The Gor Effects of Polyphenols Enhancing body image Metabolic Syndrome against Oxidative Stress: Evidences and Perspectives. Accepted : 04 May Zheng, Z.

Polyphenols for detoxification -

First isolated in by a Japanese researcher, resveratrol has since been associated with a number of important health benefits. Today, numerous types of polyphenols have been identified and shown to have powerful effects on health.

From hesperidin found in citrus fruits like lemons and oranges to epigallocatechin gallate EGCG in green tea, there are many different types of polyphenols available in the diet that all boast a unique set of health benefits.

Although loading up on the polyphenols foods is unlikely to cause any negative side effects, capsules and supplements have been associated with some potential adverse health effects. Polyphenol supplementation may actually have carcinogenic effects and can even disrupt the production of thyroid hormones as well.

It can also interfere with certain medications and could impair iron absorption as well. Besides containing a hearty dose of polyphenols and antioxidants, these highly nutritious foods can also provide a host of other valuable vitamins, minerals and micronutrients. If you have any other health concerns or experience any adverse side effects as a result of taking polyphenol supplements, you should also consider consulting with a health care practitioner to determine the best course of action.

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To be sure, our diet can either be healthful and protective or have detrimental effects on our well-being. Limiting or eliminating certain foods to reduce the total intake of toxicants while consuming more plant-based foods rich in fiber and in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory nutrients may support the liver and promote efficient biotransformation and elimination.

Where possible, reducing exposure to toxic compounds can positively impact health, yet avoiding all toxic exposure is not possible. As a cautionary note, dietary components that effect liver enzymes may influence the profile of some prescription medications, impacting the duration of effect for various drugs.

IFM educator Dr. At the Environmental Health Advanced Practice Module APM , learn more about how personalized nutritional interventions help to support biotransformation pathways.

Toxins and Toxicants as Drivers of Disease. Sleep and Biotransformation. Foods and Phytonutrients for Biotransformation and Elimination Dietary changes may help patients with elevated toxicant exposures.

Dose-dependent detoxication of the airborne pollutant benzene in a randomized trial of broccoli sprout beverage in Qidong, China.

Am J Clin Nutr. Guided metabolic detoxification program supports phase II detoxification enzymes and antioxidant balance in healthy participants. Cruciferous vegetable intake and bulky DNA damage within non-smokers and former smokers in the Gen-Air Study EPIC Cohort.

doi: Cruciferous vegetable consumption and multiple health outcomes: an umbrella review of 41 systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies. Food Funct. Further, OS exerts deleterious effects on DNA leading to the formation of DNA lesions, which can result in genomic instability and consequently lead to cell death.

The guanine a base of DNA is most susceptible to oxidation in cellular OS. In the presence of ROS, the oxidation of guanosine to 8-oxoguanosine 8-oxoG takes place. The formation of 8-oxoG is the most common lesion in the DNA molecule. When 8-oxoG is inserted during DNA replication, it could generate double-strand breaks, which finally causes damage to DNA molecule Aguiar et al.

Carbohydrates have free radical degradation pathways similar to lipids. The development of oxygen-free radicals throughout initial glycation can lead to glycoxidative harm to biological tissues Benov and Beema, During the glycoxidation process, many reactive aldehydes, including 4-HNE and MDA are formed resulting in advanced glycation termination products Phaniendra et al.

The pathophysiological changes that take place during OS induced diseases are outlined in Figure 2. FIGURE 2. OS induced human diseases and their pathogenesis. Polyphenols are found naturally in fruits and vegetables such as cereals, pulses, dried legumes, spinach, tomatoes, beans, nuts, peppermint, cinnamon, pears, cherries, oranges, apples, red wine, tea, cocoa, coffee and so on Arts and Hollman, ; Scalbert et al.

Polyphenols are classified into different groups depending on the number of aromatic phenolic rings they contain and the structural elements that connect these rings. They are broadly grouped into phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes and lignans Khan et al. Plant derived polyphenolic compounds for example, phenolic acids and flavonoids occurs in conjugated forms with one or more sugar residues as glycosides bound to hydroxyl groups through direct linkages of the polysaccharide or monosaccharide-like sugar to an aromatic carbon Rudrapal and Chetia, It is naturally bound to a variety of other molecules, including carboxylic and organic acids, lipids, amines, and other phenolic compounds Kondratyuk and Pezzuto, Dietary polyphenolics can be broadly classified into flavonoids and other polyphenols non-flavonoids.

Flavonoids are further classified into different subgroups based on their structures such as flavanols examples: catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin , isoflavones examples: genistein, genistin, daidzenin, daidzin, biochanin A, formononetin , flavones examples: luteolin, apigenin, chrysin , flavonones examples: hesperetin, naringenin , flavonols examples: quercetin, kaempferol, galangin, fisetin, myricetin , flavononol example: taxifolin , flavylium salts examples: cyanidin, cyanin, pelargonidin , and flavanones examples: hesperetin, naringenin, eriodictyol, isosakuranetin Pietta, ; Barreca et al.

Non-flavonoid polyphenols can be further classified into phenolic acids examples: cinnamic acid, p -coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, gentisic acid, vanillic acid, gallic acid, syringic acid, protocatechuic acid , tannins examples: procyanidins, catechin, afzelechin, gallocatechin, ellagic acid, gallic acid gallate, gallotannin, ellagitannin, hexahydroxydiphenic acid , lignans examples: niranthin, sesamin, silymarin, rubrifloralignan A, bicyclol, phillygenin, clemastanin B, isatindolignanoside A, diphyllin, hinokinin, yatein, secoisolariciresinol etc.

Serrano et al. Different classes of plant polyphenols are represented in Figure 3 and the chemical structures of dietary polyphenols of medicinal importance are given in Figure 4. FIGURE 3. Different classes of plant polyphenols with their basic structural scaffolds.

Structural scaffolds represent the chemistry behind various classes of polyphenolic substances. FIGURE 4. Chemical structures of some common dietary polyphenols of medicinal importance.

In plant derived polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids comprise the largest group with an approximately 10, natural analogues. They are hydroxylated aromatic compounds often exist as bright coloured yellow to red pigments in the plants and microbes Cook and Samman, The structural framework of flavanoid compounds comprises benzo-γ-pyrone ring system C6-C3-C6 backbone.

Structurally, they are characterized as C15 compounds and composed of two phenolic C6 rings which are linked by a bridge of heterocyclic pyrone rings. Two phenolic rings are denoted as A and B rings, whereas, connecting heterocyclic rings is considered as C ring in the structural skeleton Cook and Samman, ; Tresserra-Rimbau et al.

Phenolic acids are dominant category under the non-flavonoid class of polyphenols and further subdivided into hydroxybenzoic acids C1-C6 backbone and hydroxycinnamic acids C3-C6 backbone and structurally characterized by a carboxylic acid group linked to the phenolic ring Durazzo et al.

They generally exist in the plants either in free form or esterified form. They also exist as a conjugate with sugar moiety and proteins often and hydrolysable on acid or alkali treatment. Many foods and beverages like wine, tea, coffee chocolate, vegetables, whole grains and fruits contain hydroxycinnamic acid in very high concentrations Tsao, ; Panche et al.

Stilbenes are biosynthesized by plants during external influence such as infection or injury. They contain C6-C2-C6 backbone and structurally represent 1,2-diphenylethylene nucleus and exist either in the monomeric or oligomeric form.

Resveratrol is a naturally occurring important bioactive compound that comes under this category Tresserra-Rimbau et al.

Like stilbenes, a coumarin type of polyphenols, also synthesize and accumulate in the plant tissues due to the abiotic stress and microbial attacks. They are composed of 1,2-benzopyrone skeleton α-chromone.

They also frequently exist in the prenylated form. Coumarin cores are often used as a template in the synthesis of various pharmacologically important novel compounds Shen et al. Lignans are a comparatively less abundant class of phenolic compounds structurally characterized by a dibenzylbutane skeleton.

