Bioelectrical impedance -
For the most accurate results, it is important to be perfectly hydrated. Thus, prior to the testing, you should be informed of a hydration protocol to follow.
This may include avoiding exercise for 4 hours prior to the test, avoiding a meal for hours prior to the test water is ok , avoiding saunas, and abstaining from alcohol for 12 hours prior to the test.
Make sure to ask the clinician who performs your test about the pre-testing requirements. Bioelectrical impedance analysis BIA is a quick and painless way to get a read on your body composition.
It's accuracy is on-par with other practical body composition techniques. If you have the chance to have this test done, I would recommend it! For more information on body fat: Factors That Affect Body Fat Understanding Body Composition and Testing for It.
Body Fat Testing through Bioelectrical Impedance BIA 2 Minutes Read. Joanna Kriehn, MS, RDN, CDCES - Registered Dietitian Nutritionist and Certified Diabetes Care and Education Specialist CDCES. Feb 26, Read this next. Lose fat, not muscle, by following these dietitian-backed tips for healthy weight loss.
What does a DEXA scan show you, and can it estimate body fat accurately? Body Fat Testing Through Underwater Weighing. Factors That Affect Body Fat. How to test your body composition. The BIA device then takes into account other variables, such as your height, gender, and weight to calculate your total body fat percentage.
A BIA measures several key objective markers of health also known as biomarkers , including:. When the values of these biomarkers fall within specific target ranges, they can indicate a high level of wellness and low risk for many chronic diseases.
When they fall outside their optimal ranges, we can use that information to modify your diet, exercise, and lifestyle habits. It can also indicate your need for targeted strategies, such as systemic detoxing, enhancing nutrient absorption, or increasing mineral reserves.
A BIA is the start of your journey to optimal health. By routinely examining these biomarkers, we can identify areas of your health that need improvement long before any chronic issues develop.
Ready to come in for your BIA appointment? There are just a few guidelines to follow before your test:. As a clinic that specializes in Personalized Systems Medicine, MaxWell Clinic understands the impact body composition has on your health.
BIA is also one of the many extensive diagnostic tests included in our comprehensive MaxWell Care plan. MaxWell Care is a 3- or month program designed to uncover the root cause of your symptoms and help restore true health and vitality to your life. Schedule a free call with our New Patient Coordinator here.
We look forward to joining you on the journey to good health. This blog provides general information and discussions about health and related subjects. The information and other content provided in this blog, website or in any linked materials are not intended and should not be considered, or used as a substitute for, medical advice, diagnosis or treatment.
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If you are experiencing a medical emergency, please call or call for emergency medical help on the nearest telephone immediately. What is Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis? This principle serves as the foundation for BIA.
More Than A Fat Measurement Tool BIA is much more than a superficial tool to measure fat. How Does Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Work? What Measurements Does Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Provide? A BIA measures several key objective markers of health also known as biomarkers , including: Phase angle : An indicator of cellular health independent of weight.
Phase angle values vary depending on your age and gender. Resistance : Resistance is the effect on an electrical current caused by different components in your body.
A high resistance value indicates low amounts of fat-free body mass. A low resistance is consistent with high amounts of fat-free body mass.
A high value means healthy cells. This includes bone and muscle tissue. BCM includes the water inside living cells.
Intracellular water ICW : The water volume of the body cell mass. Increases in intracellular water can indicate better health. Extracellular water ECW : The volume of water outside of the body cell mass. High levels of extracellular water can mean inflammation, infection, or mineral imbalance.
Fat mass : The amount of fat in your body. Extracellular mass ECM : ECM consists of all the metabolically inactive parts of your body, which includes your bone and blood plasma. It also includes the water outside living cells. Lean body mass LBM : Your total body weight minus your fat mass.
How Can You Prepare for a Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis? There are just a few guidelines to follow before your test: The day before your BIA : Ensure normal hydration by drinking 8 ounces of water every 2 hours. Do not engage in intense exercise or any lifestyle practices that can promote dehydration.
Avoid alcohol for 24 hours prior to the test. Minimize caffeine-containing beverages like sodas and coffee for at least 4 hours prior to your visit, though a maximum of 24 hours is preferred.
Use a BIA Scale bioelectrical impedance Lifestyle weight loss Fitness and Weight Impedace Goals. Anisha Shah, Low sodium seasoning alternatives, is bioelwctrical board-certified impevance, interventional cardiologist, and fellow of the American College of Cardiology. Adah is an bioelectrical impedance therapist, working in impedancee area of pediatrics with elementary students with special needs in the schools. Her work as an occupational therapist includes: home health, acute care, chronic care, seating and positioning, outpatient rehab, and skilled nursing rehab. Bioelectrical impedance analysis BIA measures body composition based on the rate at which an electrical current travels through the body. Body fat adipose tissue causes greater resistance impedance than lean mass and slows the rate at which the current travels. BIA scales estimate body fat percentage using bioelectrical impedance analysis.Bioelectrical impedance -
Having said that, the development of an equation for athletic populations that are validated against the gold-standard four-compartment model may improve the validity of the measure.
