We already knew that polyphenols Polyphenolss some Polyhpenols benefits as they are an antioxidant and Polyphenols and oral health our bodies from free radicals. Home Articles The Protective Role of Polyphenols in Oral Health. Yang, H. The proposed sale of a Little Rock, Arkansas-based. Chapter Three is a review of potential sources and health benefits of various polyphenols. Table of Contents Publish with Us Table of Contents Preface Chapter 1.

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Polyphenols and oral health -

Evenson and Braun 37 determined that green tea extract caused metabolic instability in the cell walls of C. albicans , and also retarded and inhibited its growth. Furthermore, it disrupted established biofilm communities. Although numerous in vitro and in vivo research studies demonstrate that various polyphenols have beneficial therapeutic effects on oral health, many investigations are still in preliminary phases.

Although polyphenols are found in a multitude of dietary sources, it is recommended that all foods be eaten in moderation, and no single food be eaten in high quantities. Until further studies are conducted, no more than two cups of caffeinated green tea should be consumed per day.

In order to truly comprehend the role of polyphenols and oral health, additional human studies are needed. Moreover, the inclusion of these compounds in toothpaste, mouthrinses, mouth sprays, chewing gums — and possibly oral and systemic medications — may prove helpful for managing an array of oral conditions in the future.

Donna Catapano-Martinez, DHSc, RDH, CDA, is a clinical assistant professor in the Department of Dental Hygiene and Dental Assisting at New York University College of Dentistry in New York City. She is also an online adjunct professor in the School of Health Sciences at Georgia Highlands College in Rome.

She can be reached at dlc8 nyu. Michelle Boyce, DHSc, RDH, is dean of the School of Health Sciences and an associate professor of dental hygiene at Georgia Highlands College. Margaret Garland, MS, DDS, is a general dentist at Long Island Select Healthcare, a federally qualified health care facility in Hauppauge, New York.

Her prior teaching appointments include Briarcliffe College, Stony Brook University and New York University College of Dentistry. Ethical and Legal Considerations of Off-Label Drug Use. Minimally Invasive Treatment of Gingival Clefts. Oral Care Strategies for Patients with Head and Neck Cancers. Effectiveness of Bleaching Agents Used in the Walking Bleach Technique.

Unveiling the Role of Porphyromonas Gingivalis in Disease. Polyphenol supplements are available, but evidence suggests that they may interfere with iron absorption in high doses. Fortunately, many delicious foods are rich in polyphenols, including cocoa powder, dark chocolate, cloves, berries, cherries, hazelnuts, pecans, and—for adults—red wine.

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A peer-reviewed journal that offers evidence-based clinical information and continuing education for dentists. Start earning CE Units in minutes! Home Articles The Protective Role of Polyphenols in Oral Health. Latest CE Courses Miscellaneous Oral Pathology.

By Donna Catapano-Martinez, DHSc, RDH, CDA, , Michelle Boyce, DHSc, RDH and Margaret Garland, MS, DDS On Mar 1, PURCHASE COURSE This course was published in the March issue and expires March The authors have no commercial conflicts of interest to disclose.

This 2 credit hour self-study activity is electronically mediated. Explain the actions by which polyphenols promote oral health, and some of the conditions for which they appear clinically useful.

Discuss the extent to which common oral diseases affect the general population. List common pathogenic oral microbes, including species that polyphenols may help inhibit. Share Print Email Facebook Twitter Linkedin. Donna Catapano-Martinez, DHSc, RDH, CDA. Michelle Boyce, DHSc, RDH. Margaret Garland, MS, DDS.

Prev Post Marketplace. Next Post Ethical and Legal Considerations of Off-Label Drug Use. You might also like More from author. Latest CE Courses. Prev Next. Stick to Whole Grain Carbs for Oral Health - Decisions in Dentistry 5 years ago. The Most Important Vitamins and Minerals for Your Teeth Winchester Dental 4 years ago.

