a one-sample study, albeit, in a large study, we checked for validity of the estimates 53 and we additionally used survival to old age as an additional outcome, because the cases does not overlap with source study for the exposure. Genetic predictors of BMR were retrieved from UK Biobank summary statistics provided by Neale Lab This GWAS analyzed attained age for , fathers and , mothers of participants of European descent from the UK Biobank 56 after excluding those who reported themselves as adopted or had premature death of parents defined as a father who died before 46 years old and mother who died before 57 years old. The genetic associations were adjusted for age, sex, assessment centre, and array type. Genetic associations with odds of survival to the 90th and 99th percentile of ages or above compared to the 60th percentile of age or below, where percentiles of age were country-, sex-, and birth cohort-specific, were retrieved from a meta-analysis of GWASs of survival to old age This study contains 11, cases of survival to the 90th percentile of age, 3, cases of survival to the 99th percentile of age, and 25, controls of survival to the 60th percentile of age in people of European descent. The estimates were in log odds ratios of survival. We then obtained the uncorrelated GVs, i. GVs unavailable for the outcome were discarded. We examined whether the GVs for BMR were associated with five key potential confounders of the GVs on outcome related to socioeconomic status and lifestyle attributes, including a measure of deprivation Townsend index phenotype code, , age at completion of full-time education phenotype code, , number of days per week walked for 10 min or more phenotype code, , current smoking phenotype code, , and alcohol intake frequency phenotype code, using summary statistics from the UK Biobank provided by the Neale Lab 55 , at Bonferroni-corrected significance, i. We harmonized the effect allele of a GV for exposure and outcome based on the allele letters in general. The Neale Lab reported the reference alleles on the forward strand Pilling et al. and Deelen et al. did not report the strand orientation but provided the effect allele frequency 57 , GV-specific Wald estimates were calculated as the ratio of the effect size of the GV-outcome association to that of the GV-exposure association We computed the F-statistic, which reflects the strength of genetic instrument, for each GV using an approximation, i. The I 2 GX value of MR-Egger reflects the overall strength of the genetic instrument set and a higher value close to unity is more desirable in order to minimize the regression dilution bias arisen from measurement error The MR-PRESSO method adopts the IVW method but detects directional pleiotropy statistically and corrects it by removing outliers The MR-RAPS method assumes balanced pleiotropy and that the pleiotropic effects are normally distributed It also takes into account measurement error for the exposure that can lead to weak instrument bias. We repeated all analyses by removing GVs associated with potential confounders at Bonferroni-corrected significance as additional sensitivity analysis. To visualize the results for the primary outcome, we additionally presented the MR estimates by converting the rank-normalized Martingale residuals into years of life lost using an established approximation, i. To obtain the overall associations, we also meta-analyzed the sex-specific estimates of years of life lost. Any sex difference in years of life lost was assessed using a z-test Post hoc power calculations were performed using an online calculator 71 , which is based on the approximation that the sample size for an MR study is the sample size for exposure on outcome divided by the proportion of variance in exposure explained by the GVs All GV-specific proportions of variance were summated to give the overall one. All statistical analyses were conducted using R Version 4. We only used publicly available summary-level data in the current study. No original data was collected. Ethical approval including written informed consent from individual participants can be found in the original publications. Bartke, A. Energy metabolism and aging. World J. Mens Health. Article PubMed Google Scholar. Stearns, S. The Evolution of Life Histories. Oxford University Press, Park, D. Korean J. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Tooze, J. et al. Total daily energy expenditure among middle-aged men and women: The OPEN Study. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar. Levine, J. Measurement of energy expenditure. Public Health Nutr. Shetty, P. Energy requirements of adults. Ferro-Luzzi, A. The conceptual framework for estimating food energy requirement. Jumpertz, R. Higher energy expenditure in humans predicts natural mortality. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar. Ruggiero, C. High basal metabolic rate is a risk factor for mortality: The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. A Biol. Han, F. Association between basal metabolic rate and all-cause mortality in a prospective cohort of southern Chinese adults. Front Physiol. Schooling, C. Selection bias in population-representative studies? A commentary on Deaton and Cartwright. Duarte, L. Low resting metabolic rate is associated with greater lifespan because of a confounding effect of body fatness. Age Dordr 36 , MacKenzie-Shalders, K. The effect of exercise interventions on resting metabolic rate: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Sci. The endeavor of high maintenance homeostasis: resting metabolic rate and the legacy of longevity. Huang, K. Resting metabolic rate in severely obese diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. Bitz, C. Increased h energy expenditure in type 2 diabetes. |
BMR and long-term health benefits -
These operations modify the stomach and intestines to treat obesity and comorbid conditions. The operation is intended to constrict the stomach size in addition to bypassing a stretch of the intestine.