First commercially available in the mids [1], Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis BIA is an inexpensive and portable piece of body composition testing equipment. Although BIA was primarily used to determine changes in dialysis patients [2], it is a method now used to determine body composition across a range of populations, including athletes [2, 3], obese individuals [4, 5], and the general population [3].
BIA determines body composition by running small electrical currents through the body. As the electrical conductivity is different between various bodily tissues e. due to their variation in water content, the small electrical current passes through the tissues at different speeds.
Armed with that information, the machine is able to calculate the impedance i. The principle of BIA is that the different tissues in the body will act as conductors, semiconductors, or dielectrics insulators. Lean tissues are highly-conductive, as they contain large quantities of water.
In contrast, bone and adipose tissue are dielectric substances and are poor conductors [4]. BIA assumes that the human body is composed of a series of cylinders, uniform in shape, length, cross-sectional area, and with constant conductivity.
Total body water TBW is estimated, and this estimation is used to calculate fat-free mass. Fat mass is then calculated as the difference between fat-free mass and body mass.
Several methods have been used to assess body composition in humans, each with advantages and drawbacks surrounding cost, validity, reliability , and accessibility. It is unclear how many frequencies would be needed for a BIA device to be considered a BIS device, however, the principles behind how the devices work are the same.
Therefore, for this review, BIA will be used to denote all bioelectrical impedance assessments. Hand-held BIA Different types of BIA analysers are available, such as hand-held and leg-to-leg devices.
Hand-held BIA machines assess the conductance of a small alternating current through the upper body and use built-in software to calculate body composition after it has been calibrated with the following variables: weight, height, age, and gender [6].
This method may be of benefit in a field setting, due to its convenience. Leg-to-Leg BIA Similar to hand-held methods, leg-to-leg BIA involves an individual standing on scales with four electrodes situated at each footplate, with a low-level current passed through the lower body.
The path of the electrical current may differ between this method and the hand-held method, and could potentially influence body composition results; though this issue is discussed later in the article.
Hand-to-Foot BIA Hand-to-foot BIA uses electrodes in a mounted footplate, as well as electrodes in hand grips, to determine whole-body measurements. As hand-held and leg-to-leg methods may not account for the resistance of the lower- or upper body, respectively, it is logical to assume that hand-to-foot measurements may better reflect whole-body composition than the alternatives.
Estimates of body composition using BIA are facilitated using empirically validated equations, which consider variables including gender, race, height, weight, and age. Consequently, it is important the correct equation is used for the population measured to ensure that any results are valid.
It is also important to understand the reference assessment method used to validate these equations. For example, many BIA equations are validated against assessment methods such as hydrostatic weighing and Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry DEXA.
From the results of this assessment method, the manufacturer constructs an equation using the individual variables mentioned previously to determine what the body fat would be.
These equations will have an error rate when compared to the hydrostatic weighing method, and thus, this error is multiplied by the original error of the reference method to provide a body composition assessment that may be somewhat distant from the actual values reported using a four-compartment model.
The validity the agreement between the true value and a measurement value of body composition is key to determining the precision of BIA measurement, and its suitability for clinical use. The criterion method for determining body composition is the four-compartment model 1] fat mass, 2] total body water, 3] bone mineral mass, and 4] residual mass , and should be used when assessing the validity of BIA measurements.
BIA has been compared to the four-compartment model in several studies using various populations. Sun et al. It is important to note that this analysis utilised DEXA as the reference method, which may also lead to further error, as eluded to earlier in this review read my article on the use of DEXA scanning for body composition assessment HERE.
The validity of BIA for one-off measures of body composition Despite studies showing promising effects of BIA on body composition , this has not been found in a large body of research. BIA has been shown to underestimate fat mass and overestimate fat-free mass by 1.
This finding is supported by other research on bodybuilders, showing that BIA underestimated fat mass, and overestimated fat-free mass when compared to the four-compartment model [10].
Research conducted by Jebb et al. The authors subsequently developed a novel prediction equation to estimate fat mass from the same Tanita bioimpedance analyser, with the four-compartment method as a reference.
However, later research found that this equation also failed to outperform the Tanita manufacturer equation, and resulted in wide limits of agreement [12]. Potentially of greater concern to practitioners considering the use of BIA to determine body composition in the applied setting, are the individual error rates of BIA, rather than data on group means.
The study mentioned previously on obese subjects [9] reported that in 12 of the 50 participants, BIA underestimated fat mass by 5 kg or more. This is supported by the findings of Van Marken Lichtenbelt et al.
This suggests that BIA may provide data that is not sufficiently accurate for the determination of individual body composition. The validity of using BIA to measure changes over time A further consideration for the use of BIA is the validity of its use in measuring changes in fat mass and fat-free mass over time, as this may indicate the efficacy of a nutritional or training intervention looking to manipulate body composition.