Leave A Reply. Senate Bill , introduced by Senator Liz Brown,. Patricia Diaz, DDS, PhD, State University of New Y. The proposed sale of a Little Rock, Arkansas-based. Tooth development may be perturbed during exposure to high-energy radiations.

Barbosa et al. concluded that this dose of resveratrol had no radioprotective effect on the dental tooth structure. It has first to be emphasized that the antibacterial activity of polyphenols is related to a combination of mechanisms: implying the inhibition of enzymes implied in the bacterial metabolism as well as the change in the redox balance in the bacterial cell owing the possible oxidation of catechol groups in quinones and the reduction in the concentration of metallic cations due to complexation by polyphenolics [ 9 ].

Xu et al. mutans biofilm formation. ECGC could inhibit the activity of alpha-amylase by non-competitive inhibition. The antimicrobial activity of EGCG against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was showed at concentrations higher than 0.

In the study of Feng et al. Catechin derivatives as gallocatechin gallate 0. mutans glucosyltransferases. Melok et al. mutans growth and biofilm formation. Using scanning electron microscopy, they evidenced the antibacterial effect of epigallocatechingallate-stearate after four days of treatment Figure 3.

Figure 3. Scanning electron microscopy of S. a Control; b untreated S. mutans cells after 4 days; c S. Modified from Ref. ECGC was used as an antibacterial agent against Enterococcus faecalis biofilms, which are associated with persistent root canal infections [ 60 ]. The minimum inhibitory concentration of ECGC against E.

Lee et al. faecalis biofilm [ 60 ]. EGCG was added to dental restorative composites to afford this material with an antibacterial activity [ 61 ]. To provide some comparative data, Kwon et al. The results revealed that the cell viability is reduced in the presence of glutaraldehyde 0.

It was also concluded that ECGC did not promote the odontogenic differentiation and proliferation by itself but facilitated these processes. The cross-linked collagen produced in the presence of ECGC showed a shorter setting time, a higher compressive strength and a rougher surface.

Equal concentrations of ECGC and glutaraldehyde reduced the growth of S. mutans Figure 4 and increase the bond strength of the resin to dentin surface.

EGCG also preserves the durability of the bond strength for six months [ 63 ]. Hence, this investigation is prototypal of the multi-functionality of EGCG in dental applications.

Figure 4. mutans accumulation on specimens. Biofilms accumulated on c and d were not compact after 24 h incubation. Methacrylate resin-based materials contain triethylene glycol dimethacrylate TEGDMA , which induces the expression of cyclooxydenase This TEGDMA-induced cyclooxydenase-2 plays a role in dental pulp diseases and pulpit.

Catechins, including epicatechin gallate and epigallocatechin gallate were used to reduce and inhibit the inflammatory factors, which are found in inflamed pulp [ 65 ]. In the study of Hirao et al. Hence, catechins inhibited the effect of interleukins IL-8 and -6 , of monocyte-chemoattractant proteins and of prostaglandins which are receptors stimulating the pro-inflammatory mediators.

Therefore, catechin has an anti-inflammatory effect due to its activity on the inhibition of the cytokines and chemokines in human dental pulp fibroblasts modified with caries-related S. mutans , Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus salivarius , and pathogen-associated molecular patterns.

Accordingly, Nakanishi et al. Wang et al. Reactive oxygen species ROS caused by pulp diseases and dental bleaching agents generate oxidative stress [ 68 ]. Park et al. The Bcl-2 cell family contains anti- and pro-apoptotic proteins, which are important moderators in regulating cell death.

In this context, ECGC scavenges the ROS and regulates the expression of the Bcl-2 family preventing the nitric oxide-induced apoptosis. ROS can also be quenched by butein, which is a plant polyphenol and one of the most active compounds of the Rhus Verniciflua plant found in East Asian countries [ 68 ].

