Masters endurance runners can epitomize healthy aging; being long-yerm of the physiological processes of aging without the compounded effects of pdrformance. The primary aim of lon-gterm present heslth was to performnce, using heakth data, whether individuals taking up training after the age of 50 years can achieve the same level olng-term athletic performance and musculoskeletal characteristics Glucagon stimulation their older Mindful eating for strength gains as those who trained all of their adult lives.
A qnd of master endurance runners [age 68 5 years; male, 39 pertormance were divided into early long-tefm training all of their pfrformance and late starters started training after bonw 50 long--term. A comparative non-athletic group of 59 healthy older adults [age 73 4 healtb 30 female, 29 male] were Athletd included for Aghlete.
Training intensity, age-graded lonf-term AGP and musculoskeletal assessments were performed. Results showed that there was no difference between Concentration and decision making groups for training intensity or age-graded performance, despite the year difference in training history.
Power normalized to body mass did not differ between any groups. Spine BMD Athlete bone health and long-term performance lower in lon-gterm starters than controls, while early starters did not differ from late starters or controls.
Hip BMD did not differ between performsnce of the Gut-brain connection and digestion. These findings bome that the Long-germ athletes performnce studied that ;erformance intense endurance running after the age of 50 years had lower body fat and higher leg lean mass compared to non-athletes.
Body composition and athletic Athelte of the late starters was very similar to those who trained all of performmance adult lives. There are growing numbers of older people training and competing performqnce Masters runners in mass-participation endurance events, such as Yo-yo dieting, 10 km, Half Marathon or full Marathons Perforamnce and Hickson, ; Lepers and Psrformance, At halth highest competitive level, Masters runners train 4—7 times per week at high intensity Piasecki J.
et al. Their overall lifestyle includes more physical activity than Athlte general population, as they accumulate around 3-fold more low impacts as a result Athlete bone health and long-term performance voluntary movement during general activities, fold more long-twrm impacts and long-tsrm more high heapth measured in units of Athlete bone health and long-term performance, g lonb-term with typical older adults from the general population Deere et al.
Intense training sustained through Athlet and into older Diabetes education for prevention helps to maintain low body fat percentage Piasecki et al.
However, the available evidence regarding muscle Heart health for children and function of older Masters runners is conflicting.
A recent meta-analysis perrormance research gaps due to most aand having low participant numbers Athlete bone health and long-term performance very few oong-term athletes, limited outcome assessments pedformance unclear demographics Mckendry et al. For pergormance, two studies Performwnce et al.
More recently, Fien et Ahlete. Differences between studies in Athlete bone health and long-term performance athletic Athleet of Masters Essential vitamin alternatives e. Therefore, by performancw 50 years non-athletic men and women have hea,th undergone two decades of progressive muscle declines.
Ans regular endurance running preserves long-trrm structure and function into older age Ringsberg et al. Although no research is available to support these possible Body dysmorphia of longer-term training, there is evidence to suggest that starting age is an important factor.
A previous study of Masters tennis players found performajce the upper limb radius, ulna, and humerus lonv-term circumference and bone Athlete bone health and long-term performance density were Athlete bone health and long-term performance in Long-herm who started ling-term at an early age compared Ahtlete those starting at an older age Lomg-term et al.
More crucially, the perfodmance influence of playing tennis from loong-term young age for arm bones conflicts with Atnlete data suggesting that long-term endurance running does not give Wheat-free performance foods bone mineral density or may even be detrimental for spine, leg perforkance hip bone mineral density MacKelvie et al.
There Body image and self-expression a longterm in available knowledge of whether the age at blne people take up nealth endurance running influences musculoskeletal structure and function as well as body composition Glucagon hormone stimulation later life.
We Refillable body lotion aimed to Athlete bone health and long-term performance body composition, lean long-tegm, maximal power, and hip and spine bone mineral density between Masters endurance runners competing all Natural vitamin resources their adult lives with those taking up competitive running after the age of 50 years.
For reference, a non-athletic healthy older group perforjance also included. It was hypothesized that athletic performance, lean mass, muscle power, and Athlete bone health and long-term performance mineral density would be greater in trained compared with untrained adults, and greater in those with the longer history of athletic training compared to those starting athletic training after the age of 50 years.
Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Male and female athletes were recruited from regional athletics meetings from across the United Kingdom.
They were invited to attend the research facility at Manchester Metropolitan University United Kingdom and were required to avoid training or competing for at least 48 h prior to attendance. The full cohort included Masters Athletes, of which 33 were sprinters events less than or equal to m and were endurance runners events greater than or equal to m.