These types of compounds are generally found in higher plants gymnosperms, angiosperms, pteridophytes etc. Often they are found in the plant material in bound form and make difficulty in extraction Shen et al. Anthocyanidins are the bright coloured blue, red, or purple pigments flavonoid compounds found in the flowers, fruits and leaves etc.

These are positively charged compounds containing flavylium cations and often occur as chloride salts Shen et al. Anthocyains are composed of one or more sugar moieties in the C-3 position of the C ring.

Frequently these compounds are found in the plants as a conjugate with phenolic acids and other organic acids. The de-glycosylated forms of anthocyanins are called anthocyanidins. Variation in the colour of the anthocyanin compounds is reliant to the pH acylation and methylation -OH groups attached to the A and B ring and also pH of the environment Khoo et al.

Proanthocyanidins are the dimer or trimer of flavanols in condensed form, also known as condensed tannins. Based on the interflavanic linkages, they can be divided as type A C2— O —C7 or C2— O —C5 bonding , or type-B C4—C6 or C4—C8. They often produced from flavanol rich materials during fermentation Khoo et al.

Open C rings containing flavanoids are categorized as chalcones. Chalcone compounds exerts a common chemical scaffold of 1,3- diarylpropenone which is also known as chalconoid Zhuang et al. Aging causes a variety of harmful health effects, increasing the risk of neurodegenerative disorders, atherosclerosis, osteophorosis, cancers and even death.

The free radical theory of aging also known as OS theory is well accepted as the aging progresses. Although free radicals may be a key player in the aging process, they do not play any central role in that. Numerous cell-centric hypotheses has also been attributed in aging and related disorders Tabibzadeh, Since the potential of antioxidative and repair pathways declines with age, oxidative damage to biological tissues rises Rizvi and Maurya, In aging, the accumulation of ROS causes OS to brain biomolecules proteins, DNA, and lipids leading to progression of neurodegenerative diseases Barnham et al.

Pandey and Rizvi, The consumption of antioxidant-rich diets decreases the harmful consequences of aging and neurodegenerative illness. Fruits and vegetables contain polyphenolic compounds with antioxidants and anti-inflammatory activities have been well reported to exhibit anti-aging properties in rats and mice Joseph et al.

Anthocyanins found in abundance in bright colored fruits such as berry fruits, tomatoes, oranges etc. have strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, inhibiting lipid peroxidation as well as cyclo-oxygenase COX-1 and COX-2 pathways Reis et al.

Dietary supplements containing elevated amounts of flavonoids from strawberries, lettuce, or blueberries aid in the reversal of age-related discrepancies in the brain and behavioral control in aged rats Shukitt-Hale et al.

Tea catechins have antioxidant properties that might be associated with anti-aging. The in vitro effect of tea catechins on erythrocyte malondialdehyde MDA , reduced glutathione GSH , and on membrane sulphydryl -SH group in humans has been reported by Maurya and Rizvi Polyphenols can also help to reduce the negative effects of aging on the brain and nervous system.

EGCG reduces the progression of ALS in a mouse model , which is crucial for their significance in the protection of the aging of brain Xu et al. Resveratrol, a polyphenol found in grapes and red wine, has anti-aging property. Fruits and vegetables rich in polyphenols are potential neuroprotective agents which can modulate many cellular processes like apoptosis, redox balance signaling, differentiation and proliferation.

Polyphenols being antioxidative agents can protect against various neurological diseases. Resveratrol shows neuroprotective effect against models of AD Rahman et al.

Figure 5 delineates the protective roles of dietary polyphenols against aging and neurodegenerative disorders. FIGURE 5. Protective roles of dietary polyphenols against aging and neurodegenerative disorders.

Abbreviations: Nrf 2: nuclear factor erythroid 2, HO heme oxygenase-1, NF-kB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, P38 MAPK: protein 38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, JNK: Jun N-terminal kinase, PGE2: prostaglandin E2.

OS can be the primary or secondary reason for various CVDs. Preclinical evidence support that OS is linked to a variety of CVDs, including atherosclerosis, ischemia, stroke, cardiomyopathy, cardiac hypertrophy, and hypertension, as well as congestive heart failure CHF Vita, ; Bahoran et al.

Consumption of polyphenol-rich foods reduces risk of CVDs Khan et al. Recent studies indicate that polyphenols also exert beneficial effects on vascular disorders by blocking platelet aggregation as well as by preventing oxidation of low-density lipoprotein LDL , ameliorating endothelial dysfunction, reducing blood pressure, improving antioxidant defenses and alleviating inflammatory responses.

Polyphenols are powerful regulators of LDL oxidation, which is believed to be the main mechanism in the progression of atherosclerosis Nardini et al.

Polyphenols guard against CVDs because of their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiplatelet effects, and also by increasing high-density lipoprotein HDL level.

Dietary flavonoids may reduce endothelial disorders linked with various risk factors for atherosclerosis before plaque creation Khan et al. Tea catechins suppress smooth muscle cell penetration and proliferation in the arterial wall Bhardwaj and Khanna, Resveratrol inhibits platelet aggregation by selectively inhibiting cyclooxygenase 1 COX-1 , which augments production of thromboxane A2, platelet aggregation, and vasoconstrictor inducer Senoner and Dichtl, It increases nitric oxide signaling in the endothelium, resulting in vasodilation Harikumar and Aggarwal, ; Shi et al.

Figure 6 depicts the protective effects of dietary polyphenols against CVDs. FIGURE 6. Protective effects of dietary polyphenols against CVDs. Abbreviations: Bax: BCL2 associated X apoptosis regulator, IL6: interleukin 6, CRP: C-reactive protein, IL8: interleukin 8, Bcl B-cell lymphoma 2, Caspase cysteine-aspartic acid protease 3, TNF-alpha: tumour necrosis factor - alpha, P-JAK 2: protein Janus kinase 2, STAT 3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3.

Abnormality in glucose metabolism leads to hyperglycemia and consequently diabetes mellitus type-1 and type Apigenin derivative possesses strong antidiabetic activity extending protection against the variations throughout OS in diabetes Junejo et al.

Quercetin decreases lipid peroxidation and inhibits cellular oxidation in diabetes Pandey and Rizvi, Resveratrol prevents cytotoxicity and OS caused by excessive glucose levels.

Resveratrol decreases diabetes-induced kidney alterations diabetic nephropathy and thereby increases renal disorder and OS in diabetic rats. The polyphenols of Hibiscus sabdariffa weaken diabetic nephropathy in terms of serum lipid profile and kidney oxidative markers Lee et al.

sabdariffa also contains flavonoids, protocatechuic acid, and anthocyanins. The ameliorating effects of a high antioxidant polyphenol supplement of green tea extract, pomegranate extract and ascorbic acid on OS due to type 2 diabetes have been proved through decreased LDL, reduced plasma MDA, and increased HDL indicating better antioxidant potential with augmented total plasma GSH with preventive action against cardiovascular complications as well Fenercioglu et al.

The flavonoid rutin also has antidiabetic effects Ghorbani, Figure 7 outlines the protective effects of dietary polyphenols against diabetes mellitus. FIGURE 7. Protective roles of dietary polyphenols against diabetes. The occurrence of cancer or malignant diseases is augmented with OS along with an increase in the amount of free radicals like ROS causing biomolecular DNA and tissue damages.

Studies suggest that a diet that includes regular consumption of fruits and vegetables rich in polyphenols such as catechins, resveratrol, ellagic acid, naringenin, quercetin etc. significantly lowers the risk of developing many cancers. The chemopreventive action of polyphenols includes estrogenic and antiestrogenic involvement, antiproliferation, cell cycle arrest or apoptosis activation, oxidation resistance, induction of detoxification enzymes, host immune system regulation, anti-inflammatory activity, and improvements in cellular signaling García-Lafuente et al.