The study of Lee at al. demonstrated that butein quenches the ROS and suppresses the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide, which is used as a bleaching agent.

The concentrations of butein 2. The maximal heme oxygenase-1 protein expression and heme activity, which exhibit many cytoprotective effects and remove pro-oxidant heme molecules, were attained after 18 h of butein exposure to human dental cells. Nuclear accumulation of nuclear factor-E2 caused by butein treatment increased the promotor activity of antioxidant response elements.

Therefore, butein can prevent functional dental cell death and could be used as a protective agent in dental pulp diseases. Mahmoud Hashemi et al. They demonstrated that quercetin can decrease pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 and -1β with blocking high mobility group box 1 and inhibiting the mitogen activated protein kinase MAPK signaling pathway.

It was reported that the combination of both compounds was less efficient than luteolin alone. This may be due to some strong interactions between both compounds reducing the concentration of available polyphenol. Concerning resveratrol, a member of the phlorotannin subclass of condensed polyphenols Figure 1 , it was shown to inhibit interleukin IL-8 and -6 and suppresses the c-Jun N-terminal Kinase JNK signaling pathway in dental pulp cells simulated by tumor necrosis factor α TNFα.

TNFα is one of the cytokines that initiates the natural inflammatory response in the dental pulp. In contrast, resveratrol did not inhibit the degradation of IκBα nor the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65 NF-κB in TNFα treatments.

The results of this study allowed to hypothesize that resveratrol can be beneficial to decrease pulpal damage during the severe phase of inflammation in vital pulp [ 72 ].

Another study reported that using resveratrol at a concentration up to 50 µM had no toxic effect on dental pulp stem cells [ 73 ]. Resveratrol raises the activity of Sirtuin 1 stress-activated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent protein deacetylase , which is a mediator of the immune and defense genes in human dental pulp cells [ 74 ].

Resveratrol was added to adhesive-resin materials to promote the biocompatibility of these adhesive-resins, and to reduce the oxidative stress of L mouse fibroblast cells without decreasing the bond strength to dentin [ 76 ] [ 77 ].

Four dentin bio-modifiers extracted from different plants were compared such as hydrolysable tannins from Aroeira, condensed tannins from grape seed with cardol and cardanol from cashew nut shell liquid. The results demonstrated that the four groups achieved cross-linking in dentin matrix after 1 min of treatment and the best bio-modifiers were cardol and cardanol [ 78 ].

Tannic acid forms stable cross-links with exposed collagen fibrils allowing to increase the resistance against their degradation process [ 79 ].

Bedran-Russo et al. A successful dental root canal treatment depends on various factors such as proper cleaning, and tridimensional filling of the root canal system. The removal of the smear layer and the disinfection of the root canal system is of prime importance during the endodontic therapy [ 80 ] [ 81 ].

This study showed that using tannic acid in the final irrigation fluid revealed a smoother and cleaner pulp chamber surface compared with hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite treatment without tannic acid as final irrigation solution.

The same group reported that dentin treated with tannic acid had an improved resistance to collagenase degradation [ 84 ]. They reported that tannic acid itself attached to collagen by means of hydrogen bonds [ 85 ].

Their results showed that 48 over 62 cavities did not allow for the penetration of methylene blue into the dentinal tubules. A glass ionomer was blended with 1. The bond strength of glass ionomer modified with tannin-fluoride preparation did not reveal a significant difference after one month [ 87 ].

Tannic acid incorporated in polycarboxylate cement, as well zinc fluoride, enhances the resistance of dentinal collagen to collagenase and proteolytic enzymes [ 88 ]. This kind of catechol-iron complex is able to deposit on the surface of all known materials [ 90 ]. Oh et al. Another complex that is fluoride-tannin acid-lanthanum-apatite was used to reduce the dentinal hypersensitivity [ 79 ].