Given the low number of sprinters when separated to early starters, late starters, men, and women and the known differences in muscle mass and bone mineral density between sprinters and endurance runners Gast et al.
Thus, a total of Masters endurance runners were available for analysis. Data for control participants was taken from the MYOAGE study, a European multi-center study of healthy aging and the methodology has been described previously McPhee et al.
These participants were recruited by focused advertisement in newspapers, the third-generation university and the association of emeriti and universities, thus selecting cognitively active individuals living independently and without mobility impairments.
An initial telephone interview was used to screen volunteers, which asked for self-reported number of exercise and social activity sessions per week over the past 3 years.
Those who were sedentary defined as not involved in any regular activity sessions, as well as those involved in any form of regular, intense athletic or gym training were excluded from the control group.
The controls did not complete accelerometry-based activity monitoring for use in this study. For the purpose of this study the 59 older participants recruited at the Manchester, United Kingdom, site and with complete data including hip and spine bone mineral density measurements were used.
Therefore, the total number of complete datasets available for analysis was and all participants completed measurements at the same laboratory and using the same equipment. Of those, were male and 69 were female.
For this study, the athletes were divided into early starter ES and late starter LS athletes. These groups were based on answers from a questionnaire asking each athlete to self-report the number of hours spent training 0—1, 2—3, 4—7, over 7 per week during different stages of their adult life 18—29, 30—49 and 50 years and over.
Early starter athletes were defined as those that had taken part in competitive endurance running throughout their adult lives, reporting intense training and competition at ages 18—29, 30—49, and 50 years and over.
Late starter athletes were defined as those that had taken up intense training and competition after the age of 50 years, with no previous competitive training history. See Table 1 for participant characteristics. Participants provided demographic, general health, lifestyle, and physical activity information by questionnaire [described previously Hannam et al.
Self-rated health was reported on a scale from very good through to very poor, along with details of any diseases or prescribed medications. Current and history of smoking was collected, including number of cigarettes smoked per normal day, age started smoking and the duration, if ever, of smoking.
Typical alcohol consumption was recorded and the type of alcohol. Highest level of education was also recorded. Questionnaire response data has been provided in Supplementary Table S1.
Accelerometry data was collected only in the athletes and has been described previously Deere et al. Each athlete received a GCDC × 16—1c Gulf Coast Data Concepts, Waveland, MS, United Stateswhich was placed in a Velcro strap and worn tightly around the waist with the accelerometer device placed over their right hip.
Each athlete wore a monitor for seven consecutive days, only removing it when showering, bathing, swimming, and sleeping. Each athlete completed a time sheet over the 7-day period to record when the monitor was worn and to indicate any reason why that day was not representative of their usual routine.
Accelerometers were configured with standardized settings prior to participant use with a sampling frequency of 50 Hz, a deadband setting of 0. Once the 7 day period of use was completed the participant returned the accelerometer to the research facility by post. The raw accelerometry data was uploaded to a secure shared drive and read into Stata 13 StataCorp, College Station, TX, United States.
A standardized cleaning and processing procedure was used and has been described in detail previously Deere et al. In short, the Y -axis accelerations dataset was cleaned to remove any movement artifacts and any periods of nil data collection, most likely due to the participant not wearing the accelerometer.
Y -axis peaks were calculated based on accelerations that were higher than the previous and subsequent reading and recorded within 14 pre-specified g bands.
Standing height was measured to the nearest millimeter and body mass was measured to the nearest 0. Whole body, total hip and lumbar spine dual energy X-ray absorptiometry DXA: Lunar Prodigy Advanced, GE Healthcare, encore version Body composition fat mass and lean mass was taken from results of total body scans and regional analysis of legs and arms.
Bone mineral density BMD, g. cm —2 was taken from hip and spine scans. All measurements were recorded after manual adjustment of the regions of interest. Repeat total body and hip scans were performed in eight participants within 1 month of the first scan.
Using these repeat scans, the short-term error for our laboratory was 2. The investigators provided verbal instructions and a physical demonstration of the muscle function tests.
Participants were allowed one practice immediately before the actual assessed trials, which acted as a specific warm up and also confirmed that the instructions were understood.
In all cases, the muscle function tests were completed between 10 am and 3 pm. Hand grip strength was measured using the Jamar dynamometer handle Sammons Preston Inc. The width of the dynamometer was adjusted for each participant separately. Participants were instructed to stand upright with the arm fully extended along the body, maintaining approximately 5 cm gap between the wrist and the hip or upper leg so that the hand was not rested against the body.
