Creatine and cardiovascular health -
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Download references. Annamaria Del Franco, Fabio A. Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy. Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council CNR , Pisa, Italy.
Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Calambrone, PI, Italy. Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy.
Andrea Barison, Yu F. Cardiomyopathy Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy. Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University and Civil Hospital, Brescia, Italy. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar.
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Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Download PDF. Abstract Impaired cardiac energy metabolism has been proposed as a mechanism common to different heart failure aetiologies. The Myocardial Creatine Kinase System in the Normal, Ischaemic and Failing Heart Chapter © The Failing Heart: Is It an Inefficient Engine or an Engine Out of Fuel?
Chapter © Metabolic remodelling in heart failure Article 18 June Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. Biochemistry of creatine Creatine Cr is a guanidino compound that plays a vital role in the energy metabolism of cells.
Full size image. Physiology of creatine and phosphocreatine in cardiomyocytes Chemical energy in the form of ATP is produced from multiple substrates principally long-chain fatty acids, lactate, and glucose , predominantly in the mitochondria via oxidative phosphorylation.
Assessment of cardiac creatine metabolism Magnetic resonance spectroscopy MRS is the only technique capable to non-invasively measure the ratios and concentrations of endogenous cardiac high-energy phosphate metabolites and CK flux in human hearts.
Creatine deficiency in heart failure According to the energy starvation hypothesis, altered myocardial metabolism anticipates and sustains contractile dysfunction [ 23 ]. Exercise training and creatine kinase system Training increases exercise capacity, quality of life, and reduces morbidity and mortality in HF by improving endothelial function and coronary perfusion, decreasing peripheral resistance and ventricular remodelling, as well as neuro-endocrine and pro-inflammatory activation [ 43 ].
Pharmacological approaches to improve cardiac metabolism in heart failure Neurohormonal antagonists are the cornerstone of pharmacological therapy of HF.
Table 1 Clinical studies on supplementation of creatine Cr or phosphocreatine PCr in patients with acute or chronic heart failure HF. NYHA, New York Heart Association; RCT, randomized clinical trial. References provided in Supplemental Material Full size table.
Conclusions As a component of the energy buffer system, Cr is involved in cardiac metabolism to transfer energy from site of production to site of utilization. Central illustration Failing heart shows a decreased creatine Cr content and creatine kinase CK activity, as well as a reduced expression of Cr transporter.
Data availability Not applicable. Code availability Not applicable. Abbreviations ADP: Adenosine diphosphate ATP: Adenosine triphosphate AGAT: L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase Cr: Creatine CK: Creatine kinase CrT: Creatine transporter GA: Guanidinoacetate GAMT: S-adenosyl-L-methionine:guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase HF: Heart failure MRS: Magnetic resonance spectroscopy PCr: Phosphocreatine.
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Creatine is an amino acid compound found in muscle cells where it aids in the regeneration of ATP, or energy production. Creatine monohydrate the most popular and researched form is a creatine molecule with one additional water molecule which helps your cells absorb and retain water for hydration.
To put it simply, creatine is an energy source for muscle cells and helps in performance and recovery. Creatine monohydrate supplementation safely increases the stores of the compound in muscle cells to the maximum amount.
How much should I take?. A study done in used 16 clinical trials from over a decade to conclude that in participants, creatine supplementation undoubtedly out-performed placebo in muscle growth and strength. There are also new studies being conducted to show that creatine might be an essential part of healthy heart function.
Another study theorized that because failing hearts typically show a decrease in creatine transportation, it could be beneficial to supplement. Even though the findings were not conclusive, they were deemed to be encouraging and warrant future research.
How much should I take? Most research has been conducted using an average of grams per day, this is a safe amount. Keep in mind that a small percentage of the population actually produces creatine to the maximum extent — these people will see little to no benefit from supplementation.
Is it possible to take too much creatine? Creatine is a phosphate donor, existence of which is essential for an adequate level of intracellular adenosine triphosphate ATP Different studies reported that serum levels of creatine phosphate are reduced during cardiac failure and the proportion of creatine to ATP is a better predictive factor for left ventricular ejection fraction Although, several review studies have reported the beneficial effects of creatine monohydrate in CHF patients; however, the associated mechanisms are still unknown For example, Witte and Clark investigated the effects of q10 coenzyme and creatine monohydrate on respiratory criteria and physical functions of respiratory system among CHF patients and reported that the intervention group had a better oxygen saturation rate than the control group and also patients receiving these complements had significantly better physical activities compared to the control group These results were in accordance with the findings of the current study.