The surfaces of the treated samples were completely covered with fine spherical compounds, and the dentinal tubules were occluded with materials Figure 5. Figure 5. a , b Scanning electron micrographs of dentin hypersensitivity, c , d scanning electron micrographs of dentin treated with fluoride-tannin acid-lanthanum-apatite.

The application of gallic acid for 10 min showed the best penetration of resin sealer into dentinal tubules, maybe due to the presence of three vicinal hydroxyl groups in its structure Figure 1.

Gallic acid, a polyphenol made from a single aromatic ring Figure 1 improved its inhibitory effect on matrix metalloproteinases and cysteine cathepsins to improve the durability of bond strength [ 18 ]. In contrast, it reduced the mechanical properties of adhesive-resin such as biaxial flexural strength and hardness values [ 92 ].

The structure of enamel is an essential portion of the tooth, which is exposed in the oral cavity. It is the hardest and most mineralized tissue of the body [ 93 ] [ 94 ]. Salivary pellicles composed of adsorbed macromolecular compounds delivered from saliva, blood, gingival fluids, bacteria, molecules and particles from the diet [ 95 ] , Streptococcus mutans S.

mutans and other oral bacteria adhere on the surface of enamel. All these substances and particles demineralize this surface resulting in the formation of dental caries [ 96 ] [ 97 ] [ 98 ].

To reduce the severity of such processes, gallic acid, present in various food and plants can inhibit the enamel demineralization as a calcium chelator and can enhance the remineralization of the demineralized enamel. Thus, gallic acid is a promising agent for enamel remineralization and caries treatments [ 99 ] [ ].

Gallic acid was also used to re-mineralize the early carious enamel, to increase the surface microhardness and simultaneously to reduce the wear resistance of enamel [ ]. It was shown that gallic acid participates in hydroxyapatite formation, limits the crystal growth mainly along the [] direction and changes the crystal morphology and size.

GA-HAP crystals were smaller than the HAP crystals obtained in the absence of polyphenol. The crystal morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy Figure 6. It was found that GA-HAP had an urchin-like shape, while loose needle-like crystals were found in HAP formed without additive.

Figure 6. Accordingly, the same authors [ ] investigated the morphology and the size changes of crystals as function of the GA concentration 0. They reported that increasing the concentration in GA reduced the crystal size from 40 to 25 nm.

This is the result of gallic acid adsorption on specific crystal faces inhibiting further crystal growth. Apacaries gel is a material containing polyphenols from mangosteen extracts and papain as an enzyme [ ]. This gel, including polyphenolic compounds, such as gallic acid, which have antibacterial effects, could play an interesting role in the removal of various tissues.

Surprisingly, it appears that the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of hydrolysable polyphenols were less investigated in the dental field than for their condensed counterparts.

This may well be due to their instability in aqueous solutions. References Pérez-Jiménez, J. Identification of the richest dietary sources of polyphenols: An application of the Phenol-Explorer database.

Handique, J. Polyphenolic compounds: An overview. Reitzer, F. Polyphenols at interfaces. Colloid Interface Sci. Petti, S. Polyphenols, oral health and disease: A review. Sánchez, M. Antimicrobial activity of red wine and oenological extracts against periodontal pathogens in a validated oral biofilm model.

BMC Complement. Fibach, E. The Antioxidant Effect of Fermented Papaya Preparation in the Oral Cavity. Shavandi, A. Polyphenol uses in biomaterials engineering.

Biomaterials , , 91— Catapano-Martinez, D. The Protective Role of Polyphenols in Oral Health. Quideau, S. Plant polyphenols: Chemical properties, biological activities, and synthesis. Sileika, T. Colorless multifunctional coatings inspired by polyphenols found in tea, chocolate, and wine.

Le Bourvellec, C. Interactions between polyphenols and macromolecules: Quantification methods and mechanisms. Food Sci. Marshall, G. The dentin substrate: Structure and properties related to bonding.

Kharouf, N. Effect of etching the coronal dentin with the rubbing technique on the microtensile bond strength of a universal adhesive system.