This changes food intake and absorption of food resulting in less hunger and a feeling of fullness. Surgical intervention poses a risk factor for the patients; hence assistance for interdisciplinary teams constituting surgeons, nurses, pharmacists are mandatory for assessment, post-operative patient care, monitoring, and follow-up.
Furthermore, better outcomes can be enhanced by counseling and informing the patients about the goals and objectives of the bariatric surgery a priori. All these surgical procedures are usually aggressive, and hence reversal is not easy. Reversal may usually result in complications and risks.
After a sleeve gastrectomy, the procedure can never be reversed. Excessive and unhealthy weight gain generally progresses through inducing and driving factors that perturb the metabolism and vary among individuals.
Long-term management of overweight conditions and maintenance of lost weight requires ongoing clinical attention. A weight management regime follows a sequential metabolic adaptation towards establishing sustained homeostasis. An interprofessional staff involving physicians, surgeons, nurses, pharmacists, nutritionists, exercise physiologists, and trainers who can determine the underlying causes and devise regimes can provide a holistic and integrated approach towards weight maintenance.
The basic indices that define metabolic derangements as key culprits for weight regain must be evaluated before determining a therapeutic regime. Hence, the essential role of diagnostic laboratory professionals cannot be undermined.
A collaborative effort in decision making and patient counseling are key elements for a good outcome in weight management to prevent recidivism. The interprofessional care of the patient must follow integrated care management combined with an evidence-based method to planning and evaluating all activities.
A thorough understanding of signs and symptoms can lead to implementing a more successful regime and better outcomes. Disclosure: Aisha Farhana declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies. Disclosure: Anis Rehman declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.
This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4. You are not required to obtain permission to distribute this article, provided that you credit the author and journal.
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Author Information and Affiliations Authors Aisha Farhana 1 ; Anis Rehman 2. Affiliations 1 College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University. Continuing Education Activity Obesity and overweight are considered significant health problems and have become a global challenge due to their high prevalence in almost all countries.
Introduction Metabolism is a dedicated network of enzyme and metabolite-derived mechanisms that is a hallmark of life activities. Function Metabolism is a group of processes through which food is converted into energy to help maintain bodily function. BMI below Issues of Concern Weight loss regimes usually depend on dietary modulations and calorie restrictions, exercise, and sometimes drug intervention or surgery.
Clinical Significance Metabolism plays a major role in the maintenance of a healthy weight after weight loss. Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes Weight Loss and Metabolic Consequences Unhealthy weight gain generally occurs through inducing and driving factors that perturb the metabolism, which may vary among individuals.
Review Questions Access free multiple choice questions on this topic. Comment on this article. References 1. Stefan N, Birkenfeld AL, Schulze MB. Global pandemics interconnected - obesity, impaired metabolic health and COVID Nat Rev Endocrinol.
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Antwi F, Fazylova N, Garcon MC, Lopez L, Rubiano R, Slyer JT. JBI Libr Syst Rev. The effect of weight management interventions that include a diet component on weight-related outcomes in pregnant and postpartum women: a systematic review protocol.
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Bariatric surgery: an evidence-based analysis. Medical Advisory Secretariat. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. Excessive harmful reactive oxygen species produced at a higher rate of metabolism that cannot be compensated by timely cell repair are thought to be the underlying mechanism The role of BMR in the development of cardiovascular diseases is not well studied.
However, in observational studies BMR is reported to be positively associated with systolic blood pressure 28 , 29 , an established risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, although causality between BMR and systolic blood pressure could not be ascertained.
Some anti-obesity drugs that act via raising BMR, e. Postulated mechanisms linking higher BMR and systolic blood pressure include increased cardiac output 28 and excessive production of reactive oxygen species We found an inverse association of BMR with parental attained age in both men and women with a stronger association in women than men.
Investigation of the downstream effects of BMR may gain more insight. A sex-specific effect may have clinical implications because muscle mass, a readily modifiable component that contributes substantially to BMR 32 , differs by sex At the same body mass index, men have more muscle mass and less fat mass than women.
Whether the disadvantage at the starting line in men of having more muscle mass could be compensated by the weaker effect of BMR on lifespan compared to women throughout their life is unclear. BMR is a possible target of intervention for lifespan in several ways.