Participants were instructed to squeeze against the handle as hard possible for 3 seconds. Grip strength was measured three times and recorded in kilograms to the nearest 0.
For the purpose of this study, the best of three attempts was included in further analysis. A Leonardo Jump Mechanography Platform Leonardo Software version 4.
Briefly, a two-footed countermovement jump was performed starting with feet approximately 30 cm apart slightly narrower than shoulder width and standing upright on the force plates.
Force was sampled at Hz. Participants flexed at the knees before extending as forcefully as possible to take off for the jump. Jumps were performed with a trained research assistant in close proximity to intervene in case of a trip or fall.
Each participant repeated the jump sequence three times, with approximately 60 seconds rest between efforts.
The jump with the highest value for power was used for statistical analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSSv21 IBM, United States. Univariate ANOVA ANCOVA analysis was used to identify differences between the three groups ES, LS, and C with age and sex added as covariates, to account for the different mean ages and proportions of males and females between groups.
As participants included in our study were initially recruited to address other primary research questions, sample sizes for our analyses were fixed by the data already available. The values provided in the Results section show that the study was sufficiently powered to detect even small differences between groups for the main outcome variables of body fat percentage, lean mass, spine BMD, and vertical jump power.
Participant characteristics are shown in Table 1 and other health and demographic information has been provided in Supplementary Table S1. There was no significant difference between groups for height.
Pairwise comparisons showed that C were older than ES and LS, with no difference between ES and LS groups. The main reason for greater body mass in C was the higher body fat percentage Figure 1B.
Figure 1. Body fat percentage and leg lean mass.
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Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Download PDF. Abstract Purpose of Review The aim of this review is to discuss the most recent published scientific evidence regarding bone health in the pediatric athlete. Recent Findings Pediatric athletes commonly suffer from overuse injuries to the physes and apophyses, as well as bone stress injuries, for which magnetic resonance imaging grading of the severity of injuries may be useful in guiding return to sport. Summary Young athletes are at risk for musculoskeletal injuries unique to the growing skeleton. Strategies to Promote Bone Health in Female Athletes Chapter © Bone Health Considerations for the Adolescent Female Athlete Article 26 April Parallels with the Female Athlete Triad in Male Athletes Article 26 October Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. Introduction In , Methods We conducted a literature review in the PubMed database including only English language articles published from to present, using the following terms: bone, pediatric, adolescent, athlete, sport. Discussion Bone Injuries in Young Athletes A summary of key relevant studies on this topic area can be found in Table 1. Table 1 Summary of recent key studies on bone injuries in young athletes Full size table. Table 2 Summary of key studies on vitamin D in young athletes Full size table. Full size image. Conclusion When approaching the pediatric athlete, clinicians and researchers should consider the unique attributes of the growing skeleton and how this relates to musculoskeletal injury incidence and risk. References Youth sports facts: participation rates. Article PubMed Google Scholar Golden NH, Abrams SA; Committee on Nutrition. Article PubMed Google Scholar Souza MJD, Nattiv A, Joy E, Misra M, Williams NI, Mallinson RJ, et al. 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Supported by funding from the English Institute of Sport EIS and the Ministry of Defence MOD , research within the Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group of the Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre at NTU has, since , sought to develop novel dietary and training strategies that can improve bone health and reduce injury risk in elite athletes, military personnel and athletic individuals, with this case study focussing upon the impact delivered in elite athletes. It began with a series of studies, published in collaboration with QinetiQ Ltd that showed, for the first time, that strenuous exercise increased bone resorption for at least four days after exercise in endurance trained and recreationally active individuals. This short-term alteration in bone metabolism is a factor in the development of stress fracture injury, and so Professor Craig Sale and colleagues embarked upon a long-term research programme to explore ways to moderate the bone metabolic response to exercise and reduce the risk of bone injuries. The studies with QinetiQ Ltd had also examined the effects of feeding versus fasting and showed that whilst feeding initially reduced markers of bone resorption in advance of exercise, there was no lasting effect once exercise commenced Scott et al. A further study, commissioned by the Army Recruiting and Training Division ARTD and led by Sale showed that feeding carbohydrate during exercise could reduce, at least in the short-term, the negative effects of hard exercise on the bone. Building upon this work, collaborative research, involving Sale and led by Liverpool John Moores University, further indicated the importance of carbohydrate availability, showing that consuming carbohydrate before, during and after highintensity intermittent running attenuated the bone resorption response independent of energy availability. A concurrent strand of research in collaboration with British Triathlon, co-funded by the English Institute of Sport EIS , highlighted the acute effects of strenuous exercise on bone