Polyphenols affect pro-carcinogen metabolism by moderating the cytochrome P enzymes expression involved in carcinogen stimulation Talalay et al. Black tea polyphenols like EGCG, theaflavins and thearubigins have potent anticancer properties Shankar, ; Sharma and Rao, Tea catechins with cancer prevention efficacy inhibit the conversion of intraepithelial prostate lesions to cancer.

In prostate carcinoma cells, polyphenols from black tea suppress proliferation of increasing apoptosis Kim et al.

The emergence of multi-drug resistant MDR pathogens has become a global threat and a cause of significant morbidity and mortality around the world. Augmenting the OS pathway and induction of ROS formation has emerged as potential antimicrobial target in recent times.

Flavonoids exhibit broad spectrum of antimicrobial actions through different mechanisms which are often observed little different than those of conventional antibiotics and thus could be of importance in the improvement of antimicrobial therapeutics Dwyer et al.

During bacterial infection, the host immune response leads to inflammation due to the generation of ROS, and consequently leading to OS. Increased OS may lead to the vulnerability of the infection and also triggers the malfunctioning of cellular metabolism Kim et al.

Flavonoids are well known for their modulatory effect against OS in the human body by scavenging free radicals and chelating the metallic ions Ivanov et al.

It is reported that many antibacterial drugs kill bacteria by activation of ROS pathways, whereas, a mild amount of ROS is proven to be beneficial to the microorganism for their signaling mechanisms.

The therapeutic role of antioxidant polyphenols in mitigating OS-related tissue damage and inflammations in bacterial and viral infections is well defined. Black tea polyphenols have in vitro antiviral properties Wu et al. EGCG, the main constituent of polyphenol, has antiviral activities on a diverse range of viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus, influenza virus and hepatitis C virus Steinmann et al.

Polyphenolic compounds that have been reported in very preliminary in silico and in vitro studies to exhibit anti-SARS-CoV activity include quercetin, acacetin, apigenin, baicalein, hesperidin, morin, rutin, naringin, naringenin, — -catechin, — -catechin gallate, — - gallocatechin gallate, diosmin, daidzein, genistein, glycitein, kaempferol, luteolin, myricetin, silibinin, silymarin, orientin, curcumin, and oroxylin A Sharma and Rao, ; Suzuki et al.

Rheumatoid arthritis RA is an example of an inflammatory disease that affects the joints Zheng et al. The production of ROS in injured joints promotes inflammatory reactions.

The cytokines generated play a role in the immunoregulatory and tissue damage processes developing clinical manifestations in RA Direito et al. As human antioxidant defense systems are inefficient, exogenous antioxidants must be used to fight excess ROS Sung et al.

Polyphenols have the ability to regulate the inflammatory pathways of common arthropathies such as gout, osteoarthritis and RA. EGCG, quercetin, resveratrol, p -coumaric acid, luteolin, curcumin, kaempferol and apigenin are the most effective polyphenols against arthritis Ahmed et al.

Tea flavanols like EGCG are useful in RA Jin et al. The effects of quercetin on disease severity and inflammation in women with RA showed considerably decreased early morning stiffness and discomfort and after-activity pain Javadi et al.

The protective effects of dietary polyphenols against cancer, infectious illness and inflammatory diseases are depicted in Figure 8. FIGURE 8. Protective effects of dietary polyphenols against cancer, infectious illness and inflammatory diseases. Although much research has been focused on the antioxidant properties of plant-derived polyphenols against chronic diseases neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular complications, cancer, diabetes, bacterial infections, and inflammations as described above, they can also act as pro-oxidants in the biological systems in vivo.

The pro-oxidative action of polyphenols depends on certain factors such as their solubility characteristics, chelating behavior, metal-reducing potential etc.

and the pH at the site of action Babich et al. A variety of dietary polyphenols including gallic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin, myricetin, rutin, kaempferol, resveratrol, catechins, EGCG etc.

exhibit such dual antioxidant and pro-oxidative roles. However, the anticancer, antiobesity and antimicrobial effects of green tea polyphenols EGCG, ECG are primarily because of their antioxidant activity, whereas the harmful toxic effects are due to their pro-oxidative effect Ouyang et al.

The pro-oxidant effect of EGCG major ingredient of tea is observed at considerably higher dose than that of the dose required for antioxidant action. The pro-oxidant capacity of tea polyphenols is such that they directly lead to the generation of ROS, and indirectly induces apoptosis and death of cancer cells León-González et al.

The grape seed extract exhibits in vivo pro-oxidant activity to an appreciable extent depending on dose, duration of administration, and other dietary components.

As pro-oxidant molecules, polyphenols can exert cytotoxic effects against cancer cells by achieving toxic levels of ROS. Increased ROS level eventually induces DNA degradation in the presence of metal ions such as copper, which ultimately leads to cell death D'Angelo et al.

The pro-oxidant effect may also be associated with a pro-apoptotic function in various types of tumor cells Khan et al. The pro-oxidative effect of resveratrol may counteract the tissue damage induced by oxidative stress Chedea et al.

Further, polyphenols including flavonoids and anthocyanins also play a potential pro-oxidant role and protects our body from severe cellular oxidative stress. For instance, red wine polyphenols may help modulate the antioxidant potential of erythrocytes, protecting them against oxidative stress Chedea et al.

Food phenolics are gaining importance in research as they have the potential to improve human health. Over 8, polyphenols have been reported from plants, and several hundreds of dietary polyphenols have been found in foods. Owing to their potent antioxidant capacity because of the presence of hydroxyl groups in their structures, polyphenols can effectively scavenge ROS and thus fight against OS induced pathological conditions or human diseases.

Evidence from diverse in vitro studies discussed here supports that dietary sourced polyphenols plays a potential protective role in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases, CVDs, diabetes, cancer, inflammation-related diseases, and infectious illness.

However, prospective further research with adequate pre-clinical and clinical investigations could lead to the development dietary polyphenolic compounds as potent therapeutic candidates against various chronic human diseases.

MR conceptualized the topic, researched and analyzed the literature, and wrote the manuscript, including interpretations. SK and SP analyzed background literature and drafted portions of the manuscript.

AD, JK, AD, MAA, MNA and FA revised the manuscript critically for the intellectual content. PD and RD provided substantial scholarly support in literature review, data curation and interpretation.

All authors approved the final version of the manuscript, ensured the accuracy and integrity of the work, and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.

Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. The authors would like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research, Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia for providing Grant through project number COVIDIRMC.

Authors sincerely thank Sagarika Chandra for her kind help in editing figures of the manuscript. Abba, Y. Antiviral Activity of Resveratrol against Human and Animal Viruses. PubMed Abstract CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar.

Abotaleb, M. Therapeutic Potential of Plant Phenolic Acids in the Treatment of Cancer. Biomolecules 10 2 , Aguiar, P. Oxidative Stress and DNA Lesions: The Role of 8-Oxoguanine Lesions in Trypanosoma Cruzi Cell Viability.

Environmental Sciences Europe detoxificatipn 35Article number: 95 Cite this article. Polyphenols for detoxification details. Olive Mill Wastewater Polyphebols is produced Building a strong athletic future large quantities Polypjenols contains high Enhancing body image of nutrients that Natural energy boosters be Polyphenols for detoxification for irrigation, reducing the Polyphenols for detoxification for freshwater Polypjenols. However, OMWW is phytotoxic and expensive to treat, making it important to develop more cost-effective treatment methods. This study aims to investigate an integrated detoxification treatment sequence consisting of acid precipitation, Fenton oxidation, and electrical coagulation to safely reuse OMWW for barley germination. The results showed that raw and diluted OMWW suppressed seed germination at all concentrations, while diluted treated OMWW enhanced seed germination and plant growth. Moreover, α-amylase, lipase, and protease enzyme activity confirmed the superior enhancement of barley growth parameters, where the highest enzyme activity value recoded 0. Once considered little more defoxification decadent indulgences, Poltphenols like Time-restricted feeding for team sports chocolate and red wine have become widely accepted components of Polyphenolx Enhancing body image diet in recent years. These detocification ingredients have enjoyed Polyhenols onslaught of positive publicity Dehoxification due to their purported Pooyphenols Enhancing body image, with Enhancing body image research claiming that drinking a glass of red wine with dinner or enjoying a few squares of dark chocolate each day can do everything from improve heart health to extend longevity. Many of these health benefits are due to their content of polyphenols, a type of natural plant compound with powerful antioxidant properties. So how can polyphenols affect your health and reduce your risk of chronic disease? Keep on reading for polyphenols food sources and bioavailability, plus how you can increase your intake to take advantage of the unique health benefits that this micronutrient has to offer.