For lifestyle aspects, resistance training has been suggested as increasing BMR 33 , possibly through building muscle mass Caloric restriction reduces BMR 35 and appears to promote longer lifespan 36 , as also in line with the viewpoint of tradeoff between growth, reproduction, and longevity in evolutionary biology 37 , In animal studies, it has recently been suggested that metabolism may interact with life history traits, specifically growth and reproduction, to act as a constraint on maximizing fitness, i.
During these processes, a higher metabolic rate was observed to be associated with reduced longevity. Protein intake is reported to raise insulin-like growth factor 1 40 , a hormone responsible for growth, which also increases BMR For therapies that alter hormonal levels, exogenous testosterone has been shown to increase BMR, largely through building muscle mass Raising thyroid hormones also leads to an increase in BMR Climate change towards global warming may have an impact on BMR.
Prolonged heat exposure may impair thermoregulation, a process to maintain normal core temperature of the body by increasing BMR at low ambient temperature and vice versa 44 , thus causing a rise in core temperature 45 , BMR increases with core temperature 47 , although protein damage can occur and eventually inhibits BMR The validity of an MR study relies on a few key assumptions.
First, it requires GVs to be strongly associated with the exposure. The I 2 GX value for MR-Egger was approximately 0. Second, it requires GVs not to be associated with the confounders of the GV-outcome association.
Although it was not possible for us to perform an exhaustive check on all potential confounders, we assessed the association of GVs with five key potential confounders related to lifestyle and socioeconomic position in the UK Biobank and excluded relevant GVs in sensitivity analysis.
The results were largely consistent. Third, it requires GVs to affect the outcome only via the exposure of interest, which can be violated in different ways. A GV can exhibit horizontal pleiotropy, i.
To address this issue, we conducted sensitivity analysis using different MR methods, including the weighted median, MR-Egger, and MR Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier MR-PRESSO , which gave directionally similar results. MR-Egger intercept tests also did not suggest the presence of directional horizontal pleiotropy.
Besides, selection bias in MR can distort associations if the GV GV predicting BMR or the exposure itself BMR affects survival, which precludes subjects from being recruited into the underlying genome-wide association studies GWASs This is an inherent problem of MR studies because of the time lag between randomization and recruitment into the study Selection bias in MR can also occur when a competing risk that shares common causes with the outcome of interest also affects survival However, our MR analysis benefits from using parental attained age as an outcome, which is not subject to such concerns.
This study has certain limitations. First, data on BMR was derived from impedance measurement using a body composition analyzer instead of being measured using the gold standard, indirect calorimetry. However, good estimation may be achieved by including body composition in the prediction formula Second, weak instrument bias may be present, which generally biases MR estimates towards the null in two-sample MR, provided that there is no sample overlap In our study, both the exposure and primary outcome used participants from the UK Biobank.
However, the use of IVW and weighted median methods in two-sample MR using single sample are considered acceptable for large-sample studies MR Robust Adjusted Profile Score MR-RAPS complemented the results under possible weak instrument bias.
In contrast, the MR-Egger estimate should be interpreted with caution in view of the insufficiently large I 2 GX value 53 , with a maximum of 0. However, most MR-Egger estimates were directionally similar to the IVW one. Third, we assumed a linear association between BMR and parental attained age.
With summary-level data only, we were unable to verify this assumption. Fourth, population stratification can introduce genetic confounding.
However, the underlying GWASs we used restricted analysis only to individuals of European descent. Besides, they were also adjusted for principal components for ancestry.
Fifth, the MR estimates in our study represent only the lifelong effect of BMR on parental attained age.
Whether short-term interventions on BMR could produce similar effects requires further investigation. Sixth, our findings may not be generalized to populations other than those of European descent.
However, causes should be consistent across populations though relevancy is an issue 54 , especially because body composition across population varies. Seventh, canalization refers to the developmental compensation arisen from the effect of the GV. However, its existence in our study is unknown.
Further, it also biases MR estimates towards the null, which could not explain the observed associations.
Eighth, sex-specific GWASs were available for the exposure and primary outcome but not the additional outcome. In conclusion, our results showed that higher BMR might reduce lifespan in a sex-specific manner. This might have a practical implication on recommending the optimal level of physical activity, especially resistance training and muscle mass building as well as dietary patterns, hormonal treatments, and environmental factors that raise BMR.
The underlying mechanism by which BMR is related to major causes of death is worth further investigation. We conducted an MR study of the association of BMR with parental attained age as the primary outcome using a two-sample MR approach by applying genetic predictors of the exposure to GWASs of outcomes with summary statistics.
As an instrumental variable analysis, MR requires fulfillment of several important assumptions to give valid results. First, the GVs must be strongly associated with the exposure. Second, the GVs must not confound the GV-outcome association. Third, the GVs must be independent of the outcome given the exposure.