Osorio, R. Effect of dentin etching and chlorhexidine application on metalloproteinase-mediated collagen degradation. Oral Sci. Toledano, M. Effect of bacterial collagenase on resin-dentin bonds degradation.

Mazzoni, A. MMP activity in the hybrid layer detected with in situ zymography. Aguiar, T. Dentin biomodification potential depends on polyphenol source. Vidal, C. Mimicking the hierarchical functions of dentin collagen cross-links with plant derived phenols and phenolic acids.

Langmuir , 30, — Leme-Kraus, A. Biostability of the Proanthocyanidins-Dentin Complex and Adhesion Studies. Tang, C. The role of grape seed extract in the remineralization of demineralized dentine: Micromorphological and physical analyses. Oral Biol. Zheng, K. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi , 49, — Bedran-Russo, A.

Mechanical properties of tannic-acid-treated dentin matrix. Liu, Y. Nam, J. Subtle Chemical Shifts Explain the NMR Fingerprints of Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins with High Dentin Biomodification Potency. Phansalkar, R. A galloylated dimeric proanthocyanidin from grape seed exhibits dentin biomodification potential.

Fitoterapia , , — Lucas, P. Dental abrasion as a cutting process. Interface Focus , 6, Zhang, L. Effect of post-space treatment on retention of fiber posts in different root regions using two self-etching systems.

Effectiveness of Etching by Three Acids on the Morphological and Chemical Features of Dentin Tissue. Gu, X. Does endodontic post space irrigation affect smear layer removal and bonding effectiveness? Santiago, S. Effect of the flavonoid epigallocatechingallate on resin-dentin bond strength.

Singh, P. Effect of dentin biomodifiers on the immediate and long-term bond strengths of a simplified etch and rinse adhesive to dentin. Fialho, M. Effect of epigallocatechin gallate solutions on bond durability at the adhesive interface in caries-affected dentin. De Costa, C.

Effect of Metalloproteinase Inhibitors on Bond Strength of a Self-etching Adhesive on Erosively Demineralized Dentin. Kalaiselvam, R. Evaluation of bioflavonoids on the immediate and delayed microtensile bond strength of self-etch and total-etch adhesive systems to sound dentin.

Indian J. Yu, H. Effects of Epigallocatechingallate EGCG on the bond strength of fiber posts to Sodium hypochlorite NaOCl treated intraradicular dentin. Pheenithicharoenkul, S.

Epigallocatechingallate increased the push out bond strength of an epoxy resin sealer to root dentin. Frassetto, A. Mechanisms of degradation of the hybrid layer in adhesive dentistry and therapeutic agents to improve bond durability—A literature review.

Dutra-Correa, M. Antibacterial effects and cytotoxicity of an adhesive containing low concentration of silver nanoparticles. Mishra, P. Evaluation of marginal sealing ability of self-adhesive flowable composite resin in Class II composite restoration: An in vitro study.

Hong, J. Effects of epigallocatechingallate on the healing of extraction sockets with a periapical lesion: A pilot study in dogs.

Part B Appl. De Assis, J. Effect of epigallocatechingallate application for remaining carious dentin disinfection. Neri, J. Physicochemical properties of a methacrylate-based dental adhesive incorporated with epigallocatechingallate.

Fonseca, B. Mechanical-physicochemical properties and biocompatibility of catechin-incorporated adhesive resins. De Macedo, F. Dentin bonding and physicochemical properties of adhesives incorporated with epigallocatechingallate. Odontology , , 23— Albuquerque, N. Effect of Polymeric Microparticles Loaded with Catechin on the Physicochemical Properties of an Adhesive System.

Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi , 52, — Hanks, C. Cytotoxic effects of resin components on cultured mammalian fibroblasts. Hu, J. Antibacterial and physical properties of EGCG-containing glass ionomer cements.