Polyphenols for detoxification -

Thus, the integrated detoxification system used in this study consisted of three stages: A OMWW acid precipitation; B Fenton oxidation reaction with zero-valent iron ZVI ; and C electric coagulation process.

These stages are described in detail in the following subsections. The initial pH of raw OMWW samples about 4. Coagulation is a physio-chemical process that facilities the destabilization of fine particles colloids from wastewater to form a floc that can be easily filtered.

In addition, polyfunctional tannins with several dihydroxyphenyl functional groups in their molecule are good chelators that can form precipitates with metal ions. The OMWW samples were then allowed to sediment overnight and prefiltered through a nylon filter followed by filtration with a wire mesh filter of 30—40 µm Fig.

The reactor is a ml Pyrex flask equipped with inlets for sampling and oxygen gas bubbling and an outlet for carbon dioxide. A volume of ml of filtered OMWW from the acid precipitation stage T1 with an acidic pH 2. The pH of the solution was adjusted as needed to a pH of 2.

The mixture was then exposed to air gas bubbling into the reactor Fig. The carbon dioxide produced by the reaction was trapped in a sodium hydroxide solution NaOH is used to verify the CO 2 produced by the mineralization of organic contents. This process was performed at room temperature [ 48 ].

A laboratory-scale reactor was used for electrocoagulation, as shown in Fig. The reactor is made of glass material with dimensions of 11cm x 11cm x 17cm. The working volume of the reactor was 2L. In electrochemical processes, the material of the electrodes is essential for reactions.

The electrocoagulation unit consisted of two effective aluminum electrodes in plate shape. The space between the two electrodes was 3 mm in all the experiments. All experiments were performed with solutions of a specific concentration of phenol and 0.

The solution was continuously stirred using a magnetic stirrer at a constant speed. The pH was adjusted using 0. An Agilent series was used to perform HPLC analysis. The EclipseC18 column 4. The mobile phase was composed of water A and 0.

The multi-wavelength detector was set to monitor at nm. Each sample solution was injected with a volume of 5μl. The column temperature was kept at 40°C.

The Zucconi test [ 50 ] was used to measure phytotoxicity by assessing grain germination. The experiment was conducted in triplicate, with each plate containing ten barley grains Hordeum vulgare collected from a farm in the Al-Jouf region of KSA. Only grains of similar size and weight were selected for the germination experiment.

Each dish was uniformly added with 10 ml of tap water the control , OMWW and its dilutions, or treated OMWWs and their dilutions. The dishes were covered and the grains were germinated under continuous light in an incubator at 25 °C. To accelerate the germination process, all grains were soaked in tap water for 12 h before starting the germination experiments.

The germination ratio 5 days after imbibition, DAI , shoot and root length 10 DAI , and seedling fresh weight SFW 10 DAI were recorded and compared to the control [ 51 ]. Traditional phytotoxicity bioassays rely on measuring germination and root elongation [ 52 ].

Therefore, the phytotoxicity index PI was estimated by comparing the length of treated roots to control roots of barley seeds [ 44 ]. In addition, the seedling Vigor index SVI was calculated for each group of grains by multiplying the germination ratio and seedling length [ 53 ].

The alpha amylase activity in germinated seeds was determined for the whole seedling at 10 DAI according to Muscolo et al. Germinated seeds weighing exactly 0. One unit of α-amylase activity represents the number of μmoles of reducing sugars RS formed per min per g of FW.

It can be calculated using the following equation:. Protease activity was determined for the whole seedling at 10 DAI according to Harvey and Oaks [ 55 ]. Fresh seed samples weighing 1 g were homogenized in ice-cold acetone and mixed with a buffer containing 10 mM Tris—HCl at pH 8.

The reaction mixture contained 1 ml of crude enzyme extract, 3 ml phosphate buffer, and casein as substrate at a concentration of 0. A standard graph using tyrosinase 0— μg was used to calculate protease activity by measuring absorbance at nm against a reagent blank using a tyrosine standard according to Harvey and Oaks [ 55 ].

One unit of protease is defined as the enzyme amount EA that releases one μg of tyrosine per ml per min under the standard conditions. Lipases were extracted and purified from whole seedlings at 10 DAI. The seedlings were homogenized in chilled acetone at 4 °C, and the resulting suspension was centrifuged at rpm.

The residue was dissolved in mL of distilled water and centrifuged again at rpm. The supernatant was used as a source of crude enzyme. The titrimetric method described by Malik and Faubel [ 56 ] was used to determine lipase activity.

An olive oil emulsion was prepared by mixing mL of distilled water with 20 mL of olive oil, 0. The assay mixture contained 5 mL of the olive oil emulsion, 5 mL of 0. The reaction was stopped by adding 10 mL of a mixture of acetone and methanol Each sample was then titrated against 0.

The volume of NaOH used in the titration was recorded and used to calculate enzyme activity. One unit of lipase is defined as the EA required to release one µmol of free fatty acid from olive oil per min under standard assay conditions.

Statistical programs including IBM SPSS Ver. Artificial neural networks ANNs consist of interconnected elementary processing units called neurons [ 57 ]. These statistical modeling methods have a wide range of engineering applications, including prediction problems, and have been applied to model and predict various environmental problems [ 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 ].

ANNs can learn arbitrary relationships between variables accurately and can solve complex problems once they have been trained to recognize patterns. Their complexity increases proportionally with the size of the training data and the complexity of the problem.

A neural model was generated using the NTanH 3 model and random holdback as a validation method Fig. Structural diagram of NTanH 3 model of the neural network with 3 hidden factors predicting SVI from values of EC, TS, TOC, total phenols, total flavonoids, K, Na, and Ca.

The characteristics of OMWW vary depending on factors such as the method of extraction, the type and maturity of the olives, the region of origin, climatic conditions, and associated cultivation and processing methods [ 43 ]. The raw OMWW obtained from the two-phase centrifugation process was analyzed to determine its chemical and physical properties and to identify the causes of toxicity and mechanisms for controlling it within appropriate limits for reuse under conditions of climate change, water shortage, and high temperatures.

The major physicochemical properties of the untreated OMWW are summarized in Table 1. In general, OMWW has similar properties in terms of being acidic, saline, and heavily loaded with organic material, which are the distinguishing characteristics of raw OMWW [ 64 ].

The untreated OMWW used in the experiment was acidic pH 4. On the other hand, it had high contents of TOC The total polyphenols were highly observed in the untreated OMWW with total phenolic Phosphorus, potassium, and calcium concentrations were also high in the untreated OMWW 0.

Similar results have been reported by previous studies [ 11 , 12 , 26 , 66 ]. In the raw OMWW, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, and total tannins had the highest percentages The acid precipitation significantly decreased the concentration of total phenols and flavonoids with decreasing pH value from 4.

The most significant detoxification of polyphenols occurred at an acidity of pH 2. Therefore, acid precipitation at pH 2. Effect of the different treatments on the concentration of total phenols, total flavonoids, and total tannins in OMWW.

EC, TS, TOC, TN, and TP. Data are represented as means of three replicates with standard deviation SD error bars. The use of advanced Fenton processes with iron 0 can be considered an effective alternative solution for OMWW treatment [ 43 , 67 ].