To revisit the study by Ritz et al. Fat mass was underestimated by 1. Individual error rates were greater than at baseline, with BIA underestimating fat mass by 7. A further study on obese populations [13] showed individual disagreement in body fat measurement between BIA and the four-compartment model was high.
Individual measures of body fat ranged from There are a limited amount of comparisons between BIA and the reference four-compartment model in athletic populations.
There is disagreement amongst the limited research available, with only one study suggesting that BIA is suitable for assessing body composition in athletes [15], whereas other research suggests that body fat estimates are much higher in athletes when using the BIA method [16]. The discrepancies between the studies may be due to various issues including differences in methodology, equations, and athletic population.
There are currently no BIA equations for athletes that have been derived from the criterion four-compartment method fat mass, total body water, bone mineral mass, residual mass.
This makes the application of BIA in this population difficult, as athletes are likely to possess substantially different quantities of fat and fat-free mass when compared to the general population or diseased populations that current equations are based on.
The reliability of BIA The reliability of BIA the reproducibility of the observed value when the measurement is repeated is also important to determine single-measurement precision, as well as the ability to track changes over time.
A plethora of research has indicated the importance — and potentially the inability — of standardising BIA measures to sufficiently account for various confounders. The mean coefficient of variation for within-day, intra-individual measurements, has ranged from 0.
Standard measurement conditions may vary depending on the machine type e. hand-to-hand, leg-to-leg, supine vs. standing, etc. Other factors which may impact the BIA measurement and should therefore also be standardised are [16]:.
The standardisation of hydration status is clearly of importance for BIA, as the method is reliant on estimations of total body water to ascertain fat-free mass. For female athletes, difference in hydration status during menses may significantly alter impedance [17] and should be a consideration when assessing female athletes with BIA.
Saunders et al. hyperhydrated or hypohydrated , indicating that even small changes in fluid balance that occur with endurance training may be interpreted as a change in body fat content. In addition, eating and strenuous exercise hours prior to assessment have also previously been shown to decrease impedance; ultimately affecting the accuracy of the measurement [19].
The need to standardise eating, exercise, and both acute and chronic hydration changes are clearly important to provide valid body composition estimations. As mentioned previously, there are several issues with BIA measurement that may limit its use in an applied setting. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar.
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Are ethnic and gender specific equations needed to derive fat free mass from bioelectrical impedance in children of South asian, black african-Caribbean and white European origin?
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In , AURA Devices brought the fitness tracker AURA Band with built-in BIA. In BIA became available for Apple Watch users with the accessory AURA Strap with built-in sensors. The impedance of cellular tissue can be modeled as a resistor representing the extracellular path in parallel with a resistor and capacitor in series representing the intracellular path, the resistance that of intracellular fluid and the capacitor the cell membrane.
This results in a change in impedance versus the frequency used in the measurement. Whole body impedance measurement is generally measured from the wrist to the ipsilateral ankle and uses either two rarely or four overwhelmingly electrodes. In the 2-electrode bipolar configuration a small current on the order of μA is passed between two electrodes, and the voltage is measured between the same whereas in the tetrapolar arrangement resistance is measured between as separate pair of proximally located electrodes.
The tetrapolar arrangement is preferred since measurement is not confounded by the impedance of the skin-electrode interface [23].
In bioelectrical impedance analysis in humans, an estimate of the phase angle can be obtained and is based on changes in resistance and reactance as alternating current passes through tissues, which causes a phase shift.
A phase angle therefore exists for all frequencies of measurement although conventionally in BIA it is phase angle at a measurement frequency of 50 kHz that is considered. The measured phase angle therefore depends on several biological factors.
Phase angle is greater in men than women, and decreases with increasing age. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Wikidata item.
Download as PDF Printable version. Method for estimating body composition. Clinical Nutrition. doi : PMID S2CID Journal of Investigative Medicine. PMC Retrieved 14 February Retrieved 11 January Journal of Applied Physiology. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. percentage of body fat varied by 8.
Nutrition Journal. Nutrition in Clinical Practice. In general, bioelectrical impedance technology may be acceptable for determining body composition of groups and for monitoring changes in body composition within individuals over time.
Use of the technology to make single measurements in individual patients, however, is not recommended. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging. ISSN X.
Impeance impedance bioelectriccal BIA is a frequently used method for estimating body bioelectrical impedance based on a 2-component model 2C. Impfdance comprises both resistance and reactance:. The bioelectrical impedance electrical current is passed through the body from conductive surfaces or electrodes. Conductivity is higher through fat free mass which includes muscle, bone and water than through fat mass which contains very little water. Different body components have varying levels of impedance in response to different frequencies of the electrical current. Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Impednace can estimate bioellectrical composition e. fat mass and fat-free mass via BCAAs for athletes small bioelectrical impedance current. By Charlie Beestone Last updated: September 25th, 16 min read. Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis BIA is able to make an estimation of body composition e. quantities of fat mass and fat-free mass by running a small electrical current through the body.
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