The same results were also reported by Allard and others who also reported an increase in the peak VO 2 , anaerobic threshold and O 2 pulse in addition to aforesaid conditions among HF patients Most studies have reported the beneficial effects of exercise on inflammatory process and endothelial dysfunction among patients with cardiovascular diseases.
For example an in vitro study on rats reported that the endothelium dependent vasorelaxation to acetylcholine was reduced significantly in diabetic animals and exercise training or grape seed extract administration partially improves this response. Also, the combination of exercise training with grape seed extract restored the endothelial function completely The results of this study could indicate the beneficial effects of exercise and anti-oxidant compounds on the chronic diseases related to endothelial dysfunction such as cardio vascular diseases.
Some other studies have also reported the anti-oxidant properties 34 , improvement of endothelial dysfunction 35 and anti-inflammatory effects 36 of exercise, alone, among patients with heart failure. A review study by Babista and co-workers reported that exercise and physical activities could improve chronic inflammation, inhibit the pre-inflammatory cytokine generation and reduce the oxidative stress among HF patients Linke and others showed that exercise could reduce the oxidative stress in skeletal muscles of patients with HF, via increasing the activities of scavenger enzymes Also, Fu and colleagues reported that regular walking improves the pulse rates of CHF patients considerably in comparison with control patients.
They also reported that walking could decrease homocystein, improve the lifestyle and endothelial function among intervention group patients of HF compared to control group These results were in accordance with the findings of our study. A study performed by Erbs and others on CHF patients reported that 12 weeks exercise resulted in improvement of the vasomotor function of peripheral vessels, improvement of left ventricular function and ejection fraction, revival of neovascularisation for skeletal muscles and endothelial function There were no studies in the literature to show the effects of creatine monohydrate on the inflammatory characteristics or endothelial dysfunction in HF patients and most studies have shown the effects of this complement on the contraction of cardiac muscles or on the ergogenic properties of creatine 18 , 38 , All these beneficial effects have been associated with only regular exercise among HF patients and mostly were in accordance with our findings.
In addition to regular exercise we investigated a combination of this physical activity and application of an essential micronutrient among HF patients. This is the first study to investigate the effects of this combination among HF patients and this pilot study revealed an effective role of this combination for HF patients among the interventional group compared to control group.
One of the limitations of the current study was the lack of evaluation of participants for left ventricular function and ejection fraction via echocardiography. According to the findings of this study, combination of creatine monohydrate and regular exercise can improve the inflammatory process and endothelial function of patients with chronic heart failure.
Therefore, this method can be suggested as a nondrug treatment for control of destructive effects, created by inflammatory process and endothelial dysfunction, among CHF patients. Soukoulis V, Dihu JB, Sole M, Anker SD, Cleland J, Fonarow GC, et al.
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Gordon A, Hultman E, Kaijser L, Kristjansson S, Rolf CJ, Nyquist O, et al.
Carviovascular then, creatine has had both good and bad Creatie. There Endurance nutrition for athletes those who have sought to ban it as an cariovascular performance enhancing substance, while many have been proponents Creatine and cardiovascular health it as a cardiovazcular and Creatine and cardiovascular health product for athletes. But, who is right? Is creatine safe or should athletes use caution? Moreover, for the purpose of this article, what is its effect on the heart, if any? Creatine is a combination of the three amino acids, glycine, arginine, and methionine, and is produced by our own bodies. This same process that occurs in our bodies to produce creatine also happens inside animals we eat, such as herring, salmon, tuna, and beef. how cardiovascupar cite: Speed optimization consultancy F, Creatine and cardiovascular health Creatin, Asadollahi K, Cardiovsscular K, Creatine and cardiovascular health Cretaine. Effects of Complementary Carsiovascular Creatine and cardiovascular health cardiovscular Physical Training on Inflammatory and Endothelial Dysfunction Markers Among Heart Failure Patients. Asian J Sports Med. Heart Failure Creatine Monohydrate Exercise Inflammatory Markers Endothelial Dysfunction. Heart failure HF is one of the main health problems among all societies; the prevalence of which increases along with age 1 and due to aging population 23. In addition to higher mortality rate, higher costs of HF associated with recurrent hospitalization accompanied with disability 4lower exercise tolerance 5 and lower health related quality of life HRQL are among CHF outcomes 6 - 8.
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