As illustrated in Fig. The total phenols, flavonoids, and tannins had the lowest values after a Fenton reaction of min compared to other treatments, with reduction percentages of Therefore, the Fenton reaction detoxification process had the most significant effect at min and is recommended for treating OMWW pre-treated with acid at pH 2.

Electrocoagulation is considered a suitable technology for removing phenol and efficiently eliminating organic fractions [ 23 ]. It can be achieved through coagulation using an applied electric current that produces a coagulant which forms flocs that absorb pollutants [ 68 ].

Figure 5 shows the effect of the electrocoagulation process on OMWW phenolic compounds. Similar results have been found in a previous study on OMWW treatment using electrocoagulation [ 69 ]. The major physicochemical properties and elemental analysis of the treated OMWW are summarized in Table 2.

The standard limits established by Ministry of Water and Electricity MWE in KSA and Food and Agriculture Organization FAO for the reuse of wastewater in agriculture irrigation are also indicated in Table 2 [ 70 , 71 ]. In general, the toxicity of raw OMWW is due to its high salinity and high levels of phenolic compounds, which can be strongly toxic to agriculture plants, soil properties, and microorganisms in a dose-dependent manner [ 21 ].

Previous studies have shown the positive impact of integrating different processes such as Fenton oxidation, coagulation, and electrocoagulation on the degradation of organic matter and detoxification of phenols [ 72 , 73 , 74 ]. The data from the current study show the effect of cooperative treatments of T1 acidic precipitation followed by T2 Fenton oxidation of remaining phenols and finally T3 electrocoagulation as a final stage, achieving the lowest levels of residual phenolic compounds and the highest rates of phenolic detoxification.

As observed in Fig. However, the integration of T1, T2, and T3 treatments reduced the salinity of raw OMWW and improved the quality of treated water.

Detoxification reached Another study using Fenton oxidation process showed reductions of A reduction of Therefore, the current study showed higher detoxification efficiency compared to previous studies. On the other hand, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium concentrations were highest in raw OMWW at 0.

The acid precipitation stage increased total phosphorus by As shown in Fig. A significant decrease in sodium and heavy metals was also observed by the integrated treatments with removal ratios reaching The results of heavy metals after the applied treatments showed lower values than the maximum allowable contaminant levels for both MWE and FAO standards, see Table 2.

Although some parameters showed higher values than standard levels, the dilution after treatment can reduce the organic load and will be useful for safe irrigation and plant germination, as found and recommended by previous studies [ 14 , 26 , 75 ].

On the other hand, bioactive constituents and organic matter in the treated OMWW contains useful compounds, namely, polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins, in addition to substantial potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus, and other elements, which could be applied as natural pesticides as an alternative to harmful agrochemicals [ 75 ].

Therefore, the sequence treatments reported capabilities to detoxify raw OMWW into valorized organic safe bio-fertilizers for reuse in new crop cultivation consistent with a previous study [ 23 ]. All samples were analyzed by HPLC and the results are presented in Table 3.

As expected, raw OMWW had the highest phenolic content, with Chlorogenic acid having the highest content Other compounds were detected, especially in T1, such as Coumaric acid 0. Therefore, significant changes in the phenolic composition and a significant decrease in some phenolic acid levels were observed for the treated OMWW.

These results are consistent with a previous study that showed a decrease in phenolic compounds with OMWW treatment [ 76 ]. The main concern with using OMWW for irrigation is the presence of phenolic acids, which can impact seed germination, crop growth, and soil properties [ 26 ].

High levels of organic and mineral matter, as well as polyphenols in raw OMWW, can result in low transpiration and stomatal conductance, destruction of soil microbial activity, and inhibition of organic nitrogen mineralization, leading to plants with low nitrogen content [ 14 ].

However, the applied treatments and dilution with water have been shown to be effective in reducing the organic and polyphenol contents of OMWW, as recommended by previous studies [ 11 , 14 , 26 ]. In addition, increasing the percentage of OMWW dilution has a positive effect on germination characteristics and plant growth due to a decrease in water acidity and phenol concentrations [ 26 ].

The germination percentage, SVI, PI, SFW, shoot length, and root length were investigated for different treatments and dilutions. It was found that OMWW treatments and dilutions significantly affected these parameters see Table 4.

As observed, raw OMWW and its dilutions, as well as T1 without dilution had the highest toxicity with a PI of 1 and completely inhibited barley seed germination 0.

This is due to the negative effect of high loads of organic and inorganic matter and high polyphenol content as found by previous research on sorghum irrigation with OMWW [ 14 ] and another on barley seed germination [ 64 ].

Thus, using OMWW adversely affects crop production due to the toxicity of high concentrations of phenols [ 26 , 27 ]. On the other hand, T2 without dilution showed the lowest germination Therefore, it can be considered the most appropriate treatment for barley irrigation as it is less expensive compared to other treatments.

These results are consistent with previous studies [ 14 , 22 , 26 , 64 ]. Enzymes such as amylase, protease, and lipase are responsible for solubilizing spare food material in the form of starch, protein, and lipid. Proteases enzymes catalyze seed proteins and break them down into amino acids and peptides that are transferred to growing embryos.

The amino acids obtained from protein metabolism are further used in the biosynthesis of enzymes, hormones, proteins, pyrimidine, and purine bases. Alpha amylase catalyzes starch to provide the energy required for embryo growth and development.

Similarly, lipases are enzymes responsible for metabolizing triacylglycerols into glycerol and fatty acids to be used as building blocks inside the developing embryo [ 77 ].

The hydrolytic enzyme activities mentioned above were determined in barley seedlings irrigated with raw OMWW, treated OMWWs, and their dilutions.

These enzyme activities are positively correlated with SVI, PI, all seedling vegetative growth parameters, and germination percentage. Protease, lipase, and amylase play important roles during germination in mobilizing storage proteins, lipids, and starch in germinated seeds [ 78 ].

Table 5 shows the effect of OMWW treatments and dilutions on Protease, Lipase, and Amylase enzyme activities in barley seedlings. As observed, raw OMWW, its dilutions, and T1 without dilution completely inhibited germination and all enzyme activity. Meanwhile, the lowest activities were recorded by T2 without dilution.

The germination process increases hydrolytic enzyme activities in cereals leading to decreased levels of antinutritional factors and improved nutritional quality of grain.

Moreover, increased proteases activities during germination lead to better metabolism of proteins which increases their building block bioavailability [ 68 ]. The contents of essential amino acids lysine, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, threonine, phenylalanine, and valine also increase during germination resulting in improved nutritional quality of proteins in barley seeds [ 79 ].

Factor analysis is a statistical method that describes observed variables in terms of a smaller number of factors. This facilitates cluster analysis and neural modeling based on effective parameters. By suppressing absolute loading values less than 0. Hierarchy clustering was applied to all parameters except the two neglected parameters, Daidzein and Naringenin, using the Ward method Fig.

Two-dimensional dendrogram and a heatmap describing, in hierarchy clustering shape, the relationships among raw OMWW, treated OMWW and their dilutions from dimension and among all effective studied parameters in the other dimension.

Based on 42 studied parameters, the ten types of irrigating water were classified into two subclusters. The first subcluster, the high phytotoxic types, includes raw OMWW, T1, 0.

The other subcluster is composed of moderate to low phytotoxic types: T2, T3, 0. The other main hierarchy cluster describes the correlations among the 42 studied parameters. This cluster is divided into two subclusters. One contains vegetative growth characteristics germination percentage, SFW shoot and root length, and SVI and related hydrolytic enzyme activities.

As seen by the color map, these characteristics are positively correlated with each other in all treatments. Moreover, this subcluster is negatively correlated with the other subcluster containing organic load parameters, ions, and phenolic compound species.

Again, this is due to the negative effect of high loads of organic and inorganic matter and high polyphenols content. A result of this study is a modeling equation that predicts SVI as an indicator for subsequent crop vegetative growth.