metabolism and identified time points where the risk to bone health was at its greatest during training. Interventions were designed to mitigate these risks and optimise performance. NTU researchers examined the bone re modelling marker responses of elite triathletes to one week of typical training at two different points of their season and recorded bone re modelling rates well above those of sedentary and recreationally active individuals, which might have been explained by reduced micronutrient intakes predominantly calcium and under-fuelling. In a follow-up, NTU analysed the effects of post-exercise protein and carbohydrate feeding on the bone response in recovery. This showed that the immediate ingestion of carbohydrate and protein decreased bone resorption and increased bone formation, potentially creating a more positive bone turnover balance and providing a strategy to help reduce injury risk in elite endurance athletes. NTU-led research into reduced energy availability and bone re modelling has indicated that women might be more susceptible to negative bone consequences than men. Research led by NTU investigated tibial bone adaptations in response to 12 weeks of increased training volume in elite adolescent football players. It showed that high-impact, multi-directional movement improved bone density. However, the study also indicated that the stimulus required for this might be close to the fracture threshold of bone in some individuals, possibly increasing bone injury risk. Further funding is supporting work relating to factors involved in the development of musculoskeletal injury. Prior to our research, the English Institute of Sport EIS had no information on the impact of large training volumes and fuelling on bone and the data generated were used to educate the triathletes on the importance of fuelling during training, particularly on the bike, in order to consume enough energy to replace losses. The athlete-specific data provided by NTU was used to support calcium supplementation practices to meet individual requirements and to adjust the timing of training sessions. Our research also prompted the development and use of carbohydrate and protein recovery drinks by British Triathlon, with, for example, 12 British Olympic triathletes using them daily during an altitude training camp prior to a successful Olympic Games in Rio one gold, one silver, one bronze and one fourth place. This programme of work, along with other interventions initiated within the triathlon programme has reduced bone stress injuries across the programme. Bone stress injuries are no longer the biggest time loss injury within triathlon. Our approach was informed by regular consultation with the performance nutrition team and triathlon coaches, which allowed for direct translation to ensure maximum impact. The studies on carbohydrate and carbohydrate plus protein feeding were used to increase carbohydrate ingestion during specific sessions, and promote carbohydrate and protein ingestion during recovery from hard training to facilitate positive adaptations in bone. NTU data on low energy availability R4 were used to educate athletes on the negative implications of this practice for bone health. |
| What is relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S)? | Endurance exercise performance in Masters athletes: age-associated changes and underlying physiological mechanisms. However, it should be noticed that only healthy aging adults with healthy body composition and good physical function typically to participate in competitive masters sports [ 26 ]. Therefore, with a view to reducing the prevalence of bone stress injury, the objectives of this review are to evaluate the effects of low energy availability on bone health in endurance athletes and explore whether a high-impact exercise intervention may help to prevent those effects from occurring. Article PubMed Google Scholar Kraus E, Tenforde AS, Nattiv A, Sainani KL, Kussman A, Deakins-Roche M, et al. Article PubMed Google Scholar Bennell KL, Malcolm SA, Brukner PD, Green RM, Hopper JL, Wark JD, et al. The type of activity appears to strongly improve on BMD. Do proteins have an effect on bones? |
| Validation request | Contact us Submission enquiries: Access here and click Contact Us General enquiries: info biomedcentral. et al. Ageing Res. These recommendations mirror those outlined for young female athletes, and the suggested screening questions for both male and female athletes can be found in Fig. It showed that high-impact, multi-directional movement improved bone density. An initial telephone interview was used to screen volunteers, which asked for self-reported number of exercise and social activity sessions per week over the past 3 years. |
| Is RED-S related to the female athlete triad? | High-impact training including sprinting, throwing and jumping also seems to be associated with the modification of the bone structure by having great osteogenic potential [ 42 , 43 ]. In Masters Athletes, Piasecki et al. What is more this effect was not confirmed to endurance running. It strongly suggest that aerobic activity should also be supplemented by dynamic sprint or jumping activities. Furthermore, activity during growth and young adulthood periods results in improvements in bone density in middle-aged and older adults [ 44 ]. The present findings are in agreement with previous research. A study of women in the post-menopausal involutional age showed that the highest BMD and BMC values were found in women who were physically active throughout their lives [ 16 ]. In the present study, the participants were physically active and involved in sports training in the first and second decades of life. This observation suggest that prior sports training influences peak bone mass and in later decades. One limitation of the full interpretation of the results of the study is the relatively small number of athletes studied after taking into account gender and the type of track and field event. The findings of the study suggest the need for bone scans in other skeletal locations of older athletes. The prevalence of low T-scores in the form of osteopenia and osteoporosis especially among women EA,SPA,TA in both measurement sections, and in men EA and SPA especially in the proximal section indicate the presence of developing osteoporosis risk which might lead to fractures in more than half of the masters athletes. The exception is the TA group of men. The representatives of strength events had the most advantageous BMD levels. Therefore, strength based exercises are suggested to slow the process of osteopenia and osteoporosis. 