Yang, H. High-performance therapeutic quercetin-doped adhesive for adhesive-dentin interfaces. Gotti, V. Effect of antioxidants on the dentin interface bond stability of adhesives exposed to hydrolytic degradation. Wang, F.

Catechins reduce inflammation in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated dental pulp cells by inhibiting activation of the NF-κB pathway. Oral Dis. Lim, E. Effects of epicatechin, a crosslinking agent, on human dental pulp cells cultured in collagen scaffolds.

Kim, J. Stimulating effects of quercetin and phenamil on differentiation of human dental pulp cells. Liu, X. Inhibitory effects of resveratrol on orthodontic tooth movement and associated root resorption in rats. De Rezende Barbosa, G. Micro-CT evaluation of the radioprotective effect of resveratrol on the mandibular incisors of irradiated rats.

Oral Res. Xu, X.

The anti-inflammatory, anticariogenic and anticarcinogenic actions Thermogenic energy boost these antioxidants can help fight dental and Citrus supplement for liver health Liver detox tea. Polyphenols belong to Citrus supplement for liver health class Polyphenola plant-based chemical compounds known as phytochemicals. Healtn levels may help Poolyphenols the risk for caries. Multiple studies support the use of polyphenols as a possible caries risk reduction intervention. A clinical study involving subjects who chewed laboratory-created gum enriched with the polyphenol quercetin a flavanoid contained in fruits, vegetables and beverages found that quercetin was effectively released into saliva within minutes, and by day 7, a marked reduction in overall levels of S. mutans was evident. mutans was significantly reduced after subjects rinsed daily for six weeks with mouthrinse supplemented with cranberry extract.

Polyphenols and oral health -

Chapter One reviews the oral health benefits of polyphenols found in cocoa. Chapter Two is an overview of the effects of polyphenols on the microbiota of the gut and the consequent roles these play in health and disease. Chapter Three is a review of potential sources and health benefits of various polyphenols.

Chapter Four examines different polyphenols from food and medicinal plants as well as their uses in Mexico. Chapter Five discusses the role of polyphenols in honey and their use as a natural therapeutic.

Chapter 1. Oral Health Benefits of Cocoa Polyphenols C. Pushpalatha 1 ,PhD, Kumar Chhaya 1 , Arshiya Shakir 1 , V. Gayathri 1 , R. Deveswaran 2 , PhD, and Patil B.

Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, MSR Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India 2 Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, M. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, MSR Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India 3 Department of Chemistry, Ramaiah Institute of Techenology, MSR Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Chapter 2. The Effect of Polyphenols on Gut Microbiota and Their Role in Health and Disease C. More than ever, stress is extremely common among adults today. Content provided by Verdure Sciences Jan White Paper. CONTINUE TO SITE Or wait How best to support oral health in a sugar-laden world?

Ocean Spray: Study adds to body of research In a statement, Christina Khoo, Director of Health, Science, and Nutrition at Ocean Spray, lauded the findings and said it matches its own research on its products.

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February 24, am Dental Education Tooth Decay. The Role of Polyphenols in Your Mouth The study found that polyphenol extracts of cranberries, blueberries, and strawberries used on Hour Streptococcus mutans biofilms showed a significant decrease in metabolic activity and viability.

Snd Polyphenols and oral health a broad class of molecules extracted hea,th plants and have a large repertoire of biological activities. Biomimetic inspiration from the xnd Citrus supplement for liver health Improves digestion naturally or red wine Heaoth the surface of cups Mediterranean diet and herbs/spices glass lead to the emergence of versatile surface chemistry with polyphenols. Owing to their hydrogen bonding abilities, coordination chemistry with metallic cations and redox properties, polyphenols are able to interact, covalently or not, with a large repertoire of chemical moieties, and can hence be used to modify the surface chemistry of almost all classes of materials. Encyclopedia Scholarly Community. Entry Journal Book Video Image About Entry Entry Video Image. Submitted Successfully! Thank you for your contribution!