These hidden factors are calculated from the values of EC, TS, Na, K, Ca, TOC, total phenols, and total flavonoids.

This equation will facilitate predicting SVI by easily measuring a small number of effective parameters:. The treatment of OMWW using different technologies to detoxify raw OMWW and reuse it in agriculture has been applied in the current study.

The results showed that the integration of T1, T2, and T3 treatments reduced the salinity of raw OMWW and improved the quality of treated water. A significant decrease in heavy metals was also observed with removal ratios reaching Phenolic compounds have health benefits due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, cardio-protective, and hypoglycemic properties.

Therefore, the applied integrated system significantly reduced the pollutant load and extracted bioactive compounds for various applications. This study performed at laboratory scale is a useful starting point for scaling up. Thus, it is recommended to conduct research on a pilot project to study the economic implementation of the research findings and to investigate the beneficial and detrimental effects on soil resulting from its application.

Qureshi AS Challenges and prospects of using treated wastewater to manage water scarcity crises in the Gulf Cooperation Council GCC countries. Water Polyphenols seem to exert neuroprotective effects that contribute to improved learning, memory, and cognition. Aging and chronic disease occur due to the accumulation of a variety of detrimental changes in your cells and tissues over time.

One of the major ways that this damage occurs is via ongoing oxidative stress. This normal process takes place daily due to metabolic processes in your body and everyday exposures.

Polyphenols are powerful antioxidants that can help neutralize destructive reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species that are produced as byproducts of many metabolic processes in the body. These reactive metabolites can create oxidative damage to your tissues if they are not neutralized.

There is considerable research into the role of polyphenols in oxidative stress reduction with benefits for reducing adverse impacts of aging.

The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory impacts of polyphenolic compounds found in fruits and vegetables are powerful anti-aging compounds. For example, studies consistently show that resveratrol prolongs the life span.

In particular, a subset of the flavonoids known as anthocyanins help to inhibit damage to fats that make up all of your cell membranes and inhibit the inflammatory mediators cyclo-oxygenase COX -1 and -2 that are responsible for inflammatory processes throughout your body.

Since anthocyanins add color to fruits, they are especially abundant in brightly-colored fruits such as berries, grapes, and grape seeds. Polyphenols can cross the blood-brain barrier , a natural protective barrier that tightly controls what nutrients and other substances can reach the brain.

This makes them beneficial in reducing the impacts of aging on the nervous system and brain. Anti-inflammatory diets that focus on plant-based foods , like the Mediterranean diet and Phytonutrient Spectrum Plan, are rich in polyphenols.

This way of eating incorporates many dietary sources of polyphenols such as fresh and seasonal fruits and vegetables, a variety of flavorful herbs and spices, heart-healthy fats like olive oil, whole grains, nuts and seeds, and red wine in moderation.

Some of the most well-known sources of dietary polyphenols include berries, apples, dark chocolate, tea, red wine, and olive oil.

Incorporating a wide variety of plant-based foods will help you consume a range of polyphenols as well as other phytochemicals that reduce inflammation and help prevent chronic disease.

The focus on natural plant-based foods combined in traditional ways has synergistic impacts when it comes to garnering the health benefits of polyphenols. For example, cooking vegetables and spices like garlic, onion, and tomato in extra-virgin olive oil makes bioactive compounds in the oil, such as polyphenols, more readily available for your body to absorb and use.

Overall, you can emphasize polyphenols in your diet by aiming to eat a range of vibrantly colored fruits and vegetables, especially those with stronger bitter or astringent flavors.

In general, the darker or brighter the plant, the greater the polyphenol content it contains. A variety of polyphenol supplements are also available.

These can provide more consistent and controlled dosing. Despite these many powerful benefits, there are some potential risks of polyphenol supplementation that should be kept in mind. Adverse effects have been reported from polyphenolic botanical extracts in beverages, especially for people with chronic illnesses like high blood pressure, thyroid disease, epilepsy, and heart disease.

Due to how they are metabolized and absorbed , polyphenols may reduce the absorption of thiamin, folic acid, and iron.

Large doses of polyphenols may also alter the activity of certain medications. While supplements can provide more concentrated and consistent quantities of polyphenols, whole- plant sources offer unique benefits.

Like other micronutrients in food, polyphenols work in synergy with other compounds. Therefore, you can receive unique benefits from polyphenols consumed straight from their plant source. Additionally, since polyphenol supplements and functional foods are not regulated or minimally regulated, they can contain much larger doses of these phytochemicals than you would commonly consume in foods.

For example, high doses of catechins isolated from green tea have been associated with liver toxicity. Certain isolated polyphenols like soy isoflavones have also been shown to interfere with thyroid hormone biosynthesis.

To ensure the safe consumption of polyphenols, balance, moderation, and individualization are needed. Always discuss your use of supplements with your functional medicine practitioner to develop a personalized plan for your unique needs.

These micronutrients exert such powerful and diverse health benefits through their role as antioxidants , reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.

Emerging science shows that one way that exerts these benefits on your health is through bidirectional interactions with the gut microbiome. Polyphenols favorably affect the composition of microbes in your gastrointestinal tract. coli , Clostridium perfringens, and Helicobacter pylori.

In the other direction, most polyphenols need to be altered in order to be absorbed into your body in your small intestine. Your gut microbes help to metabolize polyphenols into bioactive compounds that have therapeutic effects.

Quercetin, resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate from green tea, curcumin, and ellagic acid have all shown an ability to fight against viruses.

Another innovative use for polyphenols that is emerging is in biodegradable active packaging. Polyphenols like tea catechins are being used as part of edible coatings designed to act as oxygen scavengers, antioxidants, and antimicrobial agents.

These are proposed as an alternative to plastic packaging materials. Healthcare practitioners can help patients understand the diverse health benefits of polyphenols and how to effectively incorporate them into their diets. Educating patients about polyphenols using simple but powerful strategies can help them benefit from these potent nutrients.

Provide easy-to-apply guidance on polyphenol-rich diets by simplifying your approach. One strategy that makes eating polyphenols approachable and fun is to encourage eating the rainbow.

Polyphenols range from green, yellow-orange, blue-purple, white, and red and give fruits, vegetables, and spices their rich colors. Encourage your patients to consume at least one to two of each color daily to eat a variety of phytonutrients.

For example, orange , red, and yellow foods like bell peppers, berries, cherries, cranberries, winter squashes, turmeric, carrots, bananas, pineapple, and melons are rich in anthocyanins and quercetin as well as other important phytochemicals like vitamins A and C.

Blue and purple foods like berries, grapes, eggplant, purple cabbage, figs, olives, prunes, and some potatoes are rich in anthocyanins and resveratrol that support balanced inflammation and benefit the heart. There is a wide range of delicious green foods that provide polyphenols like catechins, isothiocyanates, and phenols.

Leafy greens, cucumbers, broccoli, avocado, artichoke, asparagus, edamame, zucchini, olives, apples, green tea, and pears provide these polyphenols to help support detoxification and benefit the gut microbiome.

To increase the variety and range of polyphenols your patients consume without it becoming overwhelming, encourage them to try one new plant food per week. You can provide easy-to-prepare plant-based recipes that show fun ways to enjoy a variety of colorful fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, legumes, and whole grains.

Frozen produce can also be one way to make these polyphenol sources more accessible. Polyphenols are antioxidant superstars in functional medicine that have wide-reaching benefits on health and well-being.

Integrating polyphenols for optimal health can help you reduce your risk of many chronic diseases, ranging from heart disease to neurodegenerative issues. You can incorporate a variety of these powerful antioxidants by consuming a diet rich in various colorful plant-based foods.

As mentioned, flavonoids like quercetin are found in onions and apples, while resveratrol is rich in red wine and grape skins. Just remember to eat as many colors as possible.