In particular, given, we used two-sample methods applied in a one-sample study, albeit, in a large study, we checked for validity of the estimates 53 and we additionally used survival to old age as an additional outcome, because the cases does not overlap with source study for the exposure.
Genetic predictors of BMR were retrieved from UK Biobank summary statistics provided by Neale Lab This GWAS analyzed attained age for , fathers and , mothers of participants of European descent from the UK Biobank 56 after excluding those who reported themselves as adopted or had premature death of parents defined as a father who died before 46 years old and mother who died before 57 years old.
The genetic associations were adjusted for age, sex, assessment centre, and array type. Genetic associations with odds of survival to the 90th and 99th percentile of ages or above compared to the 60th percentile of age or below, where percentiles of age were country-, sex-, and birth cohort-specific, were retrieved from a meta-analysis of GWASs of survival to old age This study contains 11, cases of survival to the 90th percentile of age, 3, cases of survival to the 99th percentile of age, and 25, controls of survival to the 60th percentile of age in people of European descent.
The estimates were in log odds ratios of survival. We then obtained the uncorrelated GVs, i. GVs unavailable for the outcome were discarded.
We examined whether the GVs for BMR were associated with five key potential confounders of the GVs on outcome related to socioeconomic status and lifestyle attributes, including a measure of deprivation Townsend index phenotype code, , age at completion of full-time education phenotype code, , number of days per week walked for 10 min or more phenotype code, , current smoking phenotype code, , and alcohol intake frequency phenotype code, using summary statistics from the UK Biobank provided by the Neale Lab 55 , at Bonferroni-corrected significance, i.
We harmonized the effect allele of a GV for exposure and outcome based on the allele letters in general. The Neale Lab reported the reference alleles on the forward strand Pilling et al. and Deelen et al. did not report the strand orientation but provided the effect allele frequency 57 , GV-specific Wald estimates were calculated as the ratio of the effect size of the GV-outcome association to that of the GV-exposure association We computed the F-statistic, which reflects the strength of genetic instrument, for each GV using an approximation, i.
The I 2 GX value of MR-Egger reflects the overall strength of the genetic instrument set and a higher value close to unity is more desirable in order to minimize the regression dilution bias arisen from measurement error The MR-PRESSO method adopts the IVW method but detects directional pleiotropy statistically and corrects it by removing outliers The MR-RAPS method assumes balanced pleiotropy and that the pleiotropic effects are normally distributed It also takes into account measurement error for the exposure that can lead to weak instrument bias.
We repeated all analyses by removing GVs associated with potential confounders at Bonferroni-corrected significance as additional sensitivity analysis. To visualize the results for the primary outcome, we additionally presented the MR estimates by converting the rank-normalized Martingale residuals into years of life lost using an established approximation, i.
To obtain the overall associations, we also meta-analyzed the sex-specific estimates of years of life lost. Any sex difference in years of life lost was assessed using a z-test Post hoc power calculations were performed using an online calculator 71 , which is based on the approximation that the sample size for an MR study is the sample size for exposure on outcome divided by the proportion of variance in exposure explained by the GVs All GV-specific proportions of variance were summated to give the overall one.
All statistical analyses were conducted using R Version 4. We only used publicly available summary-level data in the current study.
No original data was collected. Ethical approval including written informed consent from individual participants can be found in the original publications. Bartke, A. Energy metabolism and aging.
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BMR and long-term health benefits you benefots of the diet-and-exercise approach to losing weight? Do you wish you BMR and long-term health benefits lon-term a pill halth boost your B vitamin supplements and watch the pounds disappear? As Americans grow stouter, the lnog-term for get-thin-quick products lon-gterm. But is there hea,th a pill or food out there that can boost your metabolism? Simply put, your metabolism is all of the chemical processes that convert carbohydrates, proteins, and fats from your food into the energy that your cells need to function. Your metabolic rate is the amount of time it takes your body to process and burn energy, or calories, from the food you eat. According to the Mayo Clinicyour BMR accounts for approximately 70 percent of your daily energy use.
Metabolism refers to BMR and long-term health benefits the chemical BM going on Hypertension and salt intake inside your body that allow xnd and normal functioning maintaining normal functioning in BMR and long-term health benefits body is called homeostasis. These processes long-tfrm those that break down nutrients from our food, and those that build and repair our body. Building and repairing the body requires energy that ultimately comes from your food. The amount of energy, measured in kilojoules kJthat your body burns at any given time is affected by your metabolism. Achieving or maintaining a healthy weight is a balancing act. 
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