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Department of Theory of Sport, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Marymoncka 34, , Warsaw, Poland. Department of Sport Games, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Marymoncka 34, , Warsaw, Poland. Department of Team Sport Games, University School of Physical Education in Wrocław, Al. Ignacego Jana Paderewskiego 35, , Wrocław, Poland. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Conceptualization, A. and K. and J. and M. The author s read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Karol Gryko. Participants were informed about the risks and provided their written informed consent. The study was carried out in accordance with the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki for experiments involving humans. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The original online version of this article was revised as the authors noticed that Tables 4 and 5 in some place dots are missing; therefore, some values are not true. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Reprints and permissions. Kopiczko, A. et al. Bone mineral density in elite masters athletes: the effect of body composition and long-term exercise. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 18 , 7 Download citation. Received : 09 February Accepted : 17 May Published : 31 May Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Research article Open access Published: 31 May Bone mineral density in elite masters athletes: the effect of body composition and long-term exercise Anna Kopiczko 1 , Jakub Grzegorz Adamczyk 2 , Karol Gryko ORCID: orcid. This article has been updated. Abstract Background The purpose of the study was to examine how bone mineral density BMD is related to body composition depending on the practiced sport endurance, speed-power, throwing sports in participants of the World Masters Athletics Championship. Methods Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry DXA was used to determine BMD and bone mass BMC. Conclusion The representatives of strength based events had the most advantageous BMD levels. We work with athletes of all ages and abilities to help them train and compete at their best. The Wu Tsai Female Athlete Program takes a comprehensive approach to diagnosing, treating, and managing sports injuries in female athletes. Learn more about Wu Tsai Female Athlete Program. The Injured Runners Clinic is devoted to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of running-related injuries. Learn more about Injured Runners Clinic. Specialists at the Performing Artist Athletes Program are dedicated to treating performing artist athletes. Learn more about Performing Artist Athletes Program. The Pediatric Sports Medicine Division provides comprehensive care to athletes of all ages and abilities, from professional athletes to eager novices. Learn more about Sports Medicine Division. Learn more. Learn more about Orthopedic Center. Breadcrumb Home Conditions RED-S. What is relative energy deficiency in sport RED-S? If left untreated, RED-S can impair systems throughout the body, including: reproductive health: disrupted menstruation missed or abnormal periods in women and low libido in men bone health: increased risk of stress fractures and early onset osteoporosis immunity: more infections and colds due to decreased immunity metabolism: the body converts food into energy more slowly cardiovascular heart health: low heart rate causing dizziness and the potential for long-term heart damage psychological health: moodiness, depression, and anxiety. Is RED-S related to the female athlete triad? Who is at risk of RED-S? What are the symptoms of RED-S? The symptoms of RED-S include: fatigue rapid weight loss missed periods or delayed puberty female athletes low libido male athletes frequent illness hair loss trouble focusing trouble staying warm irritability and depression. RED-S and athletic performance Low energy availability may lead to short-term performance improvements, however, this effect is temporary. RED-S impairs athletic performance in the following ways: decreased muscle strength decreased endurance increased risk of injury decreased training response impaired judgement decreased coordination decreased concentration. How is RED-S diagnosed? An athlete may be considered high risk if they use extreme techniques to lose weight or have signs of a serious medical condition related to RED-S. An athlete may be considered at moderate risk if they have lost a significant amount of weight in the past month 5 to 10 percent of their body mass , have irregular periods, or a history of stress fractures. How is RED-S treated? Is it possible to prevent RED-S? Programs Wu Tsai Female Athlete Program Program The Wu Tsai Female Athlete Program takes a comprehensive approach to diagnosing, treating, and managing sports injuries in female athletes. Injured Runners Clinic Program The Injured Runners Clinic is devoted to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of running-related injuries. Performing Artist Athletes Program Program Specialists at the Performing Artist Athletes Program are dedicated to treating performing artist athletes. Sports Medicine Division Department The Pediatric Sports Medicine Division provides comprehensive care to athletes of all ages and abilities, from professional athletes to eager novices. Contact the Wu Tsai Female Athlete Program. |
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