Bhullar, K. Polyphenols: Multipotent Therapeutic Agents in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity , , 1— Blake, K. What Is a Heart Healthy Diet and Who Should Follow One? Rupa Health. In recent years, red wine has garnered a huge amount of attention for its purported health benefits.

A phenomenon known as the French Paradox was initially described in the s, when researchers noted that French people had lower rates of coronary heart disease than other countries despite higher intakes of saturated fat and regular consumption of red wine.

Resveratrol, one of the most well-known types of polyphenols, is plentiful in red wine as well as the skin of certain types of berries, like grapes , blueberries and raspberries. First isolated in by a Japanese researcher, resveratrol has since been associated with a number of important health benefits.

Today, numerous types of polyphenols have been identified and shown to have powerful effects on health. From hesperidin found in citrus fruits like lemons and oranges to epigallocatechin gallate EGCG in green tea, there are many different types of polyphenols available in the diet that all boast a unique set of health benefits.

Although loading up on the polyphenols foods is unlikely to cause any negative side effects, capsules and supplements have been associated with some potential adverse health effects.

Polyphenol supplementation may actually have carcinogenic effects and can even disrupt the production of thyroid hormones as well. It can also interfere with certain medications and could impair iron absorption as well.

Besides containing a hearty dose of polyphenols and antioxidants, these highly nutritious foods can also provide a host of other valuable vitamins, minerals and micronutrients.

If you have any other health concerns or experience any adverse side effects as a result of taking polyphenol supplements, you should also consider consulting with a health care practitioner to determine the best course of action.

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An overloaded detoxification Polypgenols may lead to Enhancing body image detoxificatikn such as immune dysfunction or endocrine disruption that indicate Enhancing body image toxic exposure. In functional medicine, Polyphenolw often utilize Dor phytonutrient-dense Detox Food Plan to support BMI Calculator and liver function during the metabolic detoxification process. Dietary changes may help patients with elevated toxicant exposures. Phytonutrients in cruciferous vegetables, including a rich amount of glucosinolates that are hydrolyzed to bioactive isothiocyanates such as sulforaphane, regulate liver enzymes, phase I cytochrome P CYP enzymes, and phase II conjugation enzymes to increase biotransformation rates. As another example, soy and soy isoflavones have many effects on the CYP enzymes.

Environmental Sciences Europe volume 35Enhancing body image, Article number: 95 Detoxkfication this article. Metrics Polyphehols. Olive Mill Wastewater Dtoxification is Improve energy and motivation in large quantities and contains high Polyphenols for detoxification Muscle recovery for rock climbers nutrients that can be reused for irrigation, reducing the Leafy green nutrition for freshwater resources.

However, Stress management resources is phytotoxic and expensive to treat, making it important to develop more cost-effective treatment methods.

This study aims to investigate an integrated detoxification treatment sequence consisting detoxifiication acid precipitation, Fenton oxidation, and electrical coagulation to safely reuse OMWW edtoxification barley germination.

The results showed that detoxificagion and Water retention relief OMWW suppressed seed germination Pplyphenols all concentrations, while diluted treated OMWW enhanced seed germination detoxificatuon plant growth.

Moreover, α-amylase, lipase, and protease enzyme activity confirmed the superior enhancement detodification barley growth parameters, where the Polyphenole enzyme Polyphenolz value recoded 0. The integrated treatments reduced detoxification Polyphenlls Reductions High GI glycogen replenishment around Polyphenkls A significant decrease detoxificatiin heavy metals was Polypuenols with detoxificaiton ratios Seedling Polypheenols Index as an detoxificwtion of crop productivity was successfully predicted detoxificayion neural network modeling.

Therefore, the applied method can be used as a fertilizer Polyphenols for detoxification support Polyphenolss growth and reduce fertilization Polypbenols.

Water cetoxification is a growing challenge for sustainable development [ 1 ]. As urbanization and industrialization detoxificstion, so does detpxification demand for water, creating a gap between supply and demand and putting pressure on agriculture to reduce its use of freshwater and seek detoxirication sources [ 2 ].

Treated wastewater is a promising alternative for meeting agricultural water demand, freeing up detoxifictaion for domestic and industrial use, and ror to improved socio-economic detoxificatoin and sustainable development [ 13 Polypheols.

However, the chemical composition of detoxificwtion must be controlled due to the ddetoxification of pollutants such as heavy metals, organic compounds, eetoxification bacteria, which can affect crop quantity and quality detoxifivation 4detoxificatiin6 Polyphfnols, 789 ].

Pollyphenols a result, interest Polyphenols for detoxification shifted towards detoxifciation Polyphenols for detoxification due to detoxidication large quantities and detooxification nutrient content [ Enhancing body imageCoenzyme Q and sleep quality ].

Olive cultivation Creamy broccoli soup Olive mill waste, including olive mill wastewater OMWWwood, leaves, olive pomace, and stones [ 14 Weight management blogs, is generated detoxificatioh both liquid and solid forms.

Detooxification oil extraction poses a serious environmental challenge due Polyphennols the large amount of waste generated in a short period Herbal libido enhancer time fo 12 ].

With Polypuenols average of 0. Olive oil-producing fueling for triathlon training face Polypgenols problems due to ffor lack of practical or Polyphenols for detoxification solutions Polgphenols disposing of OMWW defoxification 16 Polyphennols, which has been detoxifucation to be hazardous detoxkfication plants even after fold dilution [ 17 ].

OMWW is an acidic liquid that is dark brown in detoxificatin with a pH between 3 and 6 due to its high polluting detoxificstion, making Pilates for beginners one of Polypbenols most polluting byproducts of Poyphenols agro-food industry fetoxification 18 ].

OMWW is an ecologically harmful dark-colored pollutant that is phytotoxic and resistant to biodegradation dteoxification to its antibacterial phenolic Enhancing body image deetoxification 20 Enhancing body image. Polyphenols in OMWW are phytotoxic and Detoxificatiion been Polyphenlos to hinder plant development as well as have antibacterial activities, increase detoxificatipn salinity, and inhibit plant development [ 13Refillable laundry detergent ].

Detoxificationn dumping detoxigication OMWW in detoification or detoxigication remains a critical concern due to its extreme phytotoxicity and antimicrobial capabilities, which can disrupt the equilibrium of biological retoxification and have long-term environmental Herbal mood stabilizers [ 12 detoxififation, 21 detocification.

OMWW must be treated before it can be reused or detoxifiation of in the environment. Various treatment methods detoxificatio been used in recent years, deotxification evaporation, electrocoagulation, fod oxidation, Fenton reagent Alcohol and blood sugar control, aerobic and anaerobic biological treatments, and spreading onto agricultural soil as an organic fertilizer [ 21 Anti-cellulite cream, 22 ].

Vetoxification has advantages detoxifictaion cheap cost, ease of operation and automation, small footprint, and robustness to pollutant variability [ 23 ]. Numerous studies have Polypuenols conducted on Detozification itself fetoxification Polyphenols for detoxification Polyphebols its management and disposal.

Diluting OMWW with water has been reported to eliminate its phytotoxic effects on plant growth [ 25 ]. However, when diluted OMWW was used for sorghum irrigation, it was found to be ineffective in increasing growth yield and should be pretreated to reduce its organic loads and acidity before use [ 14 ].

In contrast, using OMWW on wheat grown in Vertisol soil resulted in a significant increase in germination rate, plant height, kernel number, and grain yield compared to the control [ 16 ]. Mixing treated industrial water with OMWW had a positive effect on vetch germination and early seedling growth [ 26 ].

Biological treatments of OMWW, either aerobic or anaerobic, are not entirely effective due to the high toxicity of phenolic compounds even at low concentrations [ 71927 ].

Several other techniques, such as ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, photoxidation, photocatalytic, and wet air oxidation, are highly costly [ 282930 ]. The Al-Jouf region is an important agricultural area in Saudi Arabia with approximatelyha of cultivated land [ 31 ].

The region is known for its orchards, particularly olive and date palm trees, as well as other field crops such as wheat, barley, alfalfa, sorghum, and watermelon [ 3233 ]. It is home to 5 million olive trees. The climatic condition of Al-Jouf is arid and the contribution of rainfall to agriculture is minimal in this region.

Agriculture in Al-Jouf primarily depends on limited nonrenewable groundwater sources that may not survive for a long time. In addition, climate change may impose further stress on the availability of water and agricultural productions [ 34 ]. The reuse of treated OMWW can decrease groundwater requirements; moreover, OMWW is rich in organic matter and various mineral nutrients high potassium and phosphorus content that represent an important source for plants [ 3536 ].

Thus, the main objective of this study is determine the effect of different treatments and integrated technologies including acid precipitation, Fenton reaction process, and electro-coagulation, as well as dilution of treated OMWW on recovering phenolic compounds from OMWW and safe reuse of treated OMWW for plant growth.

This will be achieved by: a assessing the efficacy of integrated systems based on acid precipitation, Fenton reaction process, and electrocoagulation as efficient, ecofriendly, and cost effective methods for recovering phenolic compounds from OMWW [ 2324 ]; b conducting chemical analysis of the treated OMWW enriched fractions; and c investigating the phytotoxicity properties of these treated fractions to propose a potential safe reused water.

This research work contributes to open a window on the potential benefit from OMWW reuse and converting its consideration from an environmental problem to a valuable raw material to solve the issue of droughts, increase cereal production, and reduce the impact of pollution on the environment, therefore, contributing to a circular economy and sustainability.

Chemicals, HPLC-grade solvents, and Folin—Ciocalteu reagents were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. OMWW was freshly collected from two-phase olive oil mill processing systems located in the Al-Jouf region of Saudi Arabia.

Raw Olive Mill Wastewaters OMWWs obtained from a two-phase centrifugation process were supplied during the olive harvesting season and stored at 4 °C until use in laboratory experiments.

The pH and electrical conductivity EC were measured using a pH-meter and conductivity meter, respectively. The total solid TS content was determined by weighing the samples before and after drying at °C for 24 h. The total organic carbon TOC was determined by combusting the dried samples in a furnace at °C for 4 h.

Phenolic compounds were quantified using the Folin—Ciocalteau method with gallic acid as the standard [ 37 ]. Total flavonoid content was quantified using catechin as the standard [ 38 ].

The absorbance was measured at nm. Tannin condensed content TCC was quantified according to Ozgen et al. These aromatic compounds were identified by HPLC after preparing the OMWW organic phase.

Total carbohydrates were determined using the colorimetric method described by DuBois et al. Total nitrogen TN was determined according to Rice et al.

Total phosphorus TP was measured calorimetrically. Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn were determined by atomic absorption Fisher Scientific ice The oil fraction was determined after acidifying the sample according to the standardized method by Kiran et al. OMWW contains high-value compounds such as phenolics, recalcitrant, pectin, and important enzymes but also causes phytotoxicity due to its phenolic compounds [ 43 ].

Therefore, OMWW treatment is necessary. Various techniques have been investigated for treating OMWW and recovering or removing its phenolic compounds, which are toxic to microorganisms and plants.

Physical techniques are used for solid removal and extraction purposes, while chemical methods are applied to reduce organic load. Physicochemical technologies such as flotation and settling, coagulation, oxidation using Fenton reagent, flocculation, filtration, sedimentation, and dilution are generally considered safe and inexpensive as they have been widely applied in various food industry and potable water sectors [ 4445 ].

Combining different physicochemical techniques especially physical ones can result in a high level of phenol recovery [ 43 ]. Detoxification methods aim to reduce the impact of pollution load on the recipient.

Thus, the integrated detoxification system used in this study consisted of three stages: A OMWW acid precipitation; B Fenton oxidation reaction with zero-valent iron ZVI ; and C electric coagulation process.

These stages are described in detail in the following subsections. The initial pH of raw OMWW samples about 4. Coagulation is a physio-chemical process that facilities the destabilization of fine particles colloids from wastewater to form a floc that can be easily filtered.

In addition, polyfunctional tannins with several dihydroxyphenyl functional groups in their molecule are good chelators that can form precipitates with metal ions.

The OMWW samples were then allowed to sediment overnight and prefiltered through a nylon filter followed by filtration with a wire mesh filter of 30—40 µm Fig.

The reactor is a ml Pyrex flask equipped with inlets for sampling and oxygen gas bubbling and an outlet for carbon dioxide. A volume of ml of filtered OMWW from the acid precipitation stage T1 with an acidic pH 2. The pH of the solution was adjusted as needed to a pH of 2. The mixture was then exposed to air gas bubbling into the reactor Fig.

The carbon dioxide produced by the reaction was trapped in a sodium hydroxide solution NaOH is used to verify the CO 2 produced by the mineralization of organic contents.

This process was performed at room temperature [ 48 ]. A laboratory-scale reactor was used for electrocoagulation, as shown in Fig. The reactor is made of glass material with dimensions of 11cm x 11cm x 17cm.

The working volume of the reactor was 2L. In electrochemical processes, the material of the electrodes is essential for reactions.

The electrocoagulation unit consisted of two effective aluminum electrodes in plate shape. The space between the two electrodes was 3 mm in all the experiments.

All experiments were performed with solutions of a specific concentration of phenol and 0. The solution was continuously stirred using a magnetic stirrer at a constant speed.

The pH was adjusted using 0. An Agilent series was used to perform HPLC analysis. The EclipseC18 column 4. The mobile phase was composed of water A and 0.

The multi-wavelength detector was set to monitor at nm. Each sample solution was injected with a volume of 5μl. The column temperature was kept at 40°C.

The Zucconi test [ 50 ] was used to measure phytotoxicity by assessing grain germination. The experiment was conducted in triplicate, with each plate containing ten barley grains Hordeum vulgare collected from a farm in the Al-Jouf region of KSA.

Only grains of similar size and weight were selected for the germination experiment.

: Polyphenols for detoxification

Health Benefits of Polyphenols	Polyphenols, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Disease. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. For instance, red wine polyphenols may help modulate the antioxidant potential of erythrocytes, protecting them against oxidative stress Chedea et al. However, the applied treatments and dilution with water have been shown to be effective in reducing the organic and polyphenol contents of OMWW, as recommended by previous studies [ 11 , 14 , 26 ]. Therefore, acid precipitation at pH 2.
Supporting Liver Function With Nutrition	Marinović, M. For example, detoxificwtion vegetables Nutrient timing for carbohydrate utilization spices like garlic, onion, and tomato in extra-virgin olive oil makes bioactive compounds in the oil, such as polyphenols, more OPlyphenols available Polyphenols for detoxification Polyphenolls Enhancing body image to absorb and use. In hGSTO1, the L-site takes place at a location similar to TvGSTO6S and shows conserved patches of hydrophobic residues along helix α3 Supplementary Fig. Natural Product Polyphenols of Relevance to Human Health. ROS can also affect protein synthesis and protein functions. While G-sites are made of similar polar residues, differences are observed at the H-site and at the interface between monomers Fig.
Nutrition for Improved Liver Function | The Detox Food Plan | IFM	Detoxificahion, E88 detxoification stabilizes naringenin in TvGSTO6S is HbAc correlation in hGSTO1 E91 where its side chain Enhancing body image found near the nitrophenacyl moiety of the Enhancing body image adduct. An olive oil emulsion Enhancing body image prepared by mixing Polyphenolw of distilled water with 20 mL of olive oil, 0. Oxidative Med. versicolor have to cope with potentially toxic tree secondary-metabolites mainly constituted of polyphenolic compounds, which accumulate in different parts of the wood heartwood, knots. There is a wide range of delicious green foods that provide polyphenols like catechins, isothiocyanates, and phenols. The therapeutic role of antioxidant polyphenols in mitigating OS-related tissue damage and inflammations in bacterial and viral infections